Role of Pre-weaning and Weaning Vaccination in Health Maintenance

Role of Pre-weaning and Weaning Vaccination in Health Maintenance W. Mark Hilton, DVM, PAS, Diplomate ABVP Beef Cattle Practice Technical Consultant, Elanco Animal Health West Lafayette, Indiana, USA w.mark.hilton@elanco.com 1 When Does Feeder Calf Health Begin? At feedlot entry? At weaning? Preweaning vaccination time? Summer processing/branding? Birth? Conception? 2 1

Health Protective Factors Gestational nutrition fetal programming, developmental programming Sandhills Calving System Colostrum quality, quantity and voracity of ingestion Vaccinations for BRD Low-stress cattle handing Nutrition, nutrition, nutrition 3 Effect of health treatments on feedlot performance, carcass traits & profitability 1 1 Busby, D. 2010. Tri-County Steer Carcass Futurity Data. The AABP Proceedings; 43: 1-11. 4 2

Difference in Dollars Returned Per Head Relative to the Number of Treatments (2004) *Accounts for cost of gain investment and lost carcass value. **Includes medicine, labor and chute/equipment charges. # Based on additional carcass weight gained during the feeding period. Busby, D. Personal communication. Ave $85/cwt 5 Difference in Dollars Returned Per Head Relative to the Number of Treatments (2014) *Accounts for cost of gain investment and lost carcass value. **Includes medicine, labor and chute/equipment charges. # Based on additional carcass weight gained during the feeding period. Busby, D. Personal communication. Ave $148/cwt 6 3

Hilton, W. Mark. "Management of Preconditioned Calves and Impacts of Preconditioning." Veterinary Clinics of North America: Food Animal Practice 31.2 (2015): 197-207. 7 Weaning is More Important than Vaccination 1 Ranch-origin calves were less (P < 0.001) likely to be treated for BRD than MARKET calves; COMM calves were intermediate Calves that were retained on the ranch after weaning (WEAN45 & WEANVAC45) were also less likely to be treated (P = 0.001) than MARKET or WEAN calves Calves from a single source that are retained on the ranch for 45 days after weaning exhibit less morbidity & less health costs during the receiving period at the feedyard than when cattle are commingled or trucked to the feedyard immediately after weaning 1 Step, et. al. 2008. Effects of commingling beef calves from different sources and weaning protocols during a forty-two-day receiving period on performance and bovine respiratory disease. J Anim Sci; 86: 3146-3158. 8 4

Busby, D. 2010. Tri-County Steer Carcass Futurity Data. The AABP Proceedings; 43: 1-11. 9 Two stage weaning http://www.omafra.gov.on.ca/english/livestock/ beef/news/vbn0710a1.htm 10 5

Weaning Methods Truck* Pasture^ Drylot^ ADG 1.4 a 1.3 a 0.9 b G:F 0.3 a 0.2 b 0.1 c morbidity 28 a 15 b 38 a Truck = removed from dams and trucked to research feedlot *Truck group had 2x killed vacc, no supp feed prewean Pasture = calves remained on pasture for 30 days after weaning and had fenceline contact to their dams for 7 days postweaning. Drylot = isolated from dam and placed in drylot for 30 days prior to being trucked to research feedlot ^Pasture and drylot group had 1 killed and 1 MLV vaccine and had supp feed Boyles, S. L., S. C. Loerch, and G. D. Lowe. "Effects of weaning management strategies on performance and health of calves during feedlot receiving." The Professional Animal Scientist 23.6 (2007): 637-641. 11 Fence Line Weaning Fenceline weaned calves gained 95% more in the first 2 weeks postweaning than did 3 groups that were totally separated at weaning (21.4 vs. 11.0 kg) (47 vs. 22#) And remained heavier at 10 weeks postweaning (50.0 vs. 38.2 kg) (110 vs 84#) Price, E. O., et al. "Fenceline contact of beef calves with their dams at weaning reduces the negative effects of separation on behavior and growth rate." Journal of Animal Science 81.1 (2003): 116-121. 12 6

