EMI/RFI: MATERIALS AND TECHNOLOGIES PLS005M August 2016 Andrew McWilliams Project Analyst ISBN: 1-62296-337-7 BCC Research 49 Walnut Park, Building 2 Wellesley, MA 02481 USA 866-285-7215 (toll-free within the USA), or (+1) 781-489-7301 www.bccresearch.com information@bccresearch.com
TABLE OF CONTENTS CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION 2 STUDY GOALS AND OBJECTIVES 2 SCOPE AND FORMAT 2 METHODOLOGY 3 INTENDED AUDIENCE 3 ANALYST'S CREDENTIALS 3 RELATED BCC RESEARCH REPORTS 4 BCC RESEARCH WEBSITE 4 DISCLAIMER 4 CHAPTER 2 SUMMARY 6 SUMMARY TABLE GLOBAL MARKET FOR EMI/RFI SHIELDING BY METHOD, THROUGH 2021 ($ MILLIONS) SUMMARY FIGURE GLOBAL MARKET FOR EMI/RFI SHIELDING BY METHOD, 2015-2021 ($ MILLIONS) 6 7 CHAPTER 3 OVERVIEW 10 SYMBOLS AND TERMINOLOGY 10 TABLE 1 SYSTÈME INTERNATIONAL D UNITÉ UNITS AND THEIR SYMBOLS 10 TABLE 2 SYSTÈME INTERNATIONAL D UNITÉ PREFIXES AND THEIR SYMBOLS 11 ELECTROMAGNETIC ENERGY 11 RADIATION 12 CONDUCTION 12 IMPEDANCE 12 ELECTROSTATIC DISCHARGE 12 ELECTROMAGNETIC FIELDS 13 TABLE 3 FREQUENCY LEVELS AND BAND NAMES 14 ELECTROMAGNETIC AND RADIO FREQUENCY INTERFERENCE 14 TABLE 4 EMI TRANSMITTERS AND RECEIVERS 14 DEFINITIONS AND RANGES 15 CHAPTER 4 SHIELDING MECHANISMS 17 OVERVIEW 17 BACKGROUND 17 MAJOR EMI PROBLEM AREAS 17 EMI SHIELDING OVERVIEW 18 SHIELDING EFFECTIVENESS 18 TABLE 5 SHIELDING EFFECTIVENESS RATINGS 18 ATTENUATION 19 ELECTROMAGNETIC COMPATIBILITY 19 EMC CONTROL 19 SHIELDING PERFORMANCE 20 ABSORPTION 21 REFLECTANCE 21 PERMEABILITY 21 TABLE 6 TYPICAL LOW-FREQUENCY MAGNETIC SHIELDING MATERIALS 22
GALVANIC CORROSION AND METALS COMPATIBILITY 22 TABLE 7 ANODIC INDICES FOR METALS 23 RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN CONDUCTIVITY AND RESISTIVITY 24 EFFECTS OF EMI/RFI AND STATIC ELECTRICITY 24 IMPORTANCE OF RADIO FREQUENCY RANGES 25 CONTROLLING EMI/RFI 25 Background 25 Review and Summation of EMI Technology 26 Thermoplastic Use 27 EMI Shielding Compounds Versus Coatings 27 TABLE 8 EMI SHIELDING COMPOUNDS VERSUS CONDUCTIVE COATINGS 28 CHAPTER 5 SHIELDING TECHNOLOGIES AND MATERIALS 30 OVERVIEW 30 METALLIZATION PROCESSES 30 OVERVIEW 30 METALIZATION MATERIALS 30 TABLE 9 METALLIZATION MATERIAL FUNCTIONAL COATINGS 31 SHIELDING EFFECTIVENESS OVERVIEW BY COATING TYPE 31 TABLE 10 SHIELDING EFFECTIVENESS OF KEY COATINGS 31 CONDUCTIVE PLASTICS 31 BACKGROUND 32 FORMULATION OPTIONS 32 CONDUCTIVE PLASTICS 33 DIELECTRIC PROPERTIES OF PLASTICS 33 TABLE 11 DIELECTRIC CONSTANTS FOR SELECTED MATERIALS 34 TECHNIQUES FOR MAKING PLASTICS CONDUCTIVE 34 TABLE 12 OPTIONS FOR MAKING PLASTICS CONDUCTIVE 35 CONDUCTIVE MATERIAL TYPES 35 TABLE 13 SURFACE RESISTIVITY FOR ELECTRONIC DEVICE SUBSTRATES 35 TABLE 14 RESISTANCE SPECTRUM FOR METHODS FOR MAKING PLASTICS CONDUCTIVE FUNCTIONS 37 CONDUCTIVE ADDITIVE SELECTION 37 CONDUCTIVITY TESTS 37 ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES 37 COMPOUNDING CONDUCTIVE PLASTICS 38 COMPANIES PRODUCING CONDUCTIVE PLASTICS 39 TABLE 15 KEY COMPANIES PRODUCING CONDUCTIVE PLASTICS, 2016 39 RECENT DEVELOPMENTS 39 Thermally Conductive Plastics 39 Electrically Conductive Plastics Compounds Based on Filler Combinations Conductive Flexible Polyurethane Foams 40 Nanostructured Conducting Polymers 40 CONDUCTIVE PLASTIC ADDITIVES 40 Background 41 Fibers and Powders 41 36 40
