CAP CONTEXT INDICATORS 2014-2020 45. EMISSIONS FROM AGRICULTURE 2017 update
CONTEXT INDICATOR 45: EMISSIONS FROM AGRICULTURE 1. GHG emissions from agriculture GHG emissions from agriculture represent 9.8% of total GHG emissions in the European Union. Like most economic sectors, agriculture produces greenhouse gases (GHG). Greenhouse gases as a whole include CO 2, CH 4, N 2 O and fluorinated gases (HFCs, PFCs and SF6). According to the methodology used in this indicator, agricultural emissions include the following sources of GHG: enteric fermentation of ruminants (UNFCCC Sector 3.A), manure management (Sector 3.B), rice cultivation (Sector 3.C) and agricultural soil management (Sector 3.D). In 2015, agricultural emissions of GHG in the EU-28 (Table 1 and Graph 1) amounted to 424 million tonnes of CO 2 equivalents. This accounts for 9.8% of total emissions 1 for that year. The contribution to total European emissions from agriculture differs significantly among Member States, also due to the size and features of their agricultural sector. France, Germany and the United Kingdom still keep the lead, accounting for 42.9% of the total agricultural emissions. The share of agriculture in total GHG emissions shows the highest value for Ireland (31.4%), Latvia (24.0%), Lithuania (22.6%), Denmark (21.1%) and France (16.7%) while the lowest share was registered in Malta (3%), the Czech Republic (6.4%), Luxembourg and Cyprus (both 6.6%). 1 In this calculation, total emissions do not take into account GHG sources and sinks from land use, land use change and the forestry sector (LULUCF). Graph 1 - GHG emissions from agriculture and share in total GHG emissions, 2015 1
Table 1 - GHG emissions from agriculture Indicator C.45 - Emissions from agriculture: GHG emissions from agriculture Change in GHG emissions from agriculture Measurement Agricultural emissions of greenhouse gases Share of agriculture in emissions of greenhouse gases Change of agricultural emissions Average annual growth rate of emissions of GHG from agriculture Source Year 2015 2000-2015 Unit Country Belgium 1000 t of CO 2 9,851 % 8.4 % -12.0 % per year -0.85 Bulgaria 5,839 9.5 17.9 1.10 Czech Republic 8,133 6.4-7.7-0.54 Denmark 10,117 21.1-7.7-0.53 Germany 62,343 6.9-3.7-0.25 Estonia 1,326 7.4 25.3 1.52 Ireland 18,806 31.4-5.4-0.37 Greece 8,241 8.6-8.8-0.61 Spain 35,436 10.6-8.8-0.61 France 76,303 16.7-6.7-0.46 Croatia 2,486 10.6-12.1-0.85 Italy 29,495 6.8-14.2-1.01 Cyprus 558 6.6-11.4-0.80 Latvia 2,713 24.0 30.7 1.80 Lithuania 4,537 22.6 9.8 0.62 Luxembourg 675 6.6-2.7-0.18 Hungary 6,492 10.6 8.3 0.53 Malta 66 3.0-12.2-0.86 Netherlands 19,142 9.8-9.5-0.66 Austria 7,058 9.0-4.7-0.32 Poland 28,845 7.5-2.4-0.16 Portugal 6,519 9.5-10.1-0.70 Romania 17,844 15.3 5.7 0.37 Slovenia 1,724 10.2-6.5-0.45 Slovakia 2,939 7.1-11.6-0.82 Finland 6,297 11.3 3.0 0.20 Sweden 6,770 12.6-11.4-0.81 United Kingdom 43,425 8.6-10.5-0.74 EU-28 423,979 9.8-6.1-0.42 EU-15 340,478 10.0-7.9-0.55 EU-N13 83,501 9.3 1.6 0.11 GHG emissions of the EU agricultural sector have decreased in the last two decades. Emissions from the agricultural sector have declined by 6.1% since 2000 in the EU-28 (Graph 2), showing an average annual rate of decrease of 0.4% between 2000 and 2015. The reduction in GHG emissions at the EU- 28 level has been mainly due to a 7.9% decrease of the emissions in the EU-15, while the EU-N13 experienced a slight growth (1.6%) of the agricultural GHG emissions. On the other hand, the long term trend of GHG emissions shows that over the period 1990-2015 agricultural emissions decreased by 20.0% in the EU-28 with a bigger reduction in the EU-N13 (42.3%) than in the EU-15 (11.7%). This long term decrease is particularly significant in Slovakia, Bulgaria, Estonia, the Czech Republic, Lithuania, Latvia and Romania where the emissions were cut by approximately 50% between 1990 and 2015. 2
