Strong momentum for renewable electricity Global renewable electricity production, historical and projected TWh

Renewables Medium-Term Forecasts and Long-Term Scenarios Paolo Frankl Head, Renewable Energy Division International Energy Agency

Strong momentum for renewable electricity Global renewable electricity production, historical and projected TWh 7 5 7 6 5 6 5 5 5 4 5 4 3 5 3 2 5 2 1 5 1 5 Historical data and estimates Forecast 25 26 27 28 29 21 211 212 213 214 215 216 217 218 219 22 Hydropower Bioenergy Natural gas 213 Onshore wind Offshore wind Solar PV Nuclear 213 Geothermal STE/CSP Ocean % total generation (right axis) 3% 25% 2% 15% 1% 5% % Renewable electricity projected to scale up by 45% from 213 to 22

Renewables are major source of new generation Cumulative change in gross power generation by source and region, 213-2 TWh 4 5 4 3 5 3 2 5 2 1 5 1 5 OECD 213 214 215 216 217 218 219 22 Renewable generation Conventional generation Renewables account for 8% of new generation in OECD Limited upside in stable markets with slow demand and growing policy risks Non-OECD 213 214 215 216 217 218 219 22 Renewable generation Conventional generation Renewables are largest new generation source in non-oecd, but meet only 35% of growth Large upside for dynamic markets with fast-growing demand

214. All Rights Reserved. Renewables becoming a cost-competitive generation option in more cases November In some dynamic markets with country-specific conditions and market frameworks, new onshore wind is the economically preferred option versus new fossil fuel plants (e.g. Brazil, Chile and South Africa) But fossil fuel subsidies can distort this picture In some stable markets, onshore wind with good financing cheaper than new CCGT plants But market design based on wholesale pricing may not provide adequate remuneration USD 213/MWh 2 15 1 5 Germany LCOEs versus wholesale prices Germany onshore wind LCOE Germany CCGT LCOE Wholesale price (213 average) Typical onshore wind LCOE Typical CCGT LCOE 3% 5% 7% 9% 11% 13% 15% Weighted average cost of capital (real) Notes: Onshore wind full load hours are assumed at 2 and that for CCGT is 35. Source: IEA analysis with day-ahead average base-load wholesale prices for 213 from Bloomberg LP.

Increasing risks are expected to slow renewable growth Renewable power annual net capacity additions, historical and projected 14 12 1 8 GW 6 4 2 OECD Other non-oecd China Policy and market risks threaten to slow deployment momentum for renewables

November Renewable investment has risen to 214. All Rights Reserved. high levels USD 213 billion. 3 25 2 15 1 5 Investment in new renewable power capacity 25 26 27 28 29 21 211 212 213 214 215 216 217 218 219 22 Middle East Non-OECD Americas Non-OECD Europe China Asia Africa OECD Europe OECD Asia Oceania OECD Americas Net capacity growth (right axis) 14 12 1 8 6 4 2 GW Investment in 213 relatively steady at USD 25 billion, but lower than peak in 211 Slowing capacity growth and falling technology costs limit investment in new renewable power capacity over medium term

Renewable investment costs falling USD 213/kW 6 5 4 3 2 1 Weighted average annual renewable investment costs, historical and projected OECD 6 5 4 3 2 1 China 21 212 214 216 218 22 21 212 214 216 218 22 21 212 214 216 218 22 Hydro Bioenergy Onshore wind Offshore wind Solar PV residential/commercial Solar PV utility 6 5 4 3 2 1 Other non-oecd Notes: Average unit investment costs are based on gross additions, which include capacity refurbishments that are typically lower cost than new capacity. Costs vary over time due to technology changes as well as where deployment occurs in a given year.. With scale up of deployment and learning, investment costs of most dynamic technologies (solar PV and onshore wind) continue to fall

November Renewable electricity increasingly 214. All Rights Reserved. competitive Levelised cost of electricity generation continue to decrease for most renewable technologies