Silver-Coatings 41 Carbon Fibers and Powders 41 Carbon Fibers 41 Carbon Blacks 42 Metal Fibers 43 Advantages 43 Metal Fiber Conductivity 43 Metallized Glass Fibers 44 Nickel-Coated Graphite Fibers 44 Background 44 Advantages 45 Stainless Steel Fibers 46 Overview 46 Technology 46 Effect on Processing 46 Fiber Forms 46 Advantages and Disadvantages 47 TABLE 16 ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES OF STAINLESS STEEL FIBERS 48 Copper Fibers 48 Conductive Filler Suppliers 48 TABLE 17 MAJOR U.S. AND CANADIAN CONDUCTIVE FILLER SUPPLIERS, 2016 48 New Developments 49 Graphene 49 CARBON NANOTUBES 49 Other Areas of Interest 50 Usage in Producing Electrically Conductive Composites 50 Technology 51 Technical Problems 51 Conductive Plastics Technical Issues 51 Carbon Nanotube Producers and Suppliers 52 TABLE 18 KEY U.S. AND INDIAN SUPPLIERS OF CARBON NANOTUBES 52 New Developments in Carbon Nanotubes Related to EMI 52 Carbon Nanotubes Provide Lightweight EMI Shielding 52 Use of Doped Polyanilines 53 Use of Polystyrene-based Nanocomposites 53 CONDUCTIVE FILMS 53 COMPANIES PRODUCING CONDUCTIVE FILMS 54 TABLE 19 U.S. AND CANADIAN COMPANIES MARKETING CONDUCTIVE FILMS 54 RECENT DEVELOPMENTS 54 Development of New Conductive Films 54 Anisotropic Conductive Films 55 Graphene Films 55 INHERENTLY CONDUCTIVE POLYMERS 55 POTENTIAL APPLICATIONS 55 POLYANILINES 56 OTHER ICP TYPES 56 PRICING 56
PROSPECTS 57 CONDUCTIVITIES OF ICPS WITH METALS, SEMICONDUCTORS AND INSULATORS TABLE 20 CONDUCTIVITIES OF DOPED ICPS COMPARED WITH METAL, SEMICONDUCTORS AND INSULATORS PROCESSING OPTIONS 57 TABLE 21 PROCESSING TYPES EMPLOYED FOR ICPS 57 TABLE 22 STABILITY AND PROCESSING ATTRIBUTES OF KEY ICPS 58 KEY INHERENTLY CONDUCTIVE POLYMER PRODUCERS 58 RECENT EMI SHIELDING DEVELOPMENTS 58 Polyaniline-based Materials for Efficient EMI Shielding 58 EMS Materials from Conductive Blends of Polystyrene and Polyaniline Clay Nanocomposites. CONDUCTIVE ELASTOMERS 59 TABLE 23 SHIELDING EFFECTIVENESS OF CONDUCTIVE ELASTOMERS (MEASURED IN DB) TABLE 24 COMPARATIVE TESTING OF CONDUCTIVE ELASTOMERS FOR GALVANIC CORROSION TECHNOLOGY AND APPLICATIONS RELATED TO EMI 60 CONDUCTIVE ELASTOMER PRODUCTS 61 Extruded Conductive Elastomers 61 Laird Technologies 61 Leader Tech 61 RECENT DEVELOPMENTS 61 Conductive Elastomer Products for Demanding Applications 61 Parker Chomerics Introduces New Conductive Elastomers 62 Conductive Elastomers for Stretchable Electronics 62 CONDUCTIVE COATINGS 62 BACKGROUND 62 ELECTRICALLY CONDUCTIVE COATING APPLICATIONS 63 EMI SHIELDING COMPOUNDS COMPARED WITH OTHER CONDUCTIVE COATINGS TABLE 25 COMPARING EMI SHIELDING COMPOUNDS AND CONDUCTIVE COATINGS BY SEVERAL KEY VARIABLES CONDUCTIVE COATING ISSUES 64 COMPARISON OF CONDUCTIVE COATINGS 64 TABLE 26 COMPARISON OF CONDUCTIVE COATINGS BY CONDUCTIVITY AND SHIELDING EFFECTIVENESS PERFORMANCE OF ALTERNATE CONDUCTIVE COATINGS 65 ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES 65 TABLE 27 ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES OF CONDUCTIVE COATINGS FOR EMI SHIELDING CONDUCTIVE COATING COST COMPARISONS 66 COATING BINDERS 67 SOLVENT-BASED VERSUS WATERBORNE CONDUCTIVE COATINGS 67 COPPER, NICKEL AND SILVER USAGE 68 Advantages of Copper Versus Nickel 68 Advantages of Nickel Versus Copper 68 Silver 69 57 57 59 60 60 63 64 65 66
