Salmon Arm Landing Rehabilitation Monitoring Report March, 2004 Chuck Bulmer and Peter Staffeldt Introduction: In 1991, the Salmon Arm Forest District arranged for a landing rehabilitation program aimed at restoring forest productivity on landings that were no longer needed for access. Soil rehabilitation treatments called for ripping to a minimum of 30 cm, and a maximum of 50 cm; seeding at 25 kg/ha, and fertilizing at 100 kg/ha. Tillage was carried out with a Terex 82-30 B crawler equipped with two rippers outfitted with custom-built subsoilers. Several of landings were planted in subsequent years, but most were left for natural regeneration. In 2003, researchers from the MoF Research Branch, visited 91 of the rehabilitated landings, with the aim of documenting regeneration status and tree growth. This report describes the results of the monitoring visits, including establishment of naturally regenerated trees, and the growth rates of the planted landings, as compared to adjacent areas of the plantations. Methods Overview maps and landing locations were made available by George Zorn, of the Okanagan Shuswap Forest District. Field visits were made in the summer of 2003, using computer derived orthophotos (from the MoF Mapview website) as a guide to site location. For landings that were well-stocked with planted trees, and where the trees were of a sufficient size for determination of site index through the growth intercept method (ie 3-5 years of growth above breast height), site index was determined using the growth intercept method. Three subplots were established on each landing, along with three in the adjacent plantation. A detailed description of the methods was provided by Plotnikoff et al (2000), and Bulmer and Krzic (2003). A streamlined data collection process was developed for the unplanted landings, including moisture regime, regeneration status (class 0, no trees to class 5, fully stocked), presence of a seed source, distance to the seed source, grass, herb and shrub cover, competition, and cow activity). Results and discussion Stocking and factors affecting establishment success of natural regeneration We visited 81 subsoiled landings, of which 13 had been planted. Of the 13 planted landings, 8 were planted with Fdi, 3 were planted to Pli, 2 to Sx, and 1 with Pw. Six of the landings were suitable for site index evaluation (3 Fdi and 3 Pli) of which 3 Pli and 1 Fdi landing were measured. Some landings appeared to have been partially planted. Areas of landings that were planted generally had good stocking (> 1000 stems per ha), except where cattle had severely damaged trees.
For unplanted landings, stocking was variable, with many areas having inadequate stocking after five or more years of opportunity for natural regeneration (Figure 1). Approximately ¼ of the naturally regenerated landings had Ac as the leading species (Figure 2). Previous work has shown that moisture regime had an important effect on establishment success, but in our study, most of the sites we visited were characterized by mesic moisture regimes, and site moisture did not appear to be a major factor affecting success or failure. Factors that appear to have affected the success of natural regeneration included cattle use, distance to a seed source, and the presence of vegetative competition (mostly in the form of grass) Cattle use was observed on approximately half of the rehabilitated landings (Figure 3), and appeared to have a negative effect on stocking levels, with areas of high cattle use having low stocking levels (Figure 4). Distance to seed source showed a weak relationship with stocking levels for the naturally regenerated landings (Figure 5), but the effect appeared to be confounded by cattle use and competition. Competition from seeded cover crops also appeared to be a factor on some sites (Figure 6). Figure 1. Regeneration success for naturally regenerated landings. Salmon Arm: Stocking for unplanted landings "Fail" <400 sph "Adequate" >800 sph "Marginal" 500-700 sph
Figure 2. Leading species for naturally regenerated landings. Leading species on naturally regenerated llandings Fd Pw Ac other Pl Figure 3. Cattle use on rehabilitated landings. Cattle use: unplanted landings none low moderate heavy
Figure 4. Regeneration success and cattle use for naturally regenerated landings. Salmon Arm: Stocking and cattle use Stems per ha 600 400 200 0 heavy (n=25) mod and low (n=6) none (n=38) Figure 5. Distance to seed source and stocking levels. Salmon Arm Landings 2003 Stocking vs Seed source distance 1200 Stems per ha 1000 800 600 400 y = -224.86Ln(x) + 1457.8 R 2 = 0.1334 200 0 0 50 100 150 200 250 Distance to seed source m
Figure 6. Stocking levels and competition Salmon Arm: Stocking and vegetative competition 800 Stems per ha 600 400 200 0 high (27 sites) med (11 sites) low (14 sites) Productivity Three landings were planted to pine in the Bongard Creek area, and were well stocked with trees that were approximately 6 m tall and had approximately 7 increments above breast height. Comparison of trees planted on the landings with those planted in adjacent areas of the cutblock showed that the trees appear to be growing at the same rate (Figure 7). Although the sample size for this study is very small (3 landings) the results are consistent with similar findings obtained from other published studies (e.g. Plotnikoff et al 2000; Bulmer and Krzic 2003; Bulmer et al. 2004). Results from the unpublished studies are not yet published, but should be available shortly. Figure 7. Indicated site index for rehabilitated landings and adjacent plantation areas: Bongard Creek. Site index for planted lodgepole pine 30.0 Indicated site index m 25.0 20.0 15.0 10.0 landings plantations
Summary and Conclusions: 1. Planted sites had much better stocking than those that were left for natural regeneration. To obtain the maximum benefit from soil rehabilitation investments, consider planting trees on the rehabilitated areas. 2. Stocking rates on naturally regenerated areas appeared to be affected by cow activity, distance to seed source, and competing vegetation. To rely on natural regeneration, ensure that a seed source for a preferred or acceptable species is present, and other factors (e.g. cows, vegetation) do not limit successful establishment of the stand. 3. Where trees were planted, a new forest was developing on the majority of sites after 10 years. Soil rehabilitation and planting appears to be a successful strategy for establishing a new forest on disturbed areas. 4. Where trees were planted, productivity appeared similar to adjacent plantation areas that were also planted. Early results suggest that rehabilitaed areas have the potential to contribute to timber supply, and to provide other desirable features in forested landscapes. References Plotnikoff, M.R., Bulmer, C.E. and Schmidt, M.G. 2002. Soil properties and tree growth on rehabilitated forest landings in the Interior Cedar Hemlock biogeoclimatic zone: British Columbia. For. Ecol. Manage. 170: 199-215. Krzic, M., C.E. Bulmer, F. Teste, L. Dampier, and S. Rahman, 2004. Soil Properties Influencing Compactability of Forest Soils in British Columbia, Cdn J. Soil Sci. in press Bulmer CE, et al. 2004. Results of long term studies on the productivity of rehabilitated roads and landings in British Columbia. In preparation. Available spring 2004. Acknowledgements George Zorn worked on delivery of the contract to rehabilitate the landing soils, provided background information for this study, visited the sites to discuss the field methods, and was supportive of our efforts to monitor these sites throughout the project.