Forestry extension activities in the new era case Finland 4.4.2011 Ritva Toivonen, Director General Pekka Ripatti, Development Manager Olli Mäki, Forest Economist Forestry Development Centre Tapio
Contents Forests and Forest Ownership Private Forestry and its Development Forest policy and its implementation Extension activtities and their impacts Insights into future; changes in the forest ownership structure and in forest policy, case Finland Conclusions : extension in the new era 2
Forests and forest ownership in Finland 18.5.2011 3
Forests in Finland > 70 % land area, ~23 Mha Private small-scale 13,5 M ha State 6 M ha Industry 2 M ha Others 1,4 M ha 3 % of forest area is harvested annually 2,3 % in thinnings 0,6 % for regeneration fellings 4
Forest has always been mainly private property (~ 60%) Everyman s rights Importance to NA 5 18.5.2011
Private Forestry Private ownership in Southern Finland, state ownership in the North ~ 440 000 small holdings ~ 600-900 000 consumers average holding area 24-44 ha (36) Growing stock roughly 100 m 3 /ha, growth 4 m 3 /ha/y Commercial removals 45-55 Mm 3, > 80 % from private forests, additional household utilization (firewood etc.) 5-6 Mm 3 6
NIPF holdings 1750-2005 (Metla, Leppänen) Finland independent 1917-> independent farmers, WW II 500 000 No of holdings 450 000 500 400 000 000 450 000 350 000 400 000 300 000 350 000 300 250 000 000 250 200 000 000 200 15000 000 150 100 000 000 100 50 000 000 50 000 0 0 1750 "Metsälöiden" määrä, kpl 1770 1750 1790 1770 Farms & rented holdings 1810 1790 1830 1810 1850 1830 1870 1850 1890 1870 1910 1930 1890 Itsenäisten tilojen määrä Torppien määrä 1950 1910 1970 1930 Iindependent farms 1990 1950 Rented 2010 1970 1990 Metsänomistaja 2010, 7 20.11.2009 18.5.2011
Private small-scale forest ownership (NIPF-ownership) 18.5.2011 8
Research on NIPF owners 2000s 2003, 2005, 2007, 2008: data: structured mail surveys, qualitative interviews, structured interviews Age +, home-forest distance +, less farmers more on pension Motives, attitudes, segments: multivariate analysis, confirmatory factor analysis
Forest owner profile 2009 (Metla, Leppänen) Avg. age (2009) 1990 54 v. 1999 57 v. 2009 60 v. Profession (2000) 2009 area Forest property usually stays in family Male 75%, female 25% Increasing level of education -30% wage earners -6% entrepreneurs -22% farmers -37% on pension -5% other 10 10
64 % has home nearby their forest (2009) (same municipality; Metla) % 100 % 90 % 80 % 70 % 60 % 50 % 40 % 30 % 20 % 10 % 0 % Place of living 18 19 26 21 15 18 15 19 67 63 55 64 1990 1999 2009 2009ala Town/city Village Rural Distant owners avg 190 km. Metsänomistaja 2010, 11 20.11.2009 18.5.2011
Significance of forest ownership Incomes from timber sales Property (low risk, increasing value (?), value as long-term family property) Recreation Nature conservation Surroundings for home Ownership 12
Forest owners objectives Multitude of values; economics traditionally important; 1990-2000s: less clearly purely economic motives increasingly other, intangible motives Owner segments (roughly, several studies): - multivalue - ~50% - economic ~ 15-20% - recreation ~ 15-20% - nature conservation ~ 5 % - no specific/not interested 5 10% 13
Private forest owners Self-motivated Silvicultural works (planting, tending of young forests) Manual logging Wood for domestic use Services provided by Organisations (FCs, FMAs) Forest industry Small-scale entrepreneurs 14
Timber sales Finnish timber procurement highly concentrated Three large paper integrates (UPM, Stora Enso, Metsäliitto) buy over 90 % Forest owner may authorize local FMA to handle the sales process Stumpage sales cover 75-80 % of sales Efficient wood procurement chains Machine contractors 1000 contractors covering over 90 % of harvests and transport, 4000-5000 drivers 15
Forests policy and its implementation 18.5.2011 16
Importance of Forestry nationally Important part of the Finnish economy Forestry ~ 2 % of GNP, Forest industry ~ 3,5 %, Forest cluster ~ 10 % = 150.000-200.000 jobs + 350.000 NIPFowners, part of whom self-employed The rural society Employment in rural regions Tourism Author: Anssi Koskinen Cultural and recreational value Everyman s Rights 17