Attributes of the Major Metal Combinations Used as Conductive Materials ELECTROPLATED COATINGS 69 TABLE 28 KEY U.S. AND U.K. CONDUCTIVE COATING COMPANIES, 2016 70 NEW DEVELOPMENTS 70 ELECTROLESS PLATING 71 OVERVIEW 71 ATTRIBUTES 72 TECHNOLOGY DETAILS 72 METALS INVOLVED 72 TABLE 29 ELECTROLESS PLATING PROCESS 73 ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES 73 TABLE 30 ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES OF ELECTROLESS PLATING FOR EMI SHIELDING PLASTIC SUBSTRATES 74 APPLICATIONS 74 TABLE 31 APPLICATIONS USING ELECTROLESS PLATING FOR EMI SHIELDING 74 MULTILAYERS 74 TABLE 32 SEQUENCE OF STEPS FOR ELECTROLESS PLATING OF PLASTICS 75 MEASURING SHIELDING EFFECTIVENESS 75 TABLE 33 RELATIVE CONDUCTIVITY OF SHIELDING METALS 76 DIRECT PLATE 77 COMPANIES INVOLVED IN ELECTROLESS PLATING 77 TABLE 34 KEY U.S. SUPPLIERS OF ELECTROLESS PLATING PRODUCTS 77 ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES WITH ELECTROLESS PLATING 78 MILITARY SPECIFICATIONS 78 OTHER SPECIFICATIONS 78 RECENT DEVELOPMENTS 79 Several New Developments in Electroless Plating 79 VACUUM METALLIZATION 79 BACKGROUND 79 TECHNOLOGY 79 ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES 80 TABLE 35 ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES OF VACUUM METALLIZATION FOR EMI SHIELDING INDUSTRY TEST METHODS 81 VACUUM METALLIZATION PROCESSES 81 Direct Thermal Evaporation 81 Electron Beam Coatings 81 Cathode Sputtering 82 TABLE 36 U.S. VACUUM METALLIZING COMPANIES 82 CONDUCTIVE PAINTS 82 COPPER 82 SILVER 83 NICKEL 83 TECHNOLOGIES INVOLVED 83 SOLVENT VERSUS WATERBORNE 83 PAINT THICKNESSES 84 69 73 80
OTHER VARIABLES 84 CONDUCTIVE PAINT APPLICATION 84 SHIELDING PERFORMANCE 84 CONDUCTIVE PAINT COST COMPARISONS 84 CONDUCTIVE PAINTED PLASTICS 85 CONDUCTIVE PAINT SPECIFYING INDUSTRIES 85 SELECTED TECHNICAL ADVANCES IN CONDUCTIVE PAINT TECHNOLOGY 85 GLOBALLY ACCESSIBLE INFRASTRUCTURE TO SUPPORT PROGRAMS 86 COMPANIES INVOLVED IN CONDUCTIVE PAINTS 86 COMMON PAINTED PLASTICS 86 THERMAL SPRAY 87 TECHNOLOGY 87 ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES 87 TABLE 37 ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES OF ZINC ARC SPRAY FOR EMI SHIELDING IMPROVEMENTS IN THE PROCESS 88 COMPANIES INVOLVED 88 INTERNATIONAL THERMAL SPRAY ASSOCIATION 88 METALLIZED FOILS, LAMINATES AND TAPES 89 FLEXIBLE FOIL LAMINATES 89 ADHESIVE METAL TAPES 90 FABRIC TAPES 91 COMPANY PRODUCTS 91 3M Company 91 EGC Enterprises 92 Parker Chomerics 92 Electronic Tapes 92 EMI Shielding Laminates 92 Neptco Inc. 92 Insulfab Inc. 93 FERRITES 93 BACKGROUND 93 PROPERTIES 94 GENERAL APPLICATIONS 94 CHOOSING FERRITES FOR EMI SUPPRESSION 95 TABLE 38 PARAMETERS FOR FERRITE SELECTIONS 96 FERRITE SHAPES AND APPLICATIONS 96 TABLE 39 FERRITE DEVICES AND CORRESPONDING APPLICATIONS 96 TABLE 40 FERRITE APPLICATIONS BY SHAPE 96 COMPANIES MARKETING SOFT FERRITES 97 TABLE 41 KEY U.S. AND INDIAN COMPANIES MARKETING SOFT FERRITES, 2016 97 RECENT DEVELOPMENT 97 New Soft Ferrite for Power Applications 97 COST AND PERFORMANCE CHARACTERISTICS OF THE SHIELDING OPTIONS 97 COST COMPARISONS 98 TABLE 42 RAW MATERIAL AND LABOR COSTS ASSOCIATED WITH THE MAJOR SHIELDING OPTIONS, 2016 ($/SQUARE FEET) 87 98
TABLE 43 COST STRUCTURE OF VARIOUS SHIELDING OPTIONS, 2016 ($/SQUARE FEET) PERFORMANCE COMPARISONS 99 TABLE 44 STRENGTHS AND WEAKNESSES OF KEY EMI SHIELDING OPTIONS 99 TABLE 45 QUALITATIVE RATINGS OF THE MAJOR SHIELDING OPTIONS 100 EMC SHIELDING AND END-USER REQUIREMENTS 101 99 CHAPTER 6 SHIELDING COMPONENTS 103 GASKETS 103 TECHNOLOGY 103 ESSENTIAL FEATURES WHEN EVALUATING EMI GASKETS 104 Shielding Effectiveness 104 Operating Conditions 104 Compression and Deflection 104 Compression Set 104 PROPERTIES 104 SELECTING GASKET TYPES 105 TABLE 46 TYPICAL SHIELDING EFFECTIVENESS FOR MAJOR GASKET TYPES 105 GASKET TYPES BY MATERIAL 105 Conductive Fabric Over Foam Gaskets 106 Stamped and Formed Metal Gaskets 106 Conductive Elastomer Gaskets 107 Wire Mesh Gaskets 107 TECHNICAL AND COMMERCIAL CONSIDERATIONS 107 EMI Gasket Shielding Effectiveness 108 INSTALLATION COSTS 108 SHIELDING