Ambio Electronic Supplementary Material 1 This supplementary material has not been peer reviewed. Title: International trade causes large net economic losses in tropical countries via the destruction of ecosystem services J. Chang 1, W.S. Symes 1, F.K. Lim 1, L.R. Carrasco 1,* 1 Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore,14 Science Drive 4, Singapore 117543, Republic of Singapore. * Email: dbsctlr@nus.edu.sg. Tel: +6591377291. Fax: +65 67792486. 1
Supporting Tables Table S1. Country regions and sub regions used to populate values for which national values were not available. The table is adapted and modified from the FAO classification (2014). Country Sub region Region American Samoa Oceania World Angola Middle Africa Africa Bangladesh South Asia Asia Belize Central America America Benin Western Africa Africa Botswana Southern Africa Africa Brazil South America America Burkina Faso Western Africa Africa Burundi Eastern Africa Africa Cambodia Southeast Asia Asia Cameroon Middle Africa Africa Cabo Verde Western Africa Africa CAR (Central African Republic) Middle Africa Africa Chad Middle Africa Africa Colombia South America America Comoros Eastern Africa Africa Congo Western Africa Africa Costa Rica Central America America Côte d'ivoire Western Africa Africa Cuba Caribbean America Djibouti Eastern Africa Africa Dominican Republic Central America America DRC (Democratic Republic of the Congo) Middle Africa Africa Ecuador South America AM El Salvador Central America AM Eritrea Eastern Africa Africa Ethiopia Eastern Africa Africa Fiji Oceania World Gabon Middle Africa Africa Gambia Western Africa Africa Ghana Western Africa Africa Guatemala Central America America Guinea-Bissau Western Africa Africa Guyana South America America Haiti Central America America Honduras Central America America India South Asia Asia Indonesia Southeast Asia Asia Jamaica Caribbean America Kenya Eastern Africa Africa 2
Kiribati Oceania World Laos (Lao People's Democratic Republic) Southeast Asia Asia Liberia Western Africa Africa Madagascar Eastern Africa Africa Malawi Eastern Africa Africa Malaysia Southeast Asia Asia Maldives South Asia Asia Mali Western Africa Africa Marshall Islands Oceania World Mauritania Western Africa Africa Mauritius Eastern Africa Africa Mexico Central America America Micronesia Oceania World Mozambique Eastern Africa Africa Myanmar Southeast Asia Asia Nicaragua Central America America Niger Western Africa Africa Nigeria Western Africa Africa Palau Oceania World Panama Central America America Paraguay South America America Peru South America America Philippines Southeast Asia Asia PNG (Papua New Guinea) Oceania World Rwanda Eastern Africa Africa Saint Lucia Caribbean America Sao Tome and Principe Middle Africa Africa Senegal Western Africa Africa Seychelles Eastern Africa Africa Sierra Leone Western Africa Africa Solomon Islands Oceania World Somalia Eastern Africa Africa Sri Lanka South Asia Asia Sudan North Africa Africa Suriname South America America Tanzania (United Republic of) Eastern Africa Africa Thailand Southeast Asia Asia Timor-Leste Southeast Asia Asia Togo Western Africa Africa Tonga Oceania World Tuvalu Oceania World Uganda Eastern Africa Africa Vanuatu Oceania World Venezuela (Bolivarian Republic of) South America America Vietnam Southeast Asia Asia Yemen Western Asia Asia Zambia Eastern Africa Africa 3
Zimbabwe Eastern Africa Africa 4
Table S2. Rest of regions considered in the analysis and their constituent countries using ISO code 3. Region Countries Caribbean CUB, HTI, JAM, MTQ, PRI, LCA, TTO, VCT Rest of Central Africa AGO, CMR, TCD, GNQ, STP Rest of Central America BLZ, SLV, HND Rest of Eastern Africa BDI, COM, DJI, KEN, REU, SOM Rest of Oceania NCL, PNG, SLB, VUT, KIR, MNP, TON, WSM Rest of South America FLK, GUF, GUY Rest of South Asia AFG, IRN, NPL Rest of South Central Africa LSO, NAM Rest of Southeast Asia BRN, TLS BEN, BFA, CPV, GMB, GHA, GIN, GNB, CIV, Rest of Western Africa LBR, MLI, SLE, TGO 5
