DRIP IRRIGATION SYSTEM.

DRIP IRRIGATION SYSTEM. 4/25/2018 DUBI SEGAL

ISRAEL - ARID AND SEMI-ARID REGION. 2 4/25/2018 2

Ein Yahav Negev 1959 Arava 1979 1999 2013

GLOBAL LEADER WITH BROAD AND DIVERSE GEOGRAPHICAL COVERAGE 28 SUBSIDIARIES HQ IN ISRAEL 17 MANUFACTURING PLANTS COUNTRIES 110+ MARKET SHARE ~30% EMPLOYEES 4,000+ 4/25/2018 4

More with Less Yield Quality Accuracy Independency Peace of mind Energy Water Fertilizers Land Costs Risk 5 Success

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SOLUTION: DRIP IRRIGATION growing world population expected to reach nearly 9.2 billion people by 2050. Governments must ensure that agriculture becomes more productive if it is to feed a INCREASED PRODUCTIVITY FOR INCREASED YIELDS Improving the efficiency of water use by agriculture will be key flood irrigation is a big part of the problem, and not the solution Increasing productivity per acre is critical as farmland acreage continues to be converted to other usage Increasing yields is critical to reversing trend of declining per capita food production

9 IS THIS IRRIGATION?

0R THIS 10 4/25/2018

500 B.C 2018 A.D. HAS THERE REALLY BEEN ANY PROGRESS IN THE LAST 2500 YEARS? Netafim is leading the drip revolution. irrigating the plant, not the soil 11 4/25/2018 11 Footer info

Drip Irrigation Revolution Nano Irrigation Concept Micro Irrigation Concept Flood Concept World Food Problems Yield :Ton per Hectare World Water Crises Yield:Ton per M 3 Water 1960 2000 2025 12 4/25/2018

Irrigation Efficiency Which means through 1. Drip Irrigates 2 times the area 2. Sprinkler Irrigates 1.5 times the area (Source: Sivanappan, 1998) WTC, Acharya N G Ranga Agricultural University 20

IRRIGATION IS A KEY COMPONENT OF THE WATER REVOLUTION Drip Irrigation is a key component in Sustainable Water Management Solutions And to the Climate Change Battle

DRIP IRRIGATION IT S NO LONGER AN OPTION, IT S A NECESSITY The challenge for irrigated agriculture in this century is to reduce environmental damage, increase ecosystem services, and enhance water & land productivity in irrigated systems. Irrigate the plant, not the soil DRIP TECHNOLOGY FLOOD DRIP

Water distribution in soil Drip vs. other methods Drip Capillary Flow Dripper Other Methods O 2 Piston Flow Saturated flow 16 4/25/2018

WHAT IS THE BIG DIFFERENCE? 1. IN FLOOD AND SPRINKLING IRRIGATION THE WATER ARE MOVING IN A PISTON CHARACTER, PUSHING THE AIR AND NUTRITION'S AWAY. 2. IN DRIP IRRIGATION THE WATER ARE MOVING IN AN ONION SHAPE. THE AIR AND NUTRITION'S STAYS NEAR BY THE ROOTS. 17

SOIL MANAGEMENT IRRIGATION SYSTEMS WHICH ENCOURAGE WEEDS ARE: - FLOOD IRRIGATION - FURROW IRRIGATION - OVERHEAD SPRINKLERS - UNDER CANOPY SPRINKLERS (PARTLY) ALL OF THEM WET ALL OR A GREAT PART OF THE SOIL. 18

COMPONENTS OF SUSTAINABLE AGRICULTURE INCREASING WATER- USE EFFICIENCY SOLUTIONS 1) ADOPT MORE EFFICIENT IRRIGATION TECHNOLOGIES DRIP IRRIGATION IS BEST WATER APPLIED TO SOIL FROM TUBES THAT DRIP WATER SLOWLY; MINIMIZES EVAPORATIVE LOSS