Graph 2 Evolution of GHG emissions from agriculture in the EU-28, 1990-2015 At European level the decreasing trend has slowed down since 2000. Comparing the periods 1990-2000 and 2000-2015 (Graph 3), the decreasing trend shows a general slowdown and in some cases a reversal, as for Latvia and Estonia. At European level, the average annual rate of decrease (Graph 4) passed from 1.6% in the first period to 0.4 % in the second due to developments in the EU-13. At the same time, the decrease rate registered in the EU-15 (from -0.4% to -0.5%) has not changed much. Graph 3 - Change in GHG emission from agriculture, 1990-2000 and 2000-2015 3
Graph 4 Average annual change in GHG emission from agriculture, 1990-2000 and 2000-2015 Grassland played an important role as a GHG sink in France, the United Kingdom, Lithuania and Italy. In order to obtain the full picture, figures on total net GHG emissions from the agricultural sector should also include emissions and removals of GHG from agricultural soils: grassland and cropland. While cropland is a source of CO 2 emissions, grassland is, on average, a sink for CO 2. In 2015 (Graphs 5 and 6, Table 2), the amount of emissions including the effects of agricultural soils came to almost 516 million tons, of which 75.6 million tons (14.6%) came from cropland. Grassland sequestrated about 4.1 million tons of CO 2. The role of grassland as a GHG sink was particularly important in France, the United Kingdom, Italy and Lithuania, whereas cropland reduced GHG emissions in Spain, Romania, Slovakia, Hungary, Sweden, Slovenia, Ireland and Austria. Graph 5 - GHG emissions from agriculture including agricultural soils (cropland and grassland) by Member State, 2015 4
Graph 6 - GHG emissions from agriculture including agricultural soils (cropland and grassland) in the EU-28, EU-15 and EU-N13, 2015 Table 2 GHG emissions from agriculture including agricultural soils Indicator GHG emissions from agriculture including agricultural soils (cropland and grassland) Measurement Agriculture Cropland Grassland Total net emissions from agriculture (inc. soils) Share of GHG from agriculture (inc. soils) in total net emission Source Year Unit Country 2015 1000 t of CO2 equivalent % Belgium 9,851 1,272-414 10,709 9.3 Bulgaria 5,839 1,008-1,730 5,116 9.4 Czech Republic 8,133 5-550 7,587 6.3 Denmark 10,117 2,606 1,363 14,087 27.1 Germany 62,343 14,885 22,709 99,936 11.3 Estonia 1,326 125 38 1,489 9.5 Ireland 18,806-53 5,891 24,644 38.4 Greece 8,241 287-1,375 7,152 7.7 Spain 35,436-2,399 1,641 34,678 11.7 France 76,303 17,928-10,576 83,655 19.9 Croatia 2,486 132-76 2,543 13.7 Italy 29,495 2,160-6,658 24,998 6.3 Cyprus 558 NO, NE NO, NE 558 6.8 Latvia 2,713 3,021 364 6,099 48.1 Lithuania 4,537 4,389-2,459 6,467 48.3 Luxembourg 675 42-47 670 6.8 Hungary 6,492-260 -199 6,032 11.1 Malta 66 2-1 67 3.0 Netherlands 19,142 2,745 4,426 26,312 13.0 Austria 7,058-12 397 7,444 10.1 Poland 28,845 362-542 28,665 8.0 Portugal 6,519 627 134 7,279 12.1 Romania 17,844-1,737 233 16,339 16.6 Slovenia 1,724-157 129 1,696 15.1 Slovakia 2,939-822 -191 1,926 5.5 Finland 6,297 6,677 683 13,657 46.3 Sweden 6,770-228 87 6,629 208.6 United Kingdom 43,425 12,233-9,061 46,597 9.4 EU-28 423,979 64,838 4,216 493,032 12.3 EU-15 340,478 58,770 9,200 408,447 12.8 EU-N13 83,501 6,068-4,984 84,585 10.6 Note: In a Member State, the ratio of emissions from agriculture (including soils) to total net emissions can be higher than 100% if there are removals of GHG from the atmosphere through land use, land use change and forestry (LULUCF). NO, NE is a UNFCCC notation key that means "not occurring, not estimated". 5