Forest policy: SFM National economy vs. private economy Sustainability regulation Private benefit and national benefit support each other Long-term supply : the larger the growing Long-term supply : the larger the growing stock, the stronger the supply (competitive markets) => incentives for long-term investments Short-term supply : P +1% - Q+1%: price information systems (competitive markets, derived demand)
Forest policy: SFM NIPF decisions: bunch of benefits Long-term investments in SFM: obligatory reforestation, - otherwise givernmnet provides incentives for long-term investments: 1 from government 3 from private owners Informational guidance: Best practices & market data, information and education; profitability (volume, price, costs) Recommendations for good forest management: combine economics, technology, ecology Incentives for voluntary conservation (METSO)
Policy instruments to integrate private small-scale forest owners in SFM and NFP - sustainability Normative Regulation Forest Act: obligations Nature protection Act Everyman s rights Financial Incentives & incl. Taxation Act on Financing Sustainable Forestry: For long term investments in wood & nature values Information Based Guidance incl. Education NFP (KMO 2015) Regional FP Management Planning service Extension by several organizations Soft Law Voluntary Systems Forest certification (1960s-70s MERA) Best practices Good Forest Management 20
Legal steering The Forest Act ensures the economically, ecologically and socially sustainable use of forests Example: The obligation to establish a new stand Forest Use Declaration Felling Measures to establish a seedling stand A seedling stand that has economic growth potential and binds carbon X 5 years a reasonable period of time 18.5.2011 21
Financial incentives Grants according to Act on the financing of sustainable forestry (1997) Supported types of work: Forest regeneration (after disasters etc.) 9,8 mill. Root rot control 3,7 mill. Prescribed burning 0,05 mill. Tending of young forest 24,5 mill. Pruning 0,5 mill. Harvesting of energy wood 13 mill. Forest remedial fertilisation 1 mill. Renovation ditching 4,8 mill. Forest road construction and renovation 6,3 mill. Grants approx. 80 million in 2010 22
Certified forests Finnish Forest Certicifation System (FFCS, PEFC-Finland), belongs to the international umbrella of PEFC Criteria for forest management, chain of custody and monitoring compliance > 90 % of forestry land in Finland certified FSC-criteria introduced in 2011 23
Impacts? 18.5.2011 24
Finnish forest resources and private ownership Importance to national economy --> strong policy intervention for SFM but aim for competitive markets 25
The growth of trees and removal 18.5.2011 26 26
Energy wood potential 60 Stump Logging residue Small tress Total Techno-ecological potential, TWh 50 40 30 20 10 42,9 15,7 12,5 14,7 48,3 15,7 15 17,6 0 Basic scenariou Maxium scenariou Scenario Source: Kärhä et al. 2009 27
The role of private forests Commercial harvest Energy biomass 3 Mm 3 3 /m 3 Industrial round wood 21 Mm 3 15 /m 3 Net growth in private forests ~70 mill.m 3 /year 20 Mm 3 /a Remain in the growing stock (increase of growing stock) 70 60 50 40 30 Private household use 5 Mm 3 18.5.2011 28 Sawlogs 21 Mm 3 55 /m 3 Total/a ~45 Mm 3 Total value/a 1,5 B 20 10 0 1
Short term wood mobilization with tax exemptions NIPF-owners behavior is market-driven Increase in Russian export duties seized import from Russia A need to mobilize domestic wood for industry In 2008 total tax exemption for incomes from first thinnings 1.4.-31.8.2008, announced 23.7.2008 50% tax reduction for incomes from round wood sales during 1.4.08-31.12.09 and 25% for 2010-2011 What happened? 29
Intended harvesting (ha) by months, Regeneration fellings, Private forests 120 000 100 000 Precommercial thinning tax exemption about to end ha 80 000 60 000 Increasing harvesting activity, when 50 % tax exemption about to decrease to 25 % 40 000 20 000 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 2010 31513 19592 2009 27864 16154 13781 9248 10088 13858 14012 22595 33513 41477 54024 62993 2008 34856 28423 17915 21772 26074 35074 26699 95649 72536 56610 44420 27856 2007 48790 31788 27805 30176 40997 55257 30525 56024 57305 56799 42562 21059 KK 30
