LATERALITY TESTS 1. Dominant Hand Which hand do you prefer to use for writing, cutting, and waving? 2. Which hand has the largest circumference? Measure by knuckles and make a fist. 3. Draw the head of a dog. Which direction does it point to? 4. Dominant Foot Which shoe has the greatest amount of wear? 5. Can you raise one eyebrow? 6. Which side do you smirk to? 7. Which eye do you wink? 8. Which eye is dominant? 9. Interlock your fingers. Which thumb is on top? 10. Cross your arms. Which arm is on the outside? 11. Look directly behind you. Which side do you turn toward? 12. Which side is your phone on when you talk? 13. Draw a circle with your right hand and mark the direction (clockwise or counter-clockwise). Repeat with your left hand. Which diagram matches your circles?
Mitosis and Meiosis Cell Cycle Mitosis (asexual) Meiosis (sexual) Interphase Prophase Metaphase Anaphase Telophase Cytokinesis
1. Place the phases in order from Longest to Shortest 2. Which of the five phases takes the longest period of time? 3. What do you think the cell does during that phase?
Cancer Mitosis Gone Wrong Study Sheet Read the Cancer- Mitosis Gone Wrong reading. Then answer these questions to keep as a study guide for yourself. 1. Cancer is when what cell process is uncontrolled? 2. Normal cells of the body spend most of their time in which phase of mitosis? 3. List the 5 ways that cancer cells are different than normal cells of the body. 4. How do you end up dying from cancer? Explain how the body loses energy due to cancer in the space below. 5. List the different possible causes of cancer given in the reading. 6. All of these causes increase the likelihood of cells becoming, which means that cells may not repair and follow a proper cell division cycle. 7. A tumor is defined as 8. Compare the two types of tumors 9. How is cancer treated? 10. In order to determine if a tumor is cancerous, a doctor will take a of it. Describe in the space below what is done during this procedure and why. 11. If a tumor is deemed cancerous, then one could do a variety of treatments. For each treatment, state what is done to treat the tumor: a. Surgery b. Chemotherapy c. Radiation Treatment
Analysis 1. Anything that the cell takes in (oxygen, water, food) or lets out (carbon dioxide, waste) passes through the cell membrane. Which measurement of your model be represents the surface area of the cell membrane? 2. Everything inside of the cell, including organelles and cytoplasm, uses food and oxygen and produces waste. Which measurement of your model best represents the total contents of the cell? 3. As the cell grows larger and accumulates more contents, will it need more or less cell membrane to survive? Explain your answer. 4. As a cell grows larger, what happens to its surface area to volume ratio? 5. As a cell grows larger, what happens to its surface area to mass ratio? 6. Which cell model has the greatest surface area to volume and surface area to mass ratios? 7. Why do cells not survive when the surface area to volume and surface area to mass ratios become too small? 8. Which cell model has the best chance of surviving? 9. How could the surface area to volume ratio be increased for a large cell?
Patterns of Heredity Trait Heredity Allele Phenotype Genotype Dominant Recessive Homozygous Heterozygous
Punnett Squares A green pea plant (Gg) is crossed with a yellow pea plant (gg). A tall plant (TT) is crossed with a tall plant (Tt).
Use Punnett Square to answer the following questions. Show your work. Dimples is dominant to no dimples. Determine the genotype and phenotype ratios for a heterozygous female and a homozygous dominant male. Short hair is dominant to long hair in mice. Determine the genotype and phenotype ratios for a homozygous recessive female and a heterozygous male. Cleft chin is dominant to no cleft chin. Determine the genotype and phenotype ratios for a heterozygous female and a heterozygous male. Brown eyes are dominant to blue eyes. Determine the genotype and phenotype ratios for a homozygous dominant female and a homozygous dominant male. Purple flowers are dominant to white flowers in pea plants. Determine the genotype and phenotype ratios for a homozygous dominant female and a heterozygous male.
Brown hair is dominant to gray hair in mice. Determine the genotype and phenotype ratios for a homozygous recessive female and a homozygous recessive male. Free ear lobes are dominant to attached ear lobes. Determine the genotype and phenotype ratios for a heterozygous female and a homozygous recessive male. Green peas are dominant to yellow peas. Determine the genotype and phenotype ratios for a heterozygous female and a heterozygous male. Tall plants are dominant to short plants. Determine the genotype and phenotype ratios for a homozygous recessive female and a homozygous dominant male. A homozygous dominant brown mouse is crossed with a heterozygous brown mouse (tan is the recessive color). Two heterozygous white (brown fur is recessive) rabbits are crossed. A heterozygous white rabbit is crossed with a homozygous black rabbit
DNA The Race for Life The Discovery of the Structure of DNA 1. Describe the contribution of each of the following scientists to the discovery of DNA o Avery and Others o Chargoff o Rosalind Franklin o Watson and Crick 2. Why did Rosalind Franklin NOT receive the Nobel Prize alongside Watson and Crick 3. What does the future hold for DNA research?
DNA - The Double Helix In 1953, James Watson and Francis Crick established the structure of DNA. The shape of DNA is a double helix (color the title black), which is like a twisted ladder. The sides of the ladder are made of alternating sugar and phosphate molecules. The sugar is deoxyribose. Color all the phosphates pink (one is labeled with a "p"). Color all the deoxyriboses blue (one is labeled with a "D"). The rungs of the ladder are pairs of 4 types of nitrogen bases. The bases are known by their coded letters A, G, T, C. These bases always bond in a certain way. Adenine will only bond to thymine. Guanine will only bond with cytosine. This is known as the "Base-Pair Rule". The bases can occur in any order along a strand of DNA. The order of these bases is the code the contains the instructions. For instance ATGCACATA would code for a different gene than AATTACGGA. A strand of DNA contains millions of bases. (For simplicity, the image only contains a few.) Color the thymines orange. Color the adenines green. Color the guanines purple. Color the cytosines yellow. Note that that the bases attach to the sides of the ladder at the sugars and not the phosphate. The DNA helix is actually made of repeating units called nucleotides. Each nucleotide consists of three molecules: a sugar (deoxyribose), a phosphate which links the sugars together, and then one of the four bases. Two of the bases are purines - adenine and guanine. The pyrimidines are thymine and cytosine. Note that the pyrimidines are single ringed and the purines are double ringed. Color the nucleotides using the same colors as you colored them in the double helix. The two sides of the DNA ladder are held together loosely by hydrogen bonds. The DNA can actually "unzip" when it needs to replicate - or make a copy of itself. DNA needs to copy itself when a cell divides, so that the new cells each contain a copy of the DNA. Without these instructions, the new cells wouldn't have the correct information. The hydrogen bonds are represented by small circles. Color the hydrogen bonds grey. Messenger RNA is similar to DNA, except that it is a single strand, and it has no thymine. Instead of thymine, mrna contains the base Uracil. In addition to that difference, mrna has the sugar ribose instead of deoxyribose. RNA stands for Ribonucleic Acid. Color the mrna as you did the DNA, except: Color the ribose a DARKER BLUE, and the uracil brown.
DNA - The Double Helix
Notes About DNA 1. DNA can be found in what organelles? 2. What scientists are credited with establishing the structure of DNA? 3. What is the shape of DNA? 4. What are the sides of the DNA ladder made of? 5. What three parts make up a single nucleotide 6. What are the 4 bases that make up the rungs of the DNA ladder? 7. What sugar is found in DNA? 8. How do the bases bond together?
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