DO NOW Find a partner, and make some observations of the pictures below. In two minutes, list all the species of organisms you have ever heard of.

DO NOW Find a partner, and make some observations of the pictures below. In two minutes, list all the species of organisms you have ever heard of.

BIODIVERSITY AND CONSERVATION CHAPTER 5 (PGS. 116 135)

5.1 BIODIVERSITY (PGS.116 121) Biodiversity - the variety of life in an area that is determined by the number of different species in that area. Currently there are 1.8 million identified species But why is it important?! https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gk_vrthjzu4

BIODIVERSITY - INCREASES STABILITY OF AN ECOSYSTEM - CONTRIBUTES TO HEALTH OF BIOSPHERE THREE TYPES OF BIODIVERSITY: 1. GENETIC DIVERSITY 2. SPECIES DIVERSITY 3. ECOSYSTEM DIVERSITY

3 MAIN TYPES OF BIODIVERSITY 1. Genetic Diversity: The variety of genes or inheritable characteristics that are present in a population Ex. Many different types of lady bugs! Genetic diversity increases the chances that some species will survive during changing environmental conditions or during the outbreak of disease. Think: within a species

3 MAIN TYPES OF BIODIVERSITY 2. Species Diversity: The number of different species and the relative abundance of each species in a biological community Ex. More different types of species live closer to the equator! THINK: between different species

3 MAIN TYPES OF BIODIVERSITY 3. Ecosystem Diversity: The variety of ecosystems that are present in the biosphere (Tundra vs. Rainforest vs. Ocean) Ex. Ecosystem in Alaska has different abiotic factors to support Dall Sheep where an ecosystem in Peru in would have different abiotic factors to support a variety of birds.

DO NOW Please come pick up your quests! We are going to go over them to start class...

IMPORTANCE OF BIODIVERSITY THINK PAIR - SHARE Think of 5 ways we depend on the ecosystem.

IMPORTANCE OF BIODIVERSITY A. Direct Economic Value: Humans depend on plants and animals for food, clothing, medicine, and shelter. Most of the world s food crops come from just a few species Teosinte plant Wild species serve as reservoirs of desirable genetic traits that might be needed to improve domestic crop species. Ex. Against disease, drought, etc. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7tgnam jtrkk Domestic corn plant

IMPORTANCE OF BIODIVERSITY A. Direct Economic Value (cont.): Genetic Engineering: Able to transfer genes from one species into other species Ex. Insect resistant crops Scientists continue to find new extracts from plants and other organisms that help in the treatment of human diseases. Ex. Penicillin extracted from bread mold Ex. Madagascar Periwinkle used to treat leukemia Madagascar periwinkle

IMPORTANCE OF BIODIVERSITY B. Indirect Economic Value: A healthy biosphere provides many services to humans and other organisms that live on Earth Green plants provide oxygen to the atmosphere and remove carbon dioxide Natural processes provide drinking water that is safe for human use. An economic study revealed that improving the biodiversity in the ecosystem would help clean NYC water supply and would be less expensive than using technology to perform the same service.

THINK PAIR SHARE 5.1 SUMMATIVE QUESTION WE JUST FINISHED DISCUSSING THE PROCESS AND EFFECTS OF OCEAN ACIDIFICATION. 1. HOW DOES OCEAN ACIDIFICATION INFLUENCE BIODIVERSITY? EXPLAIN. 2. PROVIDE EXAMPLES USING THE THREE DIFFERENT TYPES OF BIODIVERSITY? 3. CAN OCEAN ACIDIFICATION ALSO INFLUENCE DIRECT AND INDIRECT ECONOMIC VALUES? WHY OR WHY NOT?

DO NOW WHY ARE THE BEES DYING? HTTPS://WWW.YOUTUBE.COM/WATCH?V=RKQNX0AV7EY

5.2 THREATS TO BIODIVERSITY PGS. 122-128 I. Extinction Rates: The gradual process of species becoming extinct is known as background extinction.