Table S3. Vegetation re-classification. Classification of tropical or temperate forest was obtained through overlaying a map of the tropical forest biome within Land Cover Classification System classification categories 1-6. Potential vegetation map (Ramankutty, 2012) Biome Classification 1 Tropical Evergreen Forest/Woodland Tropical forest 2 Tropical Deciduous Forest/Woodland Tropical forest 3 Temperate Broadleaf Evergreen Forest/Woodland Temperate forest 4 Temperate Needleleaf Evergreen Forest/Woodland Temperate forest 5 Temperate Deciduous Forest/Woodland Temperate forest 6 Boreal Evergreen Forest/Woodland Temperate forest 7 Boreal Deciduous Forest/Woodland Temperate forest 8 Evergreen/Deciduous Mixed Forest/Woodland Temperate forest 9 Savanna Woodland 10 Grassland/Steppe Grassland 11 Dense Shrubland Woodland 12 Open Shrubland Woodland 13 Tundra NA 14 Desert NA 15 Polar Desert/Rock/Ice NA GLC Global Class (according to Land Cover Biome Classification Classification System terminology) 1 Tree Cover, broadleaved, evergreen Tropical/Temperate forest 2 Tree Cover, broadleaved, deciduous, closed Tropical/Temperate forest 3 Tree Cover, broadleaved, deciduous, open Tropical/Temperate forest 4 Tree Cover, needle-leaved, evergreen Tropical/Temperate forest 5 Tree Cover, needle-leaved, deciduous Tropical/Temperate forest 6 Tree Cover, mixed leaf type Tropical/Temperate forest 7 Tree Cover, regularly flooded, fresh water (& NA brackish) 8 Tree Cover, regularly flooded, saline water, NA 9 Mosaic: Tree cover / Other natural vegetation NA 10 Tree Cover, burnt NA 11 Shrub Cover, closed-open, evergreen Woodland 12 Shrub Cover, closed-open, deciduous Woodland 13 Herbaceous Cover, closed-open Grassland 14 Sparse Herbaceous or sparse Shrub Cover Grassland 15 Regularly flooded Shrub and/or Herbaceous Cover Woodland 16 Cultivated and managed areas NA 17 Mosaic: Cropland / Tree Cover / Other natural NA vegetation 18 Mosaic: Cropland / Shrub or Grass Cover NA 19 Bare Areas NA 20 Water Bodies (natural & artificial) NA 21 Snow and Ice (natural & artificial) NA 22 Artificial surfaces and associated areas NA 6
Supporting Figures Figure S1. Net gains of ES through cropland displaced via imports minus net losses through cropland absorbed through exports in tropical countries and regions. Two types of ES groups are considered: one that considers all ES ( With Carbon ) and one that excludes the value of carbon related services ( Without Carbon ). This represents the perspectives of a global planner and national planners in tropical countries respectively. Error bards correspond to scenarios B and C and circles correspond to scenario A. 7
Figure S2. Net gains of ES through cropland displaced via imports, agricultural, forest and livestock rents minus net losses through land absorbed through exports in tropical countries and regions. Two types of scenarios are considered: one that considers net ES losses (displaced minus absorbed, Net ES ) and one that adds agricultural, forest and livestock rents to the net losses of ES ( Net ES + AR ). Error bards correspond to scenarios B and C and circles correspond to scenario A. 8
Figure S3. Net gains of ES through forestland displaced via imports minus net losses through forestland absorbed through exports in tropical countries and regions. Two types of ES groups are considered: one that considers all ES ( With Carbon ) and one that excludes the value of carbon related services ( Without Carbon ). This represents the perspectives of a global planner and national planners in tropical countries respectively. Error bards correspond to scenarios B and C and circles correspond to scenario A. 9
Figure S4. Net gains of ES through forestland displaced via imports, agricultural, forest and livestock rents minus net losses through forestland absorbed through exports in tropical countries and regions. Two types of scenarios are considered: one that considers net ES losses (displaced minus absorbed, Net ES ) and one that adds agricultural, forest and livestock rents to the net losses of ES ( Net ES + AR ). Error bards correspond to scenarios B and C and circles correspond to scenario A. 10
Figure S5. Net gains of ES through pastureland displaced via imports minus net losses through pastureland absorbed through exports in tropical countries and regions. Two types of ES groups are considered: one that considers all ES ( With Carbon ) and one that excludes the value of carbon related services ( Without Carbon ). This represents the perspectives of a global planner and national planners in tropical countries respectively. Circles correspond to scenario A. 11
Figure S6. Net gains of ES through pastureland displaced via imports, agricultural, forest and livestock rents minus net losses through pastureland absorbed through exports in tropical countries and regions. Two types of scenarios are considered: one that considers net ES losses (displaced minus absorbed, Net ES ) and one that adds agricultural, forest and livestock rents to the net losses of ES ( Net ES + AR ). Circles correspond to scenario A. 12
References Food, Agriculture Organization of the United, N., 2014. FAOSTAT. FAO, Rome, Italy. Ramankutty, N., 2012. Global Cropland and Pasture Data from 1700-2007. Accessed at: http://www.geog.mcgill.ca/~nramankutty/datasets/datasets.html. 13