Global RE capacity additions led by wind Annual additions (GW) Still, onshore outlook less optimistic than in MRMR 213 Policy uncertainties and grid integration challenges weigh upon outlook Offshore wind outlook also more pessimistic, with financing and integration challenges 2 18 16 14 12 1 8 6 4 2 GW 21 211 212 213 214 215 216 217 218 219 22 World Onshore World Offshore Total wind (onshore + offshore) annual capacity additions by region (GW) 21 211 212 213 214 215 216 217 218 219 22 OECD Americas OECD Asia Oceania OECD Europe China Rest of Non-OECD 37.2 39.1 43.9 34. 42.9 41.9 39.2 39.7 41.4 42.1 43.1 1. 1.2 1.3 1.7 1.3 2.2 2.5 3.1 3.5 4.5 4.5

Stronger outlook for solar PV Solar PV annual capacity additions (GW) Strong growth in emerging markets and some OECD areas Policy debates over distributed PV a source of forecast uncertainty This map is without prejudice to the status of or sovereignty over any territory to the delimitation of international frontiers and boundaries and to the name of any territory, OECD/IEA city or area. 214

Socket parity emerging as potential deployment driver for distributed PV 1 2 LCOE of residential PV vs variable portion of electricity tariff USD/MWh 1 8 6 4 2 LCOE Variable Portion of Residential Rate 21 213 21 213 21 213 21 213 21 213 21 213 21 213 21 213 Australia France Germany Italy Korea Mexico Netherlands United Kingdom Economic attractiveness from offsetting electricity bill requires self-using most of the PV electricity Currently limits potential, in particular for households Reaching socket parity is a driver for private actors But PV may still have significant impact on total system costs, in particular depending on allocation of fixed network costs

Distributed solar PV: customer type and system size impacts economic attractiveness Comparison of self-use and self-sufficiency shares by solar PV system size and customer 3 kw Residential.13 kw Residential Generation Consumption Generation Consumption 1% self-use 4% self-sufficiency 37% self-use 35% self-sufficiency 5 1 1 5 2 2 5 3 3 5 12 kw Commercial Generation Consumption 94% self-use 29% self-sufficiency 1 2 3 4 5 6 Annual kwh Consumption from the grid Generation surplus Prosumed Socket parity reached in several countries is a driver for private investment But: Economic attractiveness from offsetting electricity bill requires Self-using most of the PV electricity Fair allocation of fixed network costs

Higher solar PV under enhanced case 6 Solar PV cumulative capacity, baseline versus enhanced case Cumulative capacity (GW) 5 4 3 2 1 213 22 22 Baseline Baseline Enhanced High Rest of World Australia France United Kingdom India Italy United States Japan Germany China With certain market and policy enhancements - Fair rules and appropriate electricity rate design for allocating the costs and benefits from fast-growing distributed solar PV Greater implementation of ambitious policy aims (e.g. Middle East) Faster-than-expected decreases in solar PV costs Solar PV capacity could top 5 GW globally in 22

Other technologies growing slowly Offshore wind generation Solar thermal electricity generation TWh 1 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 26 28 21 212 214 216 218 22 OECD Americas OECD Asia Oceania OECD Europe Africa Non-OECD Asia China Non-OECD Europe Non-OECD Americas Middle East MTRMR 213 TWh 4 35 3 25 2 15 1 5 26 28 21 212 214 216 218 22 OECD Americas OECD Asia Oceania OECD Europe Africa Non-OECD Asia China Non-OECD Europe Non-OECD Americas Middle East MTRMR 213 Potential of offshore power remains high, but technical, financial and grid connection issues pose challenges Storage adds value to CSP, but deployment hampered by relatively high costs

Progress tracked on different scales Incremental TWh increase (213-2) 1. China + 88 2. Brazil + 27 3. United States + 18 4. India + 127 5. Japan + 72 6. Germany + 71 7. United Kingdom + 52 8. Turkey + 45 9. Canada + 41 1. Mexico + 38 Average annual growth (213-2) 1. Saudi Arabia + 117% 2. Jordan + 65% 3. UAE + 51% 4. Qatar + 37% 5. Israel* + 27% 6. South Africa + 25% 7. Cambodia + 22% 8. Ethiopia + 2% 9. Nigeria + 15% 1. Morocco + 15% Memo: EU-28 + 251 Note: countries with at least 1 GW of renewable capacity by 22 * The statistical data for Israel are supplied by and under the responsibility of the relevant Israeli authorities. The use of such data by the OECD is without prejudice to the status of the Golan Heights, East Jerusalem and Israeli settlements in the West Bank under the terms of international law.