C.1.c. Of feedlots that received steers and heifers less than 700 lb, percentage of feedlots in which the operator believed that the following pre-arrival management practices were very or extremely effective in reducing sickness and death in the feedlot, by feedlot capacity: Percent Feedlots* Feedlot capacity (number head) 1,000 7,999 8,000 or more All feedlots Std. Std. Std. Pre arrival practice Pct. error Pct. error Pct. error Introduction to feed bunk 79.8 (3.2) 83.6 (2.5) 81.2 (2.3) Respiratory vaccinations given to calves at least 2 weeks prior to weaning Respiratory vaccinations given to calves at weaning Calves weaned at least 4 weeks prior to shipping Calves castrated and dehorned at least 4 weeks prior to shipping Calves treated for external or internal parasites prior to shipping 85.2 (2.9) 85.9 (3.1) 85.4 (2.2) 82.2 (3.0) 76.9 (5.4) 80.4 (2.7) 80.4 (3.3) 76.8 (4.9) 79.1 (2.8) 92.1 (2.3) 90.6 (2.2) 91.6 (1.7) 72.6 (3.9) 67.9 (5.4) 71.0 (3.2) NAHMS 2011 Feedlot Study 81.5% 13 NAHMS 2011 Feedlot Study 14 7

Future What happens if major retailer(s) require cattle that they purchase to be vaccinated and weaned prior to shipment to the feedlot? What if they say no more metaphylaxis as treatment for not performing best management practices? 15 Route/age of administration IN IBR 3-8 day old calves, lasts 193 days (Mahan) BRSV 3-11 days, lasts ~105 days (Ellis) Mahan, Suman M., et al. "Efficacy of intranasal vaccination with a multivalent vaccine containing temperature-sensitive modified-live bovine herpesvirus type 1 for protection of seronegative and seropositive calves against respiratory disease." Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association 248.11 (2016): 1280-1286. Ellis, John A., et al. "Duration of immunity to experimental infection with bovine respiratory syncytial virus following intranasal vaccination of young passively immune calves." Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association 243.11 (2013): 1602-1608. 16 8

Route/age of administration MLV parenteral IBR 7 week old calves CMI response (Endsley) 6-8 month calves, protected in 3 days, lasts months (Fairbanks) Fairbanks, Kris Fogarty, J. Campbell, and C. C. L. Chase. "Rapid onset of protection against infectious bovine rhinotracheitis with a modified-live virus multivalent vaccine." Veterinary Therapeutics 5.1 (2004): 17-25. J.J. Endsley, J.A. Roth, J. Ridpath, et al. Maternal antibody blocks humoral but not T cell responses to BVDV Biologicals, 31 (2004), pp. 123 125 17 Route/age of administration MLV parenteral BVD 28-35 day old calves, lasts 104 days (Zimmerman) BRSV 3-4 week old calves, No mucosal Ab response; over 3-4 mo, some beneficial effect (Kimman) Zimmerman, Alicia D., et al. "Evaluation of protection against virulent bovine viral diarrhea virus type 2 in calves that had maternal antibodies and were vaccinated with a modified-live vaccine." Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association 228.11 (2006): 1757-1761. Kimman, T. G., F. Westenbrink, and P. J. Straver. "Priming for local and systemic antibody memory responses to bovine respiratory syncytial virus: effect of amount of virus, virus replication, route of administration and maternal antibodies." Veterinary immunology and immunopathology 22.2 (1989): 145-160. 18 9

Vaccinations for Mannheimia haemolytica and Pasturella multocida 417 calves in 24 herds in a retained ownership program, OK, 2000-2001 morbidity % morbidity KV + Mh+/-Pm 16/60 26.7% MLV + Mh+/-Ph 35/132 26.5% Overall test 114/417 27.3% Fulton, Robert W., et al. "Evaluation of health status of calves and the impact on feedlot performance: assessment of a retained ownership program for postweaning calves." Canadian journal of veterinary research 66.3 (2002): 173-180. 19 BRD Vaccination timing 2-4 weeks preweaning and weaning 167 and 190 days of age with 5-antigen MLV At branding time and weaning 67 and 190 days of age with 5-antigen MLV Shipped to feedlot 42 days postweaning No significant difference in morbidity of groups due to BRD Always follow label instructions Kirkpatrick, John G., et al. "Effect of age at the time of vaccination on antibody titers and feedlot performance in beef calves." Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association 233.1 (2008): 136-142. 20 10

Transmission of Mannheimia Haemolytica 1 The bacteria (M. haemolytica & P. multocida) that cause sickness & death are the normal flora of the calf s upper airway, NOT bacteria that are spread around the feedlot This study suggests that prevention of BRD must come BEFORE the calf enters the backgrounding yard or feedlot 1 Timsit, et al. 2012. Transmission dynamics of Mannheimia haemolytica in newlyreceived beef bulls at fattening operations. Veterinary Microbiology 161: 295-304. 21 Copyright 2015 Hallmark Licensing. 22 11

