Country Strategy Paper

Country Strategy Paper Area Wide Integrated Pest Management of Fruit Flies in South and SE Asia Project Royal Kingdom of Thailand September 2010

Table of Contents 1 Background...3 2 Fruit flies in [add country] 3 3 National IPM Farmer Education...5 4 Fruit Fly IPM Project Intervention Design...6 4.1 Overall Development Objectives...8 4.2 Specific Objectives or Outcomes...8 4.3 Expected Outputs and Indicative Activities...8 5 Results Utilization Plan...8 Annexes...9 Annex 1 Logical Framework...10 Annex 2 Work plan and timetable...17 Annex 3 Budget plan...19 2 P age

1 Background Economic importance fruit fly occuring in Thailand imposes a significant cost on horticulture production especially a wide range of soft fruits every year. The ecomonic loss of fruit flies damage to mango production is estimated using domestic price showed hundred millions dollar. These fruit flies are classified as a primary quarantine pest for many of Thailand s trading partners. Exports of Thai fresh fruit would need to undergo postharvest disinfestations treatment prior to shipment to fruit fly free markets such as Japan and the United State of America, the promising future market of Thailand fresh fruit. The cost of disinfestations is around USD $ 250 to USD$ 375 per ton varying due to treatment methods and varieties of fruit but is seen as a significant cost. The most common routine control is insecticide spray, especially to commercial fruit orchards. While the practice of bagging can lessen damage to individual fruit but typically, the removal of infested and/or fallen fruit was ignored. 2 Fruit flies in Thailand The Oriental fruit fly OFF (Bactrocera dorsalis, Hendel) and the guava fruit fly GFF (B. correcta, Bezzi), has been considered the important species of agricultural pests widespread in Southeast Asia, East Asia and the Pacific (Mau and Matin, 1992; Sutantawong, 2004; White and Elson Harris, 1992;). OFF is originally described from Taiwan and its degree of wide spreadness is second only to the Mediterranean fruit fly (Mau and Matin, 1992). Because of the potential losses as an economic impact from fruit fly infestation, considerable pilot fruit fly control programme using SIT based was launched in 1987. The first pilot project using SIT IPM was implemented in Paktor district, Ratchaburi province within the area of 7.2 km2, where B. dorsalis was a dominant fruit fly species. A small pilot facility could produce up to 40 million sterile flies per week in the Pathumthani province. Further steps were done according to standard operation procedures described in this paper. Recently, the sterile insect technique (SIT) has been implemented in a suppression strategy (Enkerlin, 2005) with monitoring network system and other control methods such as annihilation of males, bait sprays, orchard sanitation and wild host cutting.this was done through close collaboration between the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) of the United Nations, Joint FAO/IAEA Division of Nuclear Techniques in Food and Agriculture and Department of Agricultural Extension (DOAE) of Thailand. The integrated SIT approach was effective in controlling fruit flies by reducing damage of fresh fruits. This has opened the possibility for exports of mango produced in these selected pilot areas to some of the most stringent and lucrative markets such as Japan. An economic feasibility study conducted 3 P age

in 2002 clearly showed that fruit fly control in Thailand using area wide SIT could be expanded to other production areas with significant economic returns. The scenario of SIT for fruit fly control has been facing difficulties from various factors. That effected the degree of population suppression. These factors include high variability in pupae production and deficient sanitary practices (i.e. host removal after harvest) in the orchards in the release area. Inadequate funding has been a major constraint. Despite the problems, including some fruit fly outbreaks in the release area, the programme is regarded as successful. Moreover, the program is highlighted in Phichit province since field operational cost is covered mainly by growers, rather than the national government. The map of release sites in core area Left) Ratchaburi province. Right) Phichit province Description of the control options analyzed * Option Conventional control (low input) Conventional control (high input) SIT suppression non area wide SIT suppression area wide Description Minimum orchard management is carried out by farmers. Irregular pest control is done. Moderate orchard management is carried out including pruning, orchard sanitation and a conventional pest control programme at orchard level. OFF control includes from 7 to 10 calendar insecticide cover sprays per season. Moderate orchard management is carried out including pruning, orchard sanitation, minimum level of population monitoring, 1 to 2 insecticide sprays against OFF and permanent ground releases of sterile flies at orchard level. Intensive orchard management is carried out including pruning, orchard sanitation, optimum level of population monitoring, permanent aerial releases of sterile flies in orchards and marginal areas. A government centralized management structure is in place where farmers actively participate in monitoring and control activities in the orchards and the government takes responsibility for activities in the marginal areas. Damage level (%) 50 to 80 20 to 30 1.5 to 6 <1 4 P age

Economic indices for the control options in Pakthor district,ratchaburi province * Net benefits Gross revenues Cost NPV Option B/C ratio (US$ million) NPV (US$ million) Pay back (US$ million) Conventional control(low input) 1.2 0.12 0.98 0.79 NA Conventional control(high input) 2.3 1.9 5.9 2.6 NA SIT suppression non areawide 7.5 7.5 14.6 1.8 NA SIT suppression areawide 10.5 11.3 20.7 1.7 1 * Enkerlin, W.R. 2001. An Economic Assessment for Oriental Fruit Fly Control Using the Sterile Insect Technique (SIT) in Thailand: A Case Study for the Mango Production Areas of Paktor District. IAEA, Technical Cooperation Project THA5046. Vienna, Austria. 11 pp. Economic assessment for an up scaled SIT program against the Oriental fruit fly in Thailand ** Provinces Benefit cost ratio (BCR) Chachoengsao 1.52 Khon Kaen 0.93 Phetchaburi 3.11 Phichit