China accounts for 4% of global growth Strong generation needs, pollution reduction goals and policy environment with ambitious targets support China s deployment Renewables comprise 45% of new generation to 22, ahead of coal Some emerging challenges Slower demand outlook than in MTRMR 213 Integration of large amounts of variable renewables Uncertainties over favourable economics for distributed PV scale up 3 Evolution of China s power generation mix, 212-2 Cumulative change in generation (212-2) Renewable generation (212-2) 25 Generation (TWh) 2 5 2 1 5 1 5 212 213 214 215 216 217 218 219 22 Coal Oil Natural gas Nuclear Renewables Others Generation(TWh) 2 15 1 5 212 213 214 215 216 217 218 219 22 Ocean Geothermal STE Solar PV Offshore wind Onshore wind Bioenergy Hydropower

China accounts for 7% of growth in world modern renewable heat use in buildings 213-2 Modern renewable energy use for heat in buildings Favorable combination of support policies and cost-competitiveness of renewable heat technologies supports growth of renewable heat in China Solar thermal (+15%/year) is fastest growing technology

Role of renewable use in heat also increasing, but policy support still limited Countries with targets and support policies for renewable heat Modern renewable heat continues to grow, providing 9% of world final energy use for heat in 22 Broader adoption of support policies for renewable heat could reduce energy consumption and enhance energy security This map is without prejudice to the status of or sovereignty over any territory to the delimitation of international frontiers and boundaries and to the name of any territory, city or area.

Transition to advanced biofuels for transport threatened by policy uncertainty Billion litres 4 35 3 25 2 15 1 5 Projected biofuel production versus targets in IEA 2 C Scenario (2DS) Historical Projection Scenario 27 28 29 21 211 212 213 214 215 216 217 218 219 22 22 (2DS) 225 (2DS) 9% 8% 7% 6% 5% 4% 3% 2% 1% % Biodiesel (advanced) Ethanol (advanced) Biodiesel (conventional) Ethanol (conventional) Biofuels share in total transport (energy content) Conventional biofuel production continues to grow, and will provide 4% of road transport fuel demand in 22 First commercial-scale advanced biofuel plants coming on line Without adoption of long-term policy framework, advanced biofuels sector faces grim future

Main messages to policy makers Solutions to future development rest in policy makers hands Policy risk main barrier to investment Policies to focus on cost-efficiency But policy changes must be predictable, and retroactive changes must be avoided Given capital-intensive nature, renewables require market context that assures reasonable and predictable returns Resolving governance question will be key for investor certainty in post-22 EU framework Muddled signals may send the wrong messages about renewables at a time when newer markets have opportunity to leapfrog to more flexible and cleaner energy systems

For further insights and analysis The Medium-Term Renewable Energy Market Report 214 can be purchased online at: www.iea.org Thank you for your attention!

Retirements add to the investment challenge in the power sector GW 12 1 Power capacity by source, 213-24 8 6 Renewables Nuclear Oil 4 2 Retirements Additions Gas Coal 213 24 Despite limited demand growth, OECD countries account for one-third of capacity additions to compensate for retirements & to decarbonise

Renewables overtake coal to become the leading source of power TWh 7 6 5 4 3 2 Renewables-based power generation and subsidies 21 18 15 12 9 6 Billion dollars (213) Hydropower Generation Wind and solar PV Generation Subsidies (right axis) 1 3 213 22 23 24 213 22 23 24 Renewables supply half of the growth in global power demand; wind & solar PV subsidies decline from 23 as costs fall & recent higher-cost commitments expire

The 2 C goal last chance in Paris? World CO 2 budget for 2 C ~23 Gt Average annual low-carbon investment, 214-24 1% 75% 5% 25% 212-24 19-212 Trillion dollars (213) 2. 1.5 1..5 CCS Nuclear Renewables Efficiency Share of budget used in Central Scenario 213 Central Scenario For 2 C target The entire global CO 2 budget to 21 is used up by 24 Paris must send a strong signal for increasing low-carbon investment four times beyond current levels