BE BG CZ DK DE EE IE EL ES FR HR IT CY LV LT LU HU MT NL AT PL PT RO SI SK FI SE UK EU-28 EU-15 EU-N13 2. Ammonia emissions from agriculture NH3 emissions from agriculture represent 93.6% of total NH3 emissions in the European Union. The agricultural sector remains responsible for the vast majority of ammonia emissions within the EU-28. Ammonia emissions occur mainly as a result of volatilisation from livestock excreta and a smaller proportion result from the utilisation of synthetic N-fertilizers. In 2015, agricultural ammonia emissions in the European Union (table 3) amounted to 3.8 million tonnes. This accounts for about 93.6% of total EU-28 emissions 2 for that year. The contribution to total European emissions from agriculture differs significantly among Member States (Graph 7), also due to the size and features of their agricultural sector. Germany (724 million tonnes) and France (664 million tonnes) are at the top of the list, followed by Spain, Italy, Poland, the United Kingdom and Romania. These countries account for 76.2% of total European emissions, whilst the contribution of any of the other 21 Members States is less than 3%. The share of agriculture in total NH 3 emissions shows less difference among Member States. The highest shares are shown by Malta (99.5%), Ireland (98.8%), Greece and France (both 97.9%), Poland (97.0%) and Slovakia (96.6%), while the lowest shares were recorded in Portugal (78.5%) and Croatia (79.2%). 2 The National Total for the entire territory presented in the Data viewer (see box at the end of this document) comprises the aggregated NFR14 sectors (excluding memo items) reported by countries corresponding to anthropogenic (man-made) emissions. Natural emission sources (e.g. wind-blown dust) and re-suspension (e.g. the re-suspension of road-side particulate matter) are not included in the reported national totals. NFR means National Format for Reporting, in accordance with the reporting categories under the UNECE CLRTAP (Convention on Long Range Transboundary Air Pollution and the National Ceilings Directive, 2001/81 EC). Graph 7 NH 3 emissions from agriculture and share in total NH 3 emissions, 2015 1000 t 800.0 700.0 600.0 500.0 400.0 300.0 200.0 100.0 % 100 95 90 85 80 75 0.0 70 Total agricultural emissions of NH3 Share of agriculture in total NH3 emissions 6
Graph 8 - Change in NH3 emission from agriculture, 2014 to 2015 The change in ammonia emissions from agriculture differs strongly among countries. The slight change in total ammonia emissions from agriculture (Graph 8) between 2014 and 2015 at the EU-28 level (+1.9%) hides significant differences among Member States. The largest decreases were observed in Finland (-4.6%), Malta (-3.3%), and Lithuania (-2.2%) while Bulgaria and Croatia registered the biggest increases during this period (8.0 and 7.8%, respectively). Graph 9 shows the four subsectors with the highest share of ammonia emissions from agriculture in 2014, which together can contribute between 41% (as in Austria) and 93% (as in Luxembourg) of the total ammonia emissions from agriculture. In the EU-28, the highest share of total ammonia emissions (table 4) comes from N-fertilizers (20.8%), with a similar share in the EU-15 and in the EU-N13. Ammonia emissions from N-fertilizers are more important in some older Member States, such as France and Germany, and in several new Member States, such as Lithuania, Latvia and the Czech Republic. Countries with the highest share of ammonia emissions from swine are Malta, Cyprus, Romania and Denmark. Ammonia emissions from non-dairy cattle are most important for Luxembourg, Slovenia and Ireland. Finally, Luxembourg, Slovenia, Bulgaria, Poland and Romania belong to the group of countries with the highest share of ammonia emissions from the subcategory Dairy cattle. 7