EXTINCTION RATE FACTS SOME SCIENTISTS PREDICT THAT 1/3 TO 2/3 OF ALL PLANT AND ANIMAL SPECIES WILL BECOME EXTINCT DURING THE SECOND HALF OF THIS CENTURY. SOME SCIENTISTS ESTIMATE THE CURRENT EXTINCTION RATE TO BE 1000X THE NORMAL BACKGROUND EXTINCTION RATE. ABOUT 12% OF THE 9,934 KNOWN BIRD SPECIES AND 20% OF THE 5,416 KNOWN MAMMALIAN SPECIES IN THE WORLD ARE THREATENED WITH EXTINCTION. ABOUT 20% OF KNOWN FRESHWATER FISH IN THE WORLD HAVE EITHER BECOME EXTINCT DURING HISTORICAL TIMES OR ARE SERIOUSLY THREATENED. ABOUT 32% OF ALL KNOWN AMPHIBIAN SPECIES ARE EITHER NEAR EXTINCTION OR ENDANGERED. OF THE APPROXIMATELY 20,000 PLANT SPECIES IN THE US, 200 SPECIES HAVE BECOME EXTINCT SINCE DEPENDABLE RECORDS HAVE BEEN KEPT AND 730 SPECIES ARE ENDANGERED OR THREATENED.

I. EXTINCTION RATES (CONT.) Mass extinction is an event in which a large percentage of all living species become extinct in a relatively short period of time

MOST RECENT EXTINCTIONS

II. FACTORS THAT THREATEN BIODIVERSITY The current high rate of extinction is due to the activities of a single species Homo sapiens. Humans are changing conditions on Earth faster than new traits can evolve to cope with the new conditions. Depleting the natural resources organisms needs to survive https://www.youtub e.com/watch?v=0zp cr7wgh0c

WHAT CURRENT FACTORS DO YOU THINK THREATEN BIODIVERSITY?

II. FACTORS THAT AFFECT BIODIVERSITY A. OVEREXPLOITATION B. HABITAT LOSS C. FRAGMENTATION OF HABITAT D. POLLUTION E. INTRODUCED SPECIES

A. OVEREXPLOITATION Overexploitation: excessive use, of species that have economic value is a factor increasing the current rate of extinction Ex. Bison Passenger Pigeons Rhinoceros Rhinoceros https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=47m_bao 34h8 Passenger Pigeons

B. HABITAT LOSS If a habitat is destroyed or disrupted, the native species might have to relocate or they will die 1. Destruction of Habitat: Clearing or destruction of an entire habitat 2. Disruption of Habitat: The declining a population of one species can affect an entire ecosystem ex. overfishing https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-ljito jaxbc

C. FRAGMENTATION OF HABITAT Habitat Fragmentation: the separation of an ecosystem into small pieces of land The smaller the parcel of land, the fewer species it can support. Fragmentation reduces the opportunities for individuals in one area to reproduce with individuals from another area.

C. FRAGMENTATION OF HABITAT Carving the large ecosystem into small parcels increases the number of edges creating edge effects.

D. POLLUTION Pollution and atmospheric changes threaten biodiversity and global stability. 1. Bioaccumulation: toxins accumulate in the tissues of an organism due to the toxin being ingested at a faster rate then excreted. Leads too Biomagnification: the increasing concentration of toxic substances in organisms as trophic levels increase in a food chain or food web.

EXAMPLES OF TOXINS DDT - FOUND IN PESTICIDES PCBS - USED INSULATES ELECTRICAL EQUIPMENT MERCURY -USED IN METEOROLOGICAL EQUIPMENT

WHAT ARE OTHER CONSEQUENCES THAT POLLUTION CAN CAUSE OUR ENVIRONMENT?!

2. ACID PRECIPITATION Sulfur and nitrogen compounds react with water and other substances in the air to form sulfuric acid and nitric acid Acid precipitation removes calcium, potassium, and other nutrients from the soil, depriving plants of these nutrients.

3. EUTROPHICATION Occurs when fertilizers, animal waste, sewage, or other nitrogen/phosphorous rich compounds flow into waterways, causing extensive algae growth Algae use the oxygen supply during their rapid growth, thus causing organisms in the water to suffocate Algae can also release toxins Human activities have accelerated the rate https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6lat1gl MPu4

HOW CAN WE SOLVE EUTROPHICATION?!

Do Now What is the composition of the air we breathe?

What is Nitrogen? Nitrogen (N)- Element needed to make proteins Can exist as a gas (N2) Bounds to make other compounds Consumers get nitrogen by eating plants or animals that contain nitrogen

How does it get into our bodies? How is nitrogen used in our bodies? DNA contains nitrogen (A, T, C, G) called. Nitrogen bases Muscle (meat) is protein. Made of nitrogen-containing amino acids

Forms of Nitrogen Nitrogen gas (N2) Ammonia (NH3)/Ammonium (NH4) Nitrates (NO3) Nitrites (NO2)

Nitrogen in the air (N2) is changed into a useable form for plants into ammonia, or nitrates ***Nitrates is the preferable form for most plants!! They can t use nitrites

3 ways Nitrogen Fixation occurs 1) Lightning splits the N2 in the air forms new nitrogen compounds

2) Nitrogen-fixing bacteria on the roots of legumes

3) Synthetic Fertilizers

Nitrogen in the soil (or water) is changed from ammonia/ammonium to nitrites then into nitrates by nitrifying bacteria Remember: Plants love Nitrates!