GASKETS FOR HIGHER FREQUENCIES 108 TESTING 109 SELECTED EMI GASKET SUPPLIERS 109 DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS FOR GASKETS IN EMI SHIELDING 110 FILTERS 110 ADDITIONAL TECHNICAL INFORMATION 110 GUIDELINES FOR FILTER SELECTION 112 APPLICATIONS 112 LOSSY LINE OR DISSIPATIVE FILTERS 112 EMI FILTER PRODUCERS 113 RECENT DEVELOPMENTS/PRODUCTS 113 Appliances 113 New DC/DC Converter with Built-in EMI Filter Meet MIL-Standards 113 CONNECTORS AND CABLES 113 CABLE CONSTRUCTION 114 EMI CABLE SHIELDING AND ABSORBING MATERIALS 114 Shielding 114 WINDOWS 114 MATERIALS 115 SHIELDING PERFORMANCE 115 MATERIAL ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES 116 TABLE 47 COMPARISON OF WINDOW SHIELDING MATERIALS 116
MAINTENANCE AND PERFORMANCE ISSUES 116 SHIELDED WINDOW PRODUCERS 117 RECENT DEVELOPMENTS 117 New Chomerics Shielded Windows that Block Harmful EMI Rays 117 EMI Shielding Glass 117 ENCLOSURES 118 CHALLENGES 118 TECHNOLOGY ISSUES 119 AESTHETICS 119 SHIELDING OF APERTURES 119 EMI LEAKAGE 120 ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES 121 TABLE 48 ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES OF METAL CABINETS FOR EMI SHIELDING COST CONSIDERATIONS 122 ENCLOSURE DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS 122 SUMMING UP THE ISSUES OF EMI AND SHIELDED ENCLOSURES 123 SUPPLIERS OF SHIELDED ENCLOSURES 123 ARCHITECTURAL SHIELDING 123 BACKGROUND 124 BASIC ARCHITECTURAL SHIELDING OPTIONS 124 SHIELDED ROOM CONSTRUCTION TYPES 125 COMPONENTS 126 TABLE 49 COMPARISON OF ARCHITECTURAL SHIELDING TECHNOLOGIES 127 COMPANIES INVOLVED 127 OTHER SHIELDING COMPONENTS 127 BRAIDS 127 French Braid Shields 128 Flat and Tubular Braided Wire Applications 128 Recent Company Activities 128 EMI/RFI Tubular Braided Shielding 128 Shielded Braiding 129 FOIL SHIELDS 129 Combination Foil/Braid Shields 129 EMI Shielding Laminates 129 Recent Company Activities 130 Shielding and Grounding Improvements over Conductive Coatings ADHESIVES 130 Recent Company Activities 130 CHO-BOND Conductive Adhesives 130 Electrically Conductive Adhesives 130 121 130 CHAPTER 7 EMI SHIELDING MARKET: QUANTITATIVE ASPECTS 133 OVERVIEW 133 EMI/RFI SHIELDING MARKET BY METHOD 133 VOLUMES CONSUMED 133
TABLE 50 GLOBAL MARKET FOR EMI/RFI SHIELDING BY METHOD, THROUGH 2021 TABLE 51 U.S. MARKET FOR EMI/RFI SHIELDING BY METHOD, THROUGH 2021 TABLE 52 EUROPEAN MARKET FOR EMI/RFI SHIELDING BY METHOD, THROUGH 2021 TABLE 53 ASIA-PACIFIC MARKET FOR EMI/RFI SHIELDING BY METHOD, THROUGH 2021 TABLE 54 GLOBAL MARKET FOR CONDUCTIVE COATINGS, THROUGH 2021 TABLE 55 U.S. MARKET FOR CONDUCTIVE COATINGS, THROUGH 2021 (MILLION SQUARE FEET) TABLE 56 EUROPEAN MARKET FOR CONDUCTIVE COATINGS, THROUGH 2021 TABLE 57 ASIA-PACIFIC MARKET FOR CONDUCTIVE COATINGS, THROUGH 2021 CONSUMPTION VALUE 137 TABLE 58 AVERAGE ESTIMATED COSTS OF EMI SHIELDING METHODS, 2015 ($/SQUARE FEET) TABLE 59 GLOBAL MARKET FOR EMI/RFI SHIELDING BY METHOD, THROUGH 2021 ($ MILLIONS) TABLE 60 U.S. MARKET FOR EMI/RFI SHIELDING BY METHOD, THROUGH 2021 ($ MILLIONS) TABLE 61 EUROPEAN MARKET FOR EMI/RFI SHIELDING BY METHOD, THROUGH 2021 ($ MILLIONS) TABLE 62 ASIA-PACIFIC MARKET FOR EMI/RFI SHIELDING BY METHOD, THROUGH 2021 ($ MILLIONS) TABLE 63 GLOBAL MARKET FOR CONDUCTIVE COATINGS, THROUGH 2021 ($ MILLIONS) TABLE 64 U.S. MARKET FOR CONDUCTIVE COATINGS, THROUGH 2021 ($ MILLIONS) 140 TABLE 65 EUROPEAN MARKET FOR CONDUCTIVE COATINGS, THROUGH 2021 ($ MILLIONS) TABLE 66 ASIA-PACIFIC MARKET FOR CONDUCTIVE COATINGS, THROUGH 2021 ($ MILLIONS) METAL CABINET MARKET ESTIMATES 141 TABLE 67 GLOBAL