Extension has been included in policy implementation since the early 1900s 18.5.2011 31
Information-steering Advisory services given by 13 Forestry Centres 113 Forest Management Associations FMAs Private entrepreneurs & forest industry services Tools NFP and Regional Forest Programmes The Forest Management Practice Recommendations Forest management plans on a holding-level Work services Market Information Statistics by Metla & FMAs 2 1 7 5 Forestry Centres of Finland 3 1 8 12 13 9 6 4 11 10 18.5.2011 32
Private forestry administration and organizations 13 Regional Forestry Centres (~1000 pers.) Forestry Development Centre Tapio (~100 pers.) Private non-industrial forest owners appr. 600.000 Metsä- hallitus (State forest enterprise) (~2000 pers.) Finnish Forest Research Institute Metla (~900 pers.) 113 Forest management Associations (~1000 pers.) Central Union of Agricultural producers and Forest Owners Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry Ministry of the Environment 33
Participation of private forest owners in forestry counseling 1999-2009 st owners % of fore 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 79 85 At least one advice event during last five years period 19 14 36 35 1999 2009 10 0 Personal advice Small group counseling Large group counseling Advice type Lähteet: Metla, TTS, PTT Source: Finnish Forest Research Institute 34
The society and thenipf-owners change continuous need to develop extension services 18.5.2011 35
Global challenges in forestry Climate change mitigation Deforestation Bioeconomy: Sustainable Forest Management increasingly important efficiency and effectiveness 36
Forest chip sources and future targets Stem w ithout branches Stem w ith branches Logging residue Trunk w ood Stumps Undifferentiated Target 14 000 12 000 10 000 1000 0 m³ 8 000 6 000 4 000 2 000 0 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2010 2015 2020 Annual use 37
Challenges from changes in the society and in the NIPFstructure - smaler holdings - smaler holdings - senior citizens average age increases (-> 2020s, then decreases) - urbanization distant ownership - higher education - higher incomes - changing motives - more segments
Forest owners 2030 - (2009) (Rämö et al. 2009) Age 52-55 (60) Urban 50% (26%) distant ownership, need for silvicultural services Wage earners 50% (30) higher incomes, importance of forestry incomes decreases Farmers 5% (16) On pension 35% (45%) 39
Forest owners 2030 (2009) (Rämö et al. 2009) Segments increasingly diversified: - multivalue - ~25% - forest entrepreneurship ~ 10% - investors ~ 5% - recreation ~20% - nature conservation ~ 10% - urban multiusers 25% - passive/not interested 5%
Challenges in the new era forest extension Continuously needed Research & knowledge base! Motivation building: combination of regulation, information & advice & monetary incentives The society s changing values need to be considered in the contents and practices of extension Increasingly individual SERVICE
Case Finland -> 2020 ( - New services via internet (e-service), more frequently updated inventory data, - Moving toward market-based implementation - support for service entrepreneurship - The development of extension contents: - Diversified Forest management strategies - Market information availability - Voluntary conservation - Subsidies for bio-energy production - Update of the Forest Act (liberalization)?
Challenges in the new era extension 1) Extension is needed combination of regulation, information steering and economic incentives efficient and effective in NIPF-ownership 2) Contents and technology: continuous development services in internet and e-service, new technologies - individual service - help in actual forest work - diversified FMS 3) Service providers: Government role as financing, goal-setting and controlling actual service may be increasingly business-based 5) The values and needs of the society need to be recognized, anticipated and respected (consumers) the needs and motivations of NIPF-owners 6) Clear rights and law enforcement
Thank you! 44
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