1 Specialized Process: Lifecycle Assessment of Commercial Shampoo ENVR 9202 Industrial Processes Wednesday, December 3 rd, 2014 Completed For - Steve Nemeth Completed By - Steffie Wong Student Number - 4243944
2 Overall Lifecycle Phases Implementing the cradle to grave approach, seven phases involved in the commercial shampoo industry are seen in Figure 1 of Appendix A. Note that the following considers most of the phases to be industrial processes; some phases are primary, secondary, or tertiary services within the understanding of an industry. The following is a list of all seven phases, in which further detail is provided and separated into Tables 1 3: Raw Materials (Inputs-Primary Service) Production (Processes-Secondary Service) Packaging (Processes- Secondary Service) Distribution (Processes- Tertiary Service) Shopping (Outputs-Consumer Behaviour) Use (Outputs-Consumer Behaviour) Disposal (Outputs) Table 1 Inputs Raw Materials and Chemical Ingredients Chemical Ingredient Reason for Ingredient Environmental Impact / Risk to Human Health Raw Materials Detergents: Ammonium lauryl sulfate Sodium laureth sulfate (SLES) Sodium lauryl sulfate (SLS) Foaming Agents: Cocamide DEA Thickening Agents: Ammonium chloride Softens water and creates a lather Used to make product tearfree Use as a thickener or foaming agent Added to thicken the mixture Derived from coconut oils (sodium lauroamphoacetate) Potentially carcinogenic (not disproved yet) SLS can transform into nitrosamines, causing body to absorb nitrates at extremely high levels Derived from coconut oil Known carcinogen Salt can be very harsh for eyes and skin Polysorbate 150 Distearate (PEG(150)) Conditioning Agents: Polysorbate 20 (PEG(20)) Polysorbate 80 (PEG(80)) Preservatives: Parabeans Triclosan Quaternium-15 Dissolves fragrance oils and essential oils Creates a liquid to spread across and penetrate surface of a solid Emulsifies oils in water (mix oil and water ingredients) Prevents bacterial growth Preserves bacteria and fungicides Used as a biocide and preservative No known harm (Should be able to be removed by waste water treatment system) In tissue culture, MIT is found to retard the growth of developing neurons (affects axon and dendrites) May be allergenic and cytotoxic (toxic to living cells) Concentrations < 0.01% poses no health risks to humans
3 Methylisothiazolinone (MIT) Modifying Agent: Citric Acid Dandruff Control: Ketoconazole Zinc pyrithione Selenium sulfide Zinc pyrithion Special Additives: Dyes Fragrances Phthalates Natural oils Proteins Vitamins Panthenol Amino Acids Preserves the oils in the product Adjusts ph to ~5.5 (ideal to smooth and shine hair) Dandruff shampoo Kills Malassezia furfur, coal tar, and salicylate derivatives Helps sell shampoo Helps fragrances last longer in product 2-3% of Triclosan is not removed from waste water treatment plants (170,000-970,000kg/yr) Damages algae growth Endangers marine organisms (algae aquatic blackworms, fish, dolphins, earth worms) Degradation leads to formation of other compounds such as chlorophenols and dioxins Bioaccumulation (at higher ph) (Humans can metabolize quickly) Potential eye irritant Potentially introduce non-native species of Fungi May be from plant or animal source Endocrine disruptor mimics human hormones May cause abnormal birth defects such as hypospadias, undescended tests, low sperm count May cause obesity (Phthalates found in urine) Polyquaternium-10 Provides moisture and fullness to hair (acts as a conditioner) No known harm (Should be able to be removed by waste water treatment system) Di-PPG-2 myreth-10 adipate Forms clear solutions and surfactant systems (waterdispersible quality) Water Make up 70-80% of entire formula (deionized water) Petroleum Plastic bottles, caps, seals, labels, glue No known harm (Should be able to be removed by waste water treatment system) Water is taken from underground wells, lakes, or rivers Materials used to package product come from oil or gas
4 Table 2 Processes Delivery/Distribution, Manufacturing, and Packaging (Secondary and Tertiary Services) Process Reason for Procedure Environmental Impact / Risk to Human Health Production Helps raw materials combine more Excess energy/ removed energy Heating/Cooling quickly from natural environment Pumps Mixes and combines raw materials Energy required to operate directly into batch tank machinery Transports ingredients from various tanks Used to fill individual bottles (via carousel of piston filling heads) Conveyer Belt Moves bottles to be filled, capped, and labeled Packaging Finish marketing the product by Labeling capping and labeling the bottles using machines Capping Materials Required: bottle, cap, sticker, label, paper board, shrink film Distribution Transportation Shopping* Raw materials acquisition - raw materials in 55-gallon drums or 23- kilogram bags are delivered to the compounding area Finished products and distributed to retailers (shopping) * Indirectly related to industry Energy required to operate machinery Energy required to operate machinery (e.g. Injection molding requires energy and raw materials) Greenhouse gas emissions Resource depletion Table 3 Outputs Final Product and By-Products Product/ Reason for Product/ By-Product Potential Environmental Impacts / By-Product Risk to Human Health Use Post-consumer Use/Drainage Combined materials enter the Product enters sewage treatment plant. waste water See Table 1 for potential environmental treatment impacts from resources entering waster water treatment plant Disposal Phthalates Paper Plastic bottles Paper board May enter and contaminate air, water, and food if not disposed of properly
5 References: Discovery Health and Wealth (2013). Toxic Ingredients in Personal Care Products. Retrieved from: http://www.discoverhealthandwealth.com/toxic-ingredients.html EcoWatch (2013). Study Finds Cancer-Causing Chemical in Nearly 100 Shampoos and Soaps. Retrieved from: http://ecowatch.com/2013/08/29/cancer-causingchemical-in-shampoos/ Green Living Tips (2012). Is your shampoo poisoning the environment? Retrieved from: http://www.greenlivingtips.com/articles/shampoo-and-the-planet.html Henkel Ag & Co. KGAA (2008). Case Study undertaken within the PCF Pilot Project Germany. Pilot Projekt Deutschland. Retrieved from: http://www.pcfprojekt.de/files/1236586214/pcf_henkel_shampoo.pdf How Products Are Made (2013). Shampoo. Retrieved from: http://www.madehow.com/volume-3/shampoo.html Organic Colour System (2014). What Are Phthalates in Shampoo? Retrieved from: http://www.organiccolorsystems.com/what-are-phthalates-in-shampoo/ Wikipedia (2014). Shampoo. Retrieved from: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/shampoo Wikipedia (2014). Tridosan. Retrieved from: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/triclosan#environmental_concerns
6 Appendix A Figures Figure 1 Overall Lifecycle Phases in Commercial Shampoo Industry (Henkel Ag & Co. KGAA, 2008)