VOLUME AND VALUE OF METAL CABINETS IN EMI/RFI SHIELDING, THROUGH 2021 (MILLION SQUARE FEET/$ MILLIONS) TABLE 68 U.S. VOLUME AND VALUE OF METAL CABINETS IN EMI/RFI SHIELDING, THROUGH 2021 (MILLION SQUARE FEET/$ MILLIONS) TABLE 69 EUROPEAN VOLUME AND VALUE OF METAL CABINETS IN EMI/RFI TABLE 70 ASIA-PACIFIC VOLUME AND VALUE OF METAL CABINETS IN EMI/RFI CONDUCTIVE PLASTIC MARKET ESTIMATES 142 TABLE 71 GLOBAL VOLUME AND VALUE OF CONDUCTIVE PLASTICS IN EMI/RFI TABLE 72 U.S. VOLUME AND VALUE OF CONDUCTIVE PLASTICS IN EMI/RFI TABLE 73 EUROPEAN VOLUME AND VALUE OF CONDUCTIVE PLASTICS IN EMI/RFI TABLE 74 ASIA-PACIFIC VOLUME AND VALUE OF CONDUCTIVE PLASTICS IN EMI/RFI 133 134 134 135 136 136 136 137 137 138 138 139 139 140 140 141 141 141 142 142 142 143 143 143
MISCELLANEOUS EMI SHIELDING PRODUCT MARKET ESTIMATES 143 TABLE 75 GLOBAL VOLUME AND VALUE OF MISCELLANEOUS PRODUCTS IN EMI/RFI TABLE 76 U.S. VOLUME AND VALUE OF MISCELLANEOUS PRODUCTS IN EMI/RFI TABLE 77 EUROPEAN VOLUME AND VALUE OF MISCELLANEOUS PRODUCTS IN EMI/RFI SHIELDING, THROUGH 2020 (MILLION SQUARE FEET/$ MILLIONS) TABLE 78 ASIA-PACIFIC VOLUME AND VALUE OF MISCELLANEOUS PRODUCTS IN EMI/RFI 144 144 144 145 CHAPTER 8 ADDITIONAL PATTERNS AND USAGE OF SELECTED EMI SHIELDING PRODUCTS CONDUCTIVE COATINGS 147 LAMINATES AND TAPES 148 CONDUCTIVE PLASTICS AND ELASTOMERS 148 MISCELLANEOUS SHIELDING 149 147 CHAPTER 9 INDUSTRY/EMI SHIELDING INTERFACE 151 ELECTRONIC INDUSTRY 151 TABLE 79 TYPICAL FIELD LEVELS AND FREQUENCY 151 TABLE 80 EMI SOURCES 152 TABLE 81 COMPONENTS WITH EMI/RFI AND ESD PROBLEMS AND INDUSTRIES INVOLVED TRENDS IN THE ELECTRONIC INDUSTRY 153 EMI Shielding Considerations 153 Impact of Standards 153 EMI SHIELDING TRENDS 154 Innovation in EMI/RFI Shielding 154 Future Trends 154 MAJOR SEMICONDUCTOR COMPANIES 154 TABLE 82 TOP GLOBAL SEMICONDUCTOR COMPANIES BY SALES, 2015 ($ MILLIONS) 154 TRANSPORTATION INDUSTRY 155 AUTOMOBILES 155 Automotive EMI Shielding Overview 155 Internal Automotive EMI Sources 156 External Automotive EMI Sources 156 Automotive EMC Standards 157 TABLE 83 AUTOMOTIVE EMC STANDARDS, 2016 158 TABLE 84 SELECTED EUROPEAN AUTOMOTIVE EMC STANDARDS, 2004-2006 158 TABLE 85 SELECTED SAE AUTOMOTIVE EMC STANDARDS, 2016 158 Major Producer of EMC Solutions for the Automotive Industry 159 EMI Shielding Compounds for Automotive Radar and Sensing System Components AIRCRAFT INDUSTRY 159 Background 159 Aircraft Electromagnetic Environment 160 Aircraft EMC Categories 160 Aerospace and Aircraft EMC Compliance Standards 160 Products to Control Aircraft EMI 161 152 159
Areas of Concern of Passenger Personal Electronic Devices 161 HEALTHCARE INDUSTRY 161 POTENTIAL EMI PROBLEMS WITH MEDICAL IMPLANTS 163 EFFORTS TO MINIMIZE EMI PROBLEMS IN THE MEDICAL ARENA 164 MINIMIZING RISK AND MAXIMIZING BENEFITS OF MOBILE PHONES IN HOSPITALS WIRELESS ELECTRONIC EQUIPMENT EFFECTS IN HOSPITALS 164 Wireless Phones and Hearing Aids 165 Wireless Phones and Cardiac Pacemakers 165 Wireless Phones and ICDs 165 CRITICAL HOSPITAL EMI AREAS 165 MANAGING HOSPITAL EMC 166 MATERIALS USED FOR SHIELDING MEDICAL DEVICES 166 MEDICAL EMC STANDARDS 167 Overview 167 Examples 168 Other Standards for the Medical Industry 168 TABLE 86 MEDICAL EMC STANDARDS, 2016 168 Possible Pitfalls 169 Specificity of the Standards 169 TABLE 87 IEC 60601-1 EMC STANDARD FOR MEDICAL ELECTRICAL EQUIPMENT GENERAL REQUIREMENTS FOR SAFETY, 2016 NEW DEVELOPMENT 169 APPLIANCES 170 OVERVIEW 170 EMC COMPLIANCE 171 NEW DEVELOPMENTS 171 EMI Filters for Household Appliances 171 FCC Updates EMI Filters for Household Appliances 