3. Denitrification Nitrogen in the soil/water is returned to the atmosphere (N2) by denitrifying bacteria

Nitrogen in an organism is returned to the soil by. 1) Decomposition

2) Excretion urine & feces (NH₃)

Microorganisms and decomposers converts nitrogen to ammonia (NH₃) Usually comes from animal waste Performed by bacteria

NITROGEN FIXATION HTTP://WWW.YOUTUBE.COM/WATCH?V=4NKGS4BJ7CC

DO NOW Your friend tells you that a good way to increase biodiversity is by intentionally introducing a species to a new environment because the introduced species increases the species richness of that area by one species. Do you agree or disagree with your friend s statement? Explain.

E. INTRODUCED SPECIES Introduced Species: Nonnative species that are either intentionally or unintentionally transported to a new habitat. Usually becomes an invasive species. Example: Cane Toads in Australia!! https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ri8iilqiev0

5.2 SAMPLE TEST QUESTIONS

5.2 SAMPLE TEST QUESTIONS

5.3 CONSERVATION BIOLOGY PGS. 129-135 I. Natural Resources The consumption rate of natural resources is not evenly distributed. Which County uses the most natural resources? The least?

THINKING QUESTIONS 1. HOW CAN WE REDUCE THE AMOUNT OF NATURAL RESOURCES WE USE? 2. WHAT THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN A RENEWABLE AND NONRENEWABLE RESOURCE? 3. LIST 2 RENEWABLE RESOURCES AND 2 NONRENEWABLE RESOURCES.

RENEWABLE RESOURCES VS. NONRENEWABLE GEOTHERMAL ENERGY RESOURCES FOSSIL FUELS SOLAR ENERGY CRUDE OIL WIND ENERGY NUCLEAR FUELS (U HYDROPOWER PROPANE BIOMASS

SUSTAINABLE USE Sustainable Use: The using of resources at a rate in which they can be replaced or recycled while preserving the long-term environmental health of the biosphere

II. PROTECTING BIODIVERSITY Yellowstone National Park was the first national park! Currently, about 7% of the world s land is set aside as some type of reserve.

A. BIODIVERSITY HOT SPOTS Endemic Species: Species that are only found in that one geographical area Biodiversity Hot Spot: 1. At least 1500 species of vascular plants are endemic. 2. The region must have lost at least 70 percent of its original habitat.

BIODIVERSITY HOT SPOTS

DO NOW WHAT IS EUTROPHICATION? WHAT IS AN ENDEMIC SPECIES? WHAT ARE BIODIVERSITY HOT SPOTS? HOW CAN WE CONSERVE RESOURCES?

B. CORRIDORS BETWEEN HABITAT FRAGMENTS Improve the survival of biodiversity by providing corridors, or passageways, between habitat fragments

III. RESTORING ECOSYSTEM The larger the affected area, the longer it takes for the biological community to recover.

III. RESTORING ECOSYSTEM A. Bioremediation: The use of living organisms, such as prokaryotes, fungi, or plants, to detoxify a polluted area https://www.youtube.co

III. RESTORING ECOSYSTEM B. Biological Augmentation: Adding natural predators to a degraded ecosystem Ladybugs help control aphid populations. Photo courtesy of Nature s Control

5.3 SUMMATIVE QUESTIONS 1. WHICH RESOURCE IS NONRENEWABLE? A. AGRICULTURAL PLANTS 2. FOR WHICH HUMAN ACTIVITY IS SUSTAINABLE USE NOT POSSIBLE? B. CLEAN WATER A. FARMING C. FOREST TIMBER B. LOGGING D. MINERAL DEPOSITS C. OIL DRILLING D. COMMERCIAL FISHING 3. WHICH IS AN EXAMPLE OF BIOREMEDIATION? A. REPLANTING TREES IN AN AREA AFFECTED BY ACID RAIN B. USING MICROORGANISMS TO DETOXIFY AN OIL SPILL C. ENACTING A LAW THAT PROTECTS ENDANGERED AMPHIBIANS D. INTRODUCING NATURAL PREDATORS TO CONTROL A