Attracting financing in the 45 Scenario Subsidies to renewables in the 45 Scenario Billion dollars (212) 21 18 15 12 9 6 3 $1 54 billion $565 $8 billion $1 $1 99 19 425 billion Additional payment without WACC reduction Up to 235 with reduced WACC Up to 215 28 213 22 225 23 235 New financing vehicles could help lower the cost of capital a reduction of three pct points would make renewables more competitive, reducing subsidies by 4%

Focus on Japan and Grid Integration

November Two speeds of demand growth for 214. All Rights Reserved. OECD Asia Oceania countries OECD Asia Oceania countries power demand versus GDP growth Demand (TWh) 12 1 8 6 4 2 4.5% 4.% 3.5% 3.% 2.5% 2.% 1.5% 1.%.5%.% CAGR 213-22 213 22 Demand GDP* Japan s power demand growth expected to be modest through 22, due to power supply constraints, success of efficiency measures and slow GDP growth By contrast, Korea s demand expansion expected to be robust, with increasing industrial activity

November Japan s renewable expansion 214. All Rights Reserved. dominated by solar PV Generation(TWh) 25 2 15 1 5 Japan renewable generation forecast 2% 18% 16% 14% 12% 1% 8% 6% 4% 2% % 212 213 214 215 216 217 218 219 22 Ocean STE Geothermal PV Offshore Wind Onshore Wind Bioenergy Hydro %RES-E Solar PV capacity expected to rise to 49 GW in 22 from over 13 GW in 213 Onshore wind constrained by non-economic barriers (land, permitting) and grid integration; offshore wind development nascent, but could scale up in long term Geothermal could be higher in long term, with reduced investment risks and streamlined environmental assessment Realising this forecast requires progress in implementation of planned electricity market reforms and greater clarity over renewable provisions in 4 th Strategic Energy Plan

November Solar PV investment costs remain 214. All Rights Reserved. relatively high in Japan 6 Typical solar PV system prices, by segment, beginning year 5 4 USD 213/kW 3 2 1 Australia 213 Australia 214 China 213 China 214 France 213 France 214 Germany 213 Germany 214 Italy 213 Italy 214 Japan 213 Residential rooftop Commercial rooftop Utility ground-mounted Japan 214 United States 213 United States 214 Utility-scale PV among the world s most expensive due to relatively high module prices, permitting, grid connection bottlenecks and land use constraints

November Generation costs seen falling, but still 214. All Rights Reserved. high by global standards Historical and projected LCOEs for typical solar PV systems, beginning year USD 213/MWh 6 5 4 3 Utility ground-mounted Commercial rooftop Residential rooftop 6 Projections Projections Projections 5 6 5 4 4 3 3 2 1 21 212 214 216 218 22 2 1 21 212 214 216 218 22 2 1 21 212 214 216 218 22 China Italy Japan Global reference

What costs can be reduced? How? 6 Japan solar PV LCOE ranges versus FIT levels, end-user price levels and Germany LCOEs Solar PV below 1 kw (residential scale) 6 6 Solar PV above 1 kw (commercial and utility scale) USD 213/MWh 5 4 3 5 4 3 5 4 3 2 2 2 1 1 1 Japan: 212 213 214 212 213 214 Feed-in tariff Average household power price (ex tax) Average industry power price (ex tax) Germany LCOE Japan LCOE Japan has somewhat better solar resources than Germany, but much higher costs High feed-in tariff levels a reflection of, or contributor to, inflated costs? Important for government to maintain dynamic approach to FIT adjustments to reflect international cost reductions and national market maturity International experience shows total costs must be kept under control

Large PV project pipeline has emerged Solar PV approved capacity (GW) 4.5 4. 3.5 3. 2.5 2. 1.5 1..5. Japan planned solar PV capacity by prefecture, March 214 Fukushima Kagoshima Ibaraki Chiba Kumamoto Hokkaido Tochigi Miyazaki Miyagi Oita Fukuoka Shizuoka Gunma Okayama Hyogo Mie Nagasaki Nagano Aichi Iwate Hiroshima Gifu Yamaguchi Aomori Saitama Ehime Kochi Saga Shiga Okinawa Osaka Ishikawa Kagawa Tokushima Nara Niigata Kyoto Kanagawa Tottori Yamagata Yamagata Akita Tokyo >1MW 1kW- 1MW <1kW Utility-scale plants dominate registered PV projects, but only a fraction will likely get built due to project delivery and cost challenges Insufficient transmission, grid congestion and grid connection availability remain constraints risk of local deployment hotspots!