171 OTHER CONSUMER PRODUCTS 171 164 169 CHAPTER 10 OTHER TECHNOLOGIES IMPACTING EMI/RFI MARKETS 174 FIBER OPTICS 174 TECHNOLOGY 174 TABLE 88 BANDWIDTH AND APPLICATIONS OF COPPER AND FIBER-OPTIC CABLES 175 FIBER-OPTIC SCENARIO 175 SHIELDING IN FIBER-OPTIC SYSTEMS 176 LOCAL AREA NETWORK TECHNOLOGIES 176 TABLE 89 COMPARATIVE CHARACTERISTICS OF LAN MEDIA 177 BLUETOOTH TECHNOLOGY 177 BENEFITS AND APPLICATIONS 178 INTERFERENCE ISSUES 178 ABSORPTIVE EMI CONTROL TECHNOLOGIES 178 ABSORBER TYPES 179 Magnetic Absorbers 179 Foam Absorbers 179 TECHNOLOGY OF EMC ABSORBERS 180 MARKETS 180
COMPANIES INVOLVED IN MICROWAVE ABSORBERS 181 PRODUCTS USED AS MICROWAVE ABSORBERS 181 High-Performance Microwave Pyramidal Absorbers From ETS-Lindgren FERRITES 182 MICROWAVE FOAM ABSORBER MATERIALS 182 EMI ABSORBER TUBES 182 CONCEPT OF HIGH FREQUENCIES 182 EMI SUPPRESSION 183 Cavity Resonance 183 EMI Emissions 183 TRENDS 184 TECHNOLOGY DETAILS 184 APPLICATIONS 184 Telecommunications 185 Automotive 185 Other Industries 185 PRODUCTS 185 IMPACT OF OTHER SHIELDING CHOICES 186 INTERNATIONAL STANDARDS ABOVE 1 GHZ 186 181 CHAPTER 11 RECENT PATENTS 188 OVERMOLDED SEMICONDUCTOR PACKAGE WITH A WIREBOND CAGE FOR EMI SHIELDED SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICE AND METHOD OF FORMING PREFABRICATED EMI SHIELDING FRAME WITH CAVITIES CONTAINING PENETRABLE MATERIAL OVER SEMICONDUCTOR DIE EMI SHIELDING SCHEME USING SANDWICHED SHEET METAL 188 AUTO JACK WITH EMI SHIELDING 188 COMPUTER ENCLOSURE WITH EMI SHIELDING CLIP 189 EMI SHIELDING DEVICE AND FIXING APPARATUS FOR HARD DISK DRIVE 189 LAYER STRUCTURE WITH EMI SHIELDING EFFECT 189 METHOD FOR FORMING AN EMI SHIELDING LAYER ON ALL SURFACES OF A SEMICONDUCTOR PACKAGE CONFORMING EMI SHIELDING 189 EMI SHIELDING CIRCUIT AND SEMICCONDUCTOR INTEGRATED CIRCUIT INCLUDING THE SAME EMI SHIELDING HEAT SHRINKABLE TAPES 190 ELECTROMAGNETIC INTERFERENCE SHIELDING TECHNIQUES 190 CHIP LEVEL EMI SHIELDING STRUCTURE AND MANUFACTURE METHOD THEREOF 188 188 189 190 190 CHAPTER 12 ELECTROMAGNETIC COMPLIANCE 193 ELECTRONIC STANDARDS 193 PURPOSE OF EMC STANDARDS/REGULATIONS 193 BASIC CONCEPTS 193 COMPLIANCE TESTING AND CERTIFICATION 193 CRITICAL PATH FOR EMC 194 SAFETY COMPLIANCE 194
REGULATORY AND STANDARDS BODIES AND DIRECTIVES 194 REGULATORY AND STANDARDS BODIES 194 EMC STANDARDS AND DIRECTIVES 195 CISPR Related to EMC Emission Test Methods and Limits 195 IEC Standards 195 ISO Standards on Automotive EMC Issues 195 European Standards Concerning Unwanted Electrical Emissions 195 MILITARY EMC STANDARDS AND SPECIFICATIONS 196 ACTIVITIES FROM 2010 IEC ADVISORY COMMITTEE ON EMC 196 U.S. FOOD AND DRUG ADMINISTRATION REQUIREMENTS 196 SUBASSEMBLIES 197 OTHER ENVIRONMENTAL REGULATIONS 197 COMPLIANCE 198 WEEE 198 ROHS 198 CHAPTER 13 COMPANY PROFILES 200 A.K. STAMPING CO. INC. 200 AD-VANCE MAGNETICS 200 ALCO TECHNOLOGIES 201 AMUNEAL MANUFACTURING CORP. 201 COILCRAFT INC. 202 CTS CORP. 202 CUMING MICROWAVE CORP. 203 CYBERSHIELD INC. 203 ELASTOMERIC SPECIALTIES INC. 204 ENTHONE INC. 204 ETS-LINDGREN 205 FERRONICS INC. 205 FUJIPOLY AMERICA CORP. 206 GREENE RUBBER CO. 207 KITAGAWA INDUSTRIES AMERICA INC. INTERMARK USA 207 LAIRD TECHNOLOGIES 208 LEADER TECH 208 MAGNETIC SHIELD CORP. 209 MAJR PRODUCTS 209 MARIAN INC. 210 MARTEK PROBER INC. 211 MICROSORB TECHNOLOGIES 211 MUSHIELD CO. INC. 212 OMEGA SHIELDING PRODUCTS INC. 212 ORION INDUSTRIES INC. 213 PANASHIELD LLC. 213 PARKER CHOMERICS 214 PREMIX THERMOPLASTICS 215 PRESSCUT INDUSTRIES INC. 215 RTP CO. 216