Graph 9 - Share of Ammonia emissions in different subsectors, 2015 Table 3 Ammonia emissions from agriculture Sub-Indicator C.45 - Emissions from agriculture: Ammonia emissions from agriculture Change in Ammonia Emissions from Agriculture Measurement Total annual ammonia NH3 from agriculture (NFR category 3. Agriculture) Share of agriculture in total ammonia emissions Change in in total annual ammonia NH3 from agriculture Source Year 2015 2014-2015 Unit 1000 tonnes % 1000 tonnes % Country National National Belgium 60.2 92.0-0.4-0.7 Bulgaria 29.2 87.0 2.1 7.8 Czech Republic 67.3 96.5 0.5 0.7 Denmark 69.0 94.8 0.4 0.6 Germany 724.0 95.3 22.9 3.3 Estonia 10.6 90.8 0.3 3.1 Ireland 106.9 98.8 2.2 2.1 Greece 62.9 97.9 3.6 6.1 Spain 458.6 96.3 20.5 4.7 France 664.1 97.9 8.9 1.4 Croatia 23.6 79.2 1.7 8.0 Italy 377.9 96.1-0.3-0.1 Cyprus 4.3 94.9 0.2 5.8 Latvia 16.1 86.0 0.0 0.0 Lithuania 24.8 86.0-0.6-2.2 Luxembourg 5.5 95.7 0.0 0.8 Hungary 69.1 90.5 3.7 5.7 Malta 1.4 99.5-0.1-3.3 Netherlands 111.0 87.0 0.3 0.3 Austria 62.8 93.9 0.2 0.3 Poland 259.2 97.0-1.8-0.7 Portugal 40.1 78.5 1.3 3.4 Romania 137.6 84.5 1.0 0.7 Slovenia 17.4 90.4 0.2 1.3 Slovakia 29.3 96.6-0.3-0.9 Finland 28.8 90.6-1.4-4.6 Sweden 51.7 85.7 0.7 1.4 United Kingdom 237.6 81.1 3.4 1.5 EU-28 3,751.0 93.6 69.4 1.9 EU-15 3,061.0 94.1 62.3 2.1 EU-N13 690.0 91.5 7.1 1.0 8
Table 4 Share of subsectors in total ammonia emissions from agriculture Sub-Indicator Share of Subsectors in total Ammonia Emissions from Agriculture Source Year Measurement Unit Country Share of Synthetic N- fertilizers (NFR14 subsector 3 D a 1) in total NH 3 Emissions from Agriculture Share of Cattle dairy (NFR14 subsector 3 B 1 a) in total NH 3 Emissions from Agriculture National Belgium 11.8 6.5 8.9 22.2 Bulgaria 4.1 27.6 13.6 15.0 Czech Republic 27.4 18.8 25.3 14.5 Denmark 8.8 10.5 5.0 22.7 Germany 24.0 9.1 9.5 12.9 Estonia 16.9 17.9 3.6 8.3 Ireland 8.6 13.0 28.7 6.4 Greece 23.7 6.1 11.6 5.8 Spain 19.7 4.4 9.3 17.5 France 34.3 17.5 25.2 9.1 Croatia 29.1 22.2 15.7 21.1 Italy 15.7 17.3 17.1 9.6 Cyprus 7.8 24.9 9.0 32.0 Latvia 31.6 20.7 4.6 9.6 Lithuania 32.6 12.6 7.9 14.5 Luxembourg 11.6 33.8 40.3 7.7 Hungary 21.9 9.4 10.8 17.4 Malta 2.2 8.3 15.2 53.2 Netherlands 10.6 17.0 9.4 12.5 Austria 7.9 11.5 15.2 10.0 Poland 16.4 27.5 17.3 20.9 Portugal 23.1 8.6 4.3 14.5 Romania 2.3 26.8 6.2 26.9 Slovenia 11.5 28.7 35.2 10.0 Slovakia 19.6 7.2 6.9 7.4 Finland 8.0 17.5 16.8 11.5 Sweden 13.8 7.5 18.6 5.7 United Kingdom 18.7 18.4 12.6 5.5 EU-28 20.8 14.3 14.8 13.1 EU-15 21.4 12.3 14.7 11.5 EU-N13 18.2 23.3 15.2 20.0 Share of Cattle NONdairy (NFR14 subsector 3 B 1 b) in total NH 3 Emissions from Agriculture 2015 % Share of Swine (NFR14 subsector 3B3) in total NH 3 Emissions from Agriculture 9
Context indicator C.45 Emissions from agriculture GHG emissions Data source: National emissions reported to the UNFCCC and to the EU Greenhouse Gas Monitoring Mechanism Link: https://www.eea.europa.eu/data-and-maps/data/national-emissions-reported-to-theunfccc-and-to-the-eu-greenhouse-gas-monitoring-mechanism-13#tab-european-data Indicator measures net GHG emissions from agriculture including agricultural soils that consist of two components: 1. Aggregated annual emissions of methane (CH4) and nitrous oxide (N2O) from the following agricultural sectors (IPCC Common Reporting Format): Sector 3.A - Enteric Fermentation Sector 3.B - Manure Management Sector 3.C - Rice Cultivation Sector 3.D - Agricultural Soils 2. Aggregated annual emissions and removals of carbon dioxide (CO2) and emissions of methane (CH4) and nitrous oxide (N2O) from agricultural land uses: Comments on methodology and data Sector 4.B - Cropland Sector 4.C Grassland Total GHG emissions at national level are calculated both with and without LULUCF but without indirect CO2. Ammonia emissions Data source: European Environmental Agency () Link: https://www.eea.europa.eu/data-and-maps/dashboards/air-pollutant-emissions-dataviewer NFR means Nomenclature for Reporting, which refers to the format for the reporting of national data in accordance with the Convention on Long-Range Transboundary Air Pollution (CLRTAP) also remitted to the European Environment Agency (). According to NFR14, Agriculture includes the following subsectors: Synthetic N-fertilizers (subsector 3Da1) Cattle dairy (3b1a) Cattle non-dairy (3b1b) Swine (3B3) Laying hens (3B4gi) Broilers (3B4gii) All other agricultural subsectors [3B2, 3B4 (a, d, e, f, giii, giv, h), 3Da2 (a, b, c), 3Da3, 3Da4, 3Db, 3Dc, 3Dd, 3De, 3Df, 3F, 3I] 10