Myth - Preconditioning is Not Profitable for the Cow-calf Producer 11 year study in Indiana Average 63 days PC Profit range $26 116/calf/year, ave $80.70/calf/year $89,254 total for the 11 years $55 130/hr last 3 years Made profit 11/11 years Hilton, W. Mark, and Nicole J. Olynk. "Profitability of preconditioning: Lessons learned from an 11 year case study of an Indiana beef herd." The Bovine Practitioner 45 (2011): 40 50. 23 Hilton, W. Mark, and Nicole J. Olynk. "Profitability of preconditioning: Lessons learned from an 11 year case study of an Indiana beef herd." The Bovine Practitioner 45 (2011): 40 50. 24 12

Hilton, W. Mark, and Nicole J. Olynk. "Profitability of preconditioning: Lessons learned from an 11 year case study of an Indiana beef herd." The Bovine Practitioner 45 (2011): 40 50. 25 Preconditioning Calves Focus on the WEIGHT! 63% of profit due to preconditioning calves (PC) was due to weight gain! Focus on team, ADG, genetics, health, & nutrition Uniformity pays Shortened calving season & improved fertility Hilton, W. Mark, and Nicole J. Olynk. "Profitability of preconditioning: Lessons learned from an 11 year case study of an Indiana beef herd." The Bovine Practitioner 45 (2011): 40 50. 26 13

Stop talking about the PC bonus!! Efficient weight gain is the key for cow calf owner 526 lbs. 600 lbs. 675 lbs. Dry corn gluten, lbs. 5 5 5 Cracked corn, lbs. 2.5 6 7.5 Mixed hay, lbs. 7 6 6 Balancer w/ ionophore, lbs..43 a.48 b.48 b % intake, % 93 100 100 Average daily gain, lbs. 2.17 2.85 2.93 Feed Cost of gain $/cwt. $ 43 $38 $40 Gluten, $120/ton; corn, 3.29/bu.; hay $100/ton; Balancer $600/ton; a = provides 200 mg ionophore; b = 225 mg FE of 5.6:1 on DM basis, added profit of $36.92 in 56 days with NO PC bonus. Shrink advantage adds $14.54 = $51.46. 27 Indiana Beef Herd Preconditioning Results 1999-2000 1 Costs & Returns from Preconditioning Gross returns from preconditioning (returns from preconditioned calf sale estimated returns if sold at weaning) Value Per Calf $174.30 % of Total Cost Co-product and concentrate feed $62.66 67% Hay $8.01 9% Salt, minerals, ionophore $3.19 3% Veterinary and medicine (including labor) $12.20 13% Interest $5.64 6% Death loss $1.90 2% Total costs associated with preconditioning $93.60 Preconditioning net returns $80.70 1 Hilton, M., Olynk, N. 2011. Profitability of Preconditioning: Lessons Learned from an 11- Year Case Study of an Indiana Beef Herd. The Bovine Practitioner. 45:1. 28 14

29 Animal Well Being Preconditioned calves have improved animal well being versus high-risk cattle The public is increasingly interested in how their food is raised. Using a best management practice such as PC can be easily championed when explaining the goal of decreased morbidity and mortality to the consumer Hilton, W. Mark. "Management of Preconditioned Calves and Impacts of Preconditioning." Veterinary Clinics of North America: Food Animal Practice 31.2 (2015): 197 207. 30 15

What is the #1 Goal of a Business? Answer = to develop your employees Our cattle come to work for us every day They do what we ask of them Eat, convert feedstuff to a salable product So, in essence they are like our employees Then our job is to help our clients develop their cattle to their highest potential! Producers should be proud of their calves! 31 Summary If we are serious about decreasing BRD in the feedlot, we must take a multifaceted approach to this multifactorial disease Proper vaccination is a portion of the BRD prevention protocol Many other factors are critically important with weaning being #1. Step, et. al. 2008. Effects of commingling beef calves from different sources and weaning protocols during a forty-two-day receiving period on performance and bovine respiratory disease. J Anim Sci; 86: 3146-3158. 32 16

Summary Nursing calves can and should be vaccinated against viral BRD pathogens Use IN or parenteral route Give subsequent dose at preweaning or weaning and use parenteral MLV vaccine Kirkpatrick, John G., et al. "Effect of age at the time of vaccination on antibody titers and feedlot performance in beef calves." Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association 233.1 (2008): 136-142. 33 Summary Preconditioned calves have reduced health costs in the feedlot AND producers of these calves have an excellent opportunity to profit from their development Producer has to know all costs of production to determine if PC is truly profitable Just knowing PC bonus does not tell the full story on profitability of enterprise 1 Hilton, M., Olynk, N. 2011. Profitability of Preconditioning: Lessons Learned from an 11-Year Case Study of an Indiana Beef Herd. The Bovine Practitioner. 45:1. 34 17