SAS INDUSTRIES INC. 216 SCHAFFNER EMC INC. 217 SCHLEGEL ELECTRONIC MATERIALS 217 SELECO INC. 218 SHIELDEX TRADING USA 219 STOCKWELL ELASTOMERICS INC. 219 SWIFT TEXTILE METALIZING LLC 220 TDK RF SOLUTIONS INC. 220 TECH-ETCH INC. 221 THRUST INDUSTRIES 222 VTI VACUUM TECHNOLOGIES 222 ZIPPERTUBING CO. INC. 223 CHAPTER 14 APPENDIX A: MAJOR PROFESSIONAL SOCIETIES 225 IEEE EMC SOCIETY 225 SAE INTERNATIONAL 225 CHAPTER 15 APPENDIX B: ACRONYMS AND GLOSSARY OF TERMS 227 TABLE 90 ACRONYMS AND GLOSSARY OF TERMS 227
LIST OF TABLES TABLE HEADING SUMMARY TABLE GLOBAL MARKET FOR EMI/RFI SHIELDING BY METHOD, THROUGH 2021 ($ MILLIONS) TABLE 1 SYSTÈME INTERNATIONAL D UNITÉ UNITS AND THEIR SYMBOLS 10 TABLE 2 SYSTÈME INTERNATIONAL D UNITÉ PREFIXES AND THEIR SYMBOLS 11 TABLE 3 FREQUENCY LEVELS AND BAND NAMES 14 TABLE 4 EMI TRANSMITTERS AND RECEIVERS 14 TABLE 5 SHIELDING EFFECTIVENESS RATINGS 18 TABLE 6 TYPICAL LOW-FREQUENCY MAGNETIC SHIELDING MATERIALS 22 TABLE 7 ANODIC INDICES FOR METALS 23 TABLE 8 EMI SHIELDING COMPOUNDS VERSUS CONDUCTIVE COATINGS 28 TABLE 9 METALLIZATION MATERIAL FUNCTIONAL COATINGS 31 TABLE 10 SHIELDING EFFECTIVENESS OF KEY COATINGS 31 TABLE 11 DIELECTRIC CONSTANTS FOR SELECTED MATERIALS 34 TABLE 12 OPTIONS FOR MAKING PLASTICS CONDUCTIVE 35 TABLE 13 SURFACE RESISTIVITY FOR ELECTRONIC DEVICE SUBSTRATES 35 TABLE 14 RESISTANCE SPECTRUM FOR METHODS FOR MAKING PLASTICS CONDUCTIVE TABLE 15 KEY COMPANIES PRODUCING CONDUCTIVE PLASTICS, 2016 39 TABLE 16 ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES OF STAINLESS STEEL FIBERS 48 TABLE 17 MAJOR U.S. AND CANADIAN CONDUCTIVE FILLER SUPPLIERS, 2016 48 TABLE 18 KEY U.S. AND INDIAN SUPPLIERS OF CARBON NANOTUBES 52 TABLE 19 U.S. AND CANADIAN COMPANIES MARKETING CONDUCTIVE FILMS 54 TABLE 20 CONDUCTIVITIES OF DOPED ICPS COMPARED WITH METAL, SEMICONDUCTORS AND INSULATORS TABLE 21 PROCESSING TYPES EMPLOYED FOR ICPS 57 TABLE 22 STABILITY AND PROCESSING ATTRIBUTES OF KEY ICPS 58 TABLE 23 SHIELDING EFFECTIVENESS OF CONDUCTIVE ELASTOMERS (MEASURED IN DB) TABLE 24 COMPARATIVE TESTING OF CONDUCTIVE ELASTOMERS FOR GALVANIC CORROSION TABLE 25 COMPARING EMI SHIELDING COMPOUNDS AND CONDUCTIVE COATINGS BY SEVERAL KEY VARIABLES TABLE 26 COMPARISON OF CONDUCTIVE COATINGS BY CONDUCTIVITY AND SHIELDING EFFECTIVENESS TABLE 27 ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES OF CONDUCTIVE COATINGS FOR EMI SHIELDING TABLE 28 KEY U.S. AND U.K. CONDUCTIVE COATING COMPANIES, 2016 70 TABLE 29 ELECTROLESS PLATING PROCESS 73 TABLE 30 ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES OF ELECTROLESS PLATING FOR EMI SHIELDING TABLE 31 APPLICATIONS USING ELECTROLESS PLATING FOR EMI SHIELDING 74 TABLE 32 SEQUENCE OF STEPS FOR ELECTROLESS PLATING OF PLASTICS 75 TABLE 33 RELATIVE CONDUCTIVITY OF SHIELDING METALS 76 TABLE 34 KEY U.S. SUPPLIERS OF ELECTROLESS PLATING PRODUCTS 77 TABLE 35 ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES OF VACUUM METALLIZATION FOR EMI SHIELDING TABLE 36 U.S. VACUUM METALLIZING COMPANIES 82 TABLE 37 ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES OF ZINC ARC SPRAY FOR EMI SHIELDING 6 36 57 60 60 64 65 66 73 80 87