Focus on Grid Integration: System Operation 33

IEA Work on Grid Integration Denmark Share of v-re on annual electricity gene Ireland Iberia Germany Great Britain Italy NW Europe ERCOT Sweden France India (South) Brazil Japan % 1% 2% 3% 4% Wind PV Additional Wind 212-18 Additional PV 212-18

Flexible power systems are key Flexibility of other power system components Grids Generation More v-re require flexible power systems More flexibility implies more diversification and resilience --> increased energy security IEA Electricity Security Action Plan Storage Demand Side

Three pillars of system transformation Technology spread 1. Geographic Let wind and spread solar play their part Design of power plants System friendly VRE 3. Take a system wide-strategic approach to investments! 2. Make better use of what you have Investments Operations 36

Flexibility: ask for it. and it appears A sunny 1 st May 213 in Germany actual production German hard coal plants carry most of ramping duty in Germany Lignite and nuclear ramp as well, even nuclear at some times Source: Fraunhofer ISE Ramping costs can be minimised at low cost; retrofits are possible e.g. Flexible Coal: Evolution from Baseload to Peaking Plant (NREL, 213) 37

VRE production forecasts Where do Japanese EPCOs stand? Forecasting of VRE production key strategy for cost-effective operation Forecasts improve dramatically with shorter horizon Real-time generation data key for short-term accuracy More mature for wind than for PV Mean absolute error / average production 25% 2% 15% 1% 5% % Accuracy of wind forecasts in Spain 28 29 21 211 212 1 5 9 13 17 21 25 29 33 37 41 45 Forecast horizon (Hours before real-time) Source: REE 38

Generation and transmission schedules Are EPCOs going with the flow? Impact of scheduling interval on reserve requirements, illustration Actual load curve Capacity (MW) Load schedule - 15 minutes Load schedule - 6 minutes Balancing need 15 min schedule 6 7 8 9 Time (hours) Short scheduling intervals (5min best practice) Balancing need 6 min schedule Adjust schedules up to real time (5min best practice) 39

Reaping technology synergies Monthly production, wind and PV, Germany, 213 Very strong focus on PV currently in Japan Deployment of a portfolio of renewables key strategy Complementarities: wind, solar PV Flexibility: hydro power, biogas Firm capacity: biomass and geothermal Source: Fraunhofer ISE 4

Getting the grid - transmission Importance of coordinated development of grid and generation well understood Chicken and egg problem for first-off, distant VRE projects Competitive Renewable Energy Zones (CREZ), Texas Irish gate system Appropriate cost recovery is key What is the approach in Japan? Source: NREL CREZ, Texas 345 kv double-circuit upgrades identified in CREZ transmission plan 41

Current situation in Japan Frequency in West: 6Hz Frequency in East: 5Hz Hokkaido 4.54 GW 2.59GW Operating capacity in 214 Aug. Chugoku 11.26 GW.55GW 4.GW 2.7GW 1.2GW Kansai 29.23 GW 1.3GW 1.84GW 1.6GW 2.5GW Hokuriku 5.27 GW BTB Chubu 26.68 GW.3GW DC Tie line.65gw Tohoku 13.34 GW Tokyo 54.36 GW.6GW 4.95GW Kyushu 16.47 GW Shikoku 5.51 GW DC Tie line 1.4GW FC 1.2GW Peak demand in 213 Aug. * DC direct current, FC frequency conversion 42

Priorities for RE Japan Objective should remain to foster a well-balanced portfolio of RE technologies Policies on PV should be adapted in order to Reduce unit costs as much as possible and rapidly align to international best-practice benchmarks Foster self-consumption where and when it is most needed Reap out the great value opportunity of PV substituting expensive oil and/or LNG for peak and mid-merit electricity production Proceed in the power system reforms Strengthen interconnections and enlarge balancing areas Allow for fair and equal grid access conditions Contact : report@tky