20 WHY DRIP SYSTEMS? DRIP IS A COMPREHENSIVE SOLUTION FOR WATER AND FOOD CRISIS. ABLE TO IRRIGATE MARGINAL LANDS AND SOILS, USING MARGINAL WATER QUALITY. ACCURATE AMOUNT OF WATER: SAVING WATER, INCREASING YIELD. DOES NOT CONTAMINATE THE SOIL AND UNDERGROUND WATER RESOURCES LOW APPLICATION RATE CREATE LOW MOVEMENT OF WATER IN SOIL AND DESTRUCTION OFF ALL PATHOGENS AND VIRUSES. NO CONTACT BETWEEN CROP/FRUIT AND EFFLUENTS. NO DRIFT

ADVANTAGES OF DRIP IRRIGATION: 1. BEST CONTROL OF THE WATER & FERTILIZERS AMOUNT. 2. VERY HIGH EFFICIENCY. 3. IMPROVED UNITY IN THE CROP. 4. THE APPLICATION OF WATER & FERTILIZATION IS ACCORDING TO NEEDS AND TIMING REQUIRED BY THE CROP. 5. AN EVERYDAY APPLICATION IS A VERY COMMON. 6. NO STRESS AT THE END OF THE IRRIGATION CYCLE, LESS WATER & FERTILIZERS LEACHING, AND BETTER AERATION. 7. LESS SALT PROBLEMS. 8. LESS WEED PROBLEMS. 9. LESS ENERGY CONSUMPTION (IN COMPARISON TO SPRINKLERS SYSTEM). 10. IT S EASY TO IRRIGATE IN STEEP HILLS. 11. MAINTENANCE REQUIRES LESS WORK THEN FURROWS. 21

COMPONENTS OF SUSTAINABLE AGRICULTURE SOME EVIDENCE THAT DRIP IRRIGATION CAN INCREASE YIELDS WHILE USING LESS WATER RESULTS IN DOUBLING OR TRIPLING OF WATER PRODUCTIVITY (YIELD PER UNIT OF WATER APPLIED)

UNIRAM PRESSURE COMPENATED DRIPPERS. CLOG RESISTANCE: HUGE FILTER AREA AND CONTINUOUS SELF CLEANING OPERATION. TURBONET UNIQUE FLOW PATH. CONSISTENT FLOW RATE OVER PRESSURE RANGES FROM 0.5 TO 4.0 BAR. ANTI SYPHON ANTI DRAIN PREVENT ROOT INTRUSION PREVENT ROOT INTRUSION MEMBRANE LABYRINT MEMBRANE FILTER FILTER COVER COMPENSATING CHAMBER COVER 24 4/25/2018 22

WATER MOVMENT IN THE SOIL DRIPPER capillary gravity 25 4/25/2018

WATER FLOW IN THE SOIL DRIP CAPILLARY FLOW Dripper OTHER METHODS O 2 Piston Flow Saturated flow Expels O 2 out of soil 26 4/25/2018

SCHEMATIC SHAPE OF THE DRIP WETTED ZONE clayey Clayey-Heavy Sandy Loam- Medium Sandy- light Capillary Gravity 27 4/25/2018

DRIP CONTRIBUTION PRESSURE COMPENSATED DRIPPER LINES. IRRIGATION IN IRREGULAR TOPOGRAPHY 28 4/25/2018 NETAFIM s state-of-the-art Pressure-Compensated dripper

COMPARING BETWEEN COMPENSATED AND NON COMPENSATED DRIPPER LINE NON COMENSATED COMPENSATED

DRIPPERLINES APPLICATIONS THERE ARE TWO DRIPPERLINE APPLICATIONS ON-SURFACE SUB-SURFACE (SDI) 30 Confidential

DRIP IRRIGATION TWO VERSIONS DRIP IRRIGATION Two Versions Surface Drip Subsurface Drip Dripper

SUB SURFACE DRIP IRRIGATION (SDI) POTATOES 32

WHAT IS SDI? SDI IS A DRIP SYSTEM THAT IS BURIED BELOW THE SOIL S SURFACE AND SUPPLIES WATER DIRECTLY TO THE ROOTS. THE SYSTEM S DEPTH DEPENDS ON THE SOIL TYPE AND THE PLANT S ROOT STRUCTURE. THE DEPTH NORMALLY RANGES BETWEEN: SHALLOW: UP TO 10CM MEDIUM: 10-25 CM DEEP: 25-40 CM 33 Confidential

IMPROVES AGRICULTURAL ADVANTAGES Improves fertilization efficiency (particularly phosphorus availability) Improves water consumption efficiency REDUCES KEEPS SURFACE SOIL DRY REDUCES WEEDS POPULATION, REDUCES FUMIGATION USE AND COST REDUCES DANGER OF ROOT NECK DISEASES REDUCES SOIL COMPACTION, LESS TILLAGE PREVENTS SURFACE RUNOFF SHORTENS TIME BETWEEN CROP CYCLES, INCREASES YIELD

IMPROVES ECOLOGIC ADVANTAGES REDUCES Usage of recycled water for SDI (vegetables - FDA approval), reduces water costs and fertilizers application Reduces the need for herbicides Reduces fertilizers quantities lateral is located in the middle of the root system Reduces CO 2 emissions Reduces evaporation 35

TECHNICAL ADVANTAGES REDUCES MECHANICAL DAMAGE TO THE IRRIGATION SYSTEM; PREVENTS DAMAGE BY ANIMALS AND THEFTS REDUCES MANPOWER COSTS NO NEED TO LAY OUT OR RECOIL EQUIPMENT EVERY SEASON FACILITATES EQUIPMENT MOBILIZATION - NO LIMITATIONS ON OPERATING MACHINERY IN THE FIELD (SOWING, HARVESTING, ETC.) EXTENDS THE IRRIGATION SYSTEM S WORK LIFE 36

Farmers advantages REDUCES MANPOWER COSTS REDUCES ENERGY COSTS (TRACTORS, PUMPS) LESS HERBICIDES AND FERTILIZERS INCREASED PROFITABILITY REDUCES/ELIMINATES CULTIVATION EXTENDS THE IRRIGATION SYSTEM S WORK LIFE 37

S.D.I DISADVANTAGES. REQUIRED HIGH LEVEL OF WATER TREATMENT. SOIL SUCTION. ROOT INTRUSION. 38 4/25/2018

WHEN SHOULD SDI BE USED? Long-term land ownership, for long-term investment Large-scale growers and projects, less labor costs than on-surface drip irrigation Areas with high labor costs, SDI requires less labor Areas with labor shortages, SDI requires less labor Zero or minimum tillage, doesn t damage the drip Areas with water shortages SDI saves an additional ~15% of water compared to on-surface drip Areas with high insurance costs- SDI costs less then other methods 39

Efficient Irrigation Schedule Soil moisture F.C. Irr. Irr. Flood Method Micro Irrigation Method Nano Irrigation Method 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 days 40

D E P T H WATER MOVMENT IN DIFFEREN SOILS 0 30 A) SANDY LOAM 15 min B) CLAY LOAM 12 h 60 90 120 150 40 min 1 h 24 h 24 h 48 h 41 180 (Hoffman, 2005) 45 30 15 0 15 30 45 75 60 45 30 15 0 15 30 45 60 75 DISTANCE C M) FROM CENTER LINE

SALTS MOVMENT IN THE SOIL אזור איגום Low concentration High salt concentration 42 4/25/2018

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FDS ILLUSTRATION Distribution pipe Dripperlines 45

Family Drip System. THE FDS IS USED FOR IRRIGATION OF SMALL & MEDIUM PLOTS, BACKYARD GARDENS ETC. FOR 100 M² TILL 10000 M². FDS IS USED FOR IRRIGATION OF VEGETABLES, ORCHARDS, FRUIT TREES, ROW CROPS AND GREENHOUSES. THE FDS, BEING GRAVITY-BASED, DOES NOT REQUIRE ANY ENERGY SOURCE FOR ITS OPERATION. FDS IS SUITABLE FOR ALL TYPES OF SOILS, CLIMATES AND WATER SOURCES. FDS IS SUITABLE FOR USE IN FLAT LAND OR SLIGHT SLOPES. 46 4/25/2018

ADVANTAGES: EVEN WATER DISTRIBUTION THROUGHOUT THE FIELD NO WATER LEACHING BELOW ROOT SYSTEM PREVENTION OF EVAPORATION FROM SURFACE. NO WIND EFFECT ON WATER DISTRIBUTION GOOD SOIL AERATION NO WETTING OF FOLIAGE LEACHING OF SALTS OUT OF ROOT ZONE REDUCED WEED CONTROL PREVENTION OF RUN-OFF 47 4/25/2018

FAMILY DRIP SYSTEM (FDS ) Easy operation & maintenance 48

GREENHOUSES

10000m2 in Philippines 51

TABLE GRAPES IN ETHIOPIA

LPS - COMPONENTS

LPS SYSTEM THE INTAKE 58

LPS SYSTEM THE FILTER 59

LPS SYSTEM THE DISTRIBUTION 60

LPS SYSTEM THE RESULTS 61

FILTRATION THE PROCCESS OF REMOVING SUSPENDED SOLIDS FROM A LIQUID BY PASSING THE LIQUID THROUGH A MEDIA (SCREEN, DISK GRANULAR). FILTRATION STAGES. PRIMARY:PERFORATED STEEL REMOVING COARSE PARTICLES FROM THE WATER. SECONDARY: SCREEN,DISK,GRANULAR REMOVING FINE PARTICLES FROM THE WATER. 62

THE CHALLENGE AND THE RISKS TWO FILTER SYSTEMS BASICS FACTS: THE SMALL PROBLEM - FILTERS ARE THE ONLY IRRIGATION SYSTEM COMPONENT THAT IF IT FAILS OR COMPROMISED WILL DAMAGE THE DRIP SYSTEM AND POSSIBLY THE YIELDS. THE LARGER PROBLEM - IN MANY CASES FARMERS/OPERATORS WILL NOT KNOW THAT THE FILTERS ARE COMPROMISED UNTIL IT S TOO LATE!!! 63

There are 5 categories or types of filtration systems Rotostrainer pre filtration at the reservoir Hydro cyclone - as a sand separator Screen filtration Disc filtration Sand filtration (gravel or media) 64

FERTILIZER DISTRIBUTION 76 The youngest generation say s no to old tech 4/25/2018 They want new tech

77 What does a plant need to live?

NUTRIGATION Definition: frequent supply of water & nutrition to plants by irrigation technology at a rate as close as possible to the plants uptake. Maintaining high Soil & Plant water potential throughout the season (excluding the stress period) Deliver dissolved fertilizers respectively to the specific uptake period/ phenological stage of each nutrient 78 Limiting the dependency on the Soil water holding capacity or its nutrient supply rate.

Nutrigation leads to: CROP - * optimization of yield * product quality WATER - * increases biomass production per unit of water use SOILS - enables growing crops to their maximum potential on infertile, shallow soils and inert media (Bar-Yosef, 1988; Bar-Yosef and Imas, 1995; Imas et al., 1998; Kafkafi and Bar-Yosef, 1980; Sonneveld, 1995) LEACHING -avoids excessive leaching of nutrients from the rizosphere, thus minimizes groundwater contamination

Macro Micro Sources of Essential Nutrients Carbon Hydrogen Oxygen Nitrogen (N) Phosphorus (P) Potassium (K) Calcium Magnesium Sulfur (S) Silicon Iron Manganese Boron Molybdenum Copper Zinc (Zn) Chlorine From Air & Water From Soil Fertilizers (N, P, K, S, Zn) Soil Minerals Soil Organic Matter (N, P, K, S, Ca, Mg)

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Nitrogen Phosphorus Potassium Sulphur Calcium Magnesium Iron Manganese Boron Copper Zinc Molybdenum Optimal ph value: 5 6 Maximal nutrient availability High ph values: Reduced nutrient availability Low ph values: Reduced nutrient availability Toxic levels of Al, Mn Influence of soil ph on the availability of plant nutrients (Lucas & Davis, 1951)

Effect of Temperature On the Uptake of Nutrients By plants

The Advantages of Drip Nutrigation Precise delivery of nutrient to plants, time & place Limit the Soil Chemical Bonding & Buffer capacity. Increasing the availability of low soluble element like P & K. Higher water & fertilizers Productivity Safer environment 84

Quantitative dosification Oroportional dosification 85

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