TABLE HEADING TABLE 38 PARAMETERS FOR FERRITE SELECTIONS 96 TABLE 39 FERRITE DEVICES AND CORRESPONDING APPLICATIONS 96 TABLE 40 FERRITE APPLICATIONS BY SHAPE 96 TABLE 41 KEY U.S. AND INDIAN COMPANIES MARKETING SOFT FERRITES, 2016 97 TABLE 42 RAW MATERIAL AND LABOR COSTS ASSOCIATED WITH THE MAJOR SHIELDING OPTIONS, 2016 ($/SQUARE FEET) TABLE 43 COST STRUCTURE OF VARIOUS SHIELDING OPTIONS, 2016 ($/SQUARE FEET) TABLE 44 STRENGTHS AND WEAKNESSES OF KEY EMI SHIELDING OPTIONS 99 TABLE 45 QUALITATIVE RATINGS OF THE MAJOR SHIELDING OPTIONS 100 TABLE 46 TYPICAL SHIELDING EFFECTIVENESS FOR MAJOR GASKET TYPES 105 TABLE 47 COMPARISON OF WINDOW SHIELDING MATERIALS 116 TABLE 48 ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES OF METAL CABINETS FOR EMI SHIELDING TABLE 49 COMPARISON OF ARCHITECTURAL SHIELDING TECHNOLOGIES 127 TABLE 50 GLOBAL MARKET FOR EMI/RFI SHIELDING BY METHOD, THROUGH 2021 TABLE 51 U.S. MARKET FOR EMI/RFI SHIELDING BY METHOD, THROUGH 2021 TABLE 52 EUROPEAN MARKET FOR EMI/RFI SHIELDING BY METHOD, THROUGH 2021 TABLE 53 ASIA-PACIFIC MARKET FOR EMI/RFI SHIELDING BY METHOD, THROUGH 2021 TABLE 54 GLOBAL MARKET FOR CONDUCTIVE COATINGS, THROUGH 2021 (MILLION SQUARE FEET) TABLE 55 U.S. MARKET FOR CONDUCTIVE COATINGS, THROUGH 2021 (MILLION SQUARE FEET) TABLE 56 EUROPEAN MARKET FOR CONDUCTIVE COATINGS, THROUGH 2021 TABLE 57 ASIA-PACIFIC MARKET FOR CONDUCTIVE COATINGS, THROUGH 2021 TABLE 58 AVERAGE ESTIMATED COSTS OF EMI SHIELDING METHODS, 2015 ($/SQUARE FEET) TABLE 59 GLOBAL MARKET FOR EMI/RFI SHIELDING BY METHOD, THROUGH 2021 ($ MILLIONS) TABLE 60 U.S. MARKET FOR EMI/RFI SHIELDING BY METHOD, THROUGH 2021 ($ MILLIONS) TABLE 61 EUROPEAN MARKET FOR EMI/RFI SHIELDING BY METHOD, THROUGH 2021 ($ MILLIONS) TABLE 62 ASIA-PACIFIC MARKET FOR EMI/RFI SHIELDING BY METHOD, THROUGH 2021 ($ MILLIONS) TABLE 63 GLOBAL MARKET FOR CONDUCTIVE COATINGS, THROUGH 2021 ($ MILLIONS) TABLE 64 U.S. MARKET FOR CONDUCTIVE COATINGS, THROUGH 2021 ($ MILLIONS) 140 TABLE 65 EUROPEAN MARKET FOR CONDUCTIVE COATINGS, THROUGH 2021 ($ MILLIONS) TABLE 66 ASIA-PACIFIC MARKET FOR CONDUCTIVE COATINGS, THROUGH 2021 ($ MILLIONS) TABLE 67 GLOBAL VOLUME AND VALUE OF METAL CABINETS IN EMI/RFI SHIELDING, THROUGH 2021 (MILLION SQUARE FEET/$ MILLIONS) 98 99 121 133 134 134 135 136 136 136 137 137 138 138 139 139 140 140 141 141
TABLE HEADING TABLE 68 U.S. VOLUME AND VALUE OF METAL CABINETS IN EMI/RFI SHIELDING, THROUGH 2021 (MILLION SQUARE FEET/$ MILLIONS) TABLE 69 EUROPEAN VOLUME AND VALUE OF METAL CABINETS IN EMI/RFI TABLE 70 ASIA-PACIFIC VOLUME AND VALUE OF METAL CABINETS IN EMI/RFI TABLE 71 GLOBAL VOLUME AND VALUE OF CONDUCTIVE PLASTICS IN EMI/RFI TABLE 72 U.S. VOLUME AND VALUE OF CONDUCTIVE PLASTICS IN EMI/RFI TABLE 73 EUROPEAN VOLUME AND VALUE OF CONDUCTIVE PLASTICS IN EMI/RFI TABLE 74 ASIA-PACIFIC VOLUME AND VALUE OF CONDUCTIVE PLASTICS IN EMI/RFI TABLE 75 GLOBAL VOLUME AND VALUE OF MISCELLANEOUS PRODUCTS IN EMI/RFI TABLE 76 U.S. VOLUME AND VALUE OF MISCELLANEOUS PRODUCTS IN EMI/RFI TABLE 77 EUROPEAN VOLUME AND VALUE OF MISCELLANEOUS PRODUCTS IN EMI/RFI SHIELDING, THROUGH 2020 (MILLION SQUARE FEET/$ MILLIONS) TABLE 78 ASIA-PACIFIC VOLUME AND VALUE OF MISCELLANEOUS PRODUCTS IN EMI/RFI TABLE 79 TYPICAL FIELD LEVELS AND FREQUENCY 151 TABLE 80 EMI SOURCES 152 TABLE 81 COMPONENTS WITH EMI/RFI AND ESD PROBLEMS AND INDUSTRIES INVOLVED TABLE 82 TOP GLOBAL SEMICONDUCTOR COMPANIES BY SALES, 2015 ($ MILLIONS) 154 TABLE 83 AUTOMOTIVE EMC STANDARDS, 2016 158 TABLE 84 SELECTED EUROPEAN AUTOMOTIVE EMC STANDARDS, 2004-2006 158 TABLE 85 SELECTED SAE AUTOMOTIVE EMC STANDARDS, 2016 158 TABLE 86 MEDICAL EMC STANDARDS, 2016 168 TABLE 87 IEC 60601-1 EMC STANDARD FOR MEDICAL ELECTRICAL EQUIPMENT GENERAL REQUIREMENTS FOR SAFETY, 2016 TABLE 88 BANDWIDTH AND APPLICATIONS OF COPPER AND FIBER-OPTIC CABLES 175 TABLE 89 COMPARATIVE CHARACTERISTICS OF LAN MEDIA 177 TABLE 90 ACRONYMS AND GLOSSARY OF TERMS 227 141 142 142 142 143 143 143 144 144 144 145 152 169
LIST OF FIGURES FIGURE TITLE SUMMARY FIGURE GLOBAL MARKET FOR EMI/RFI SHIELDING BY METHOD, 2015-2021 ($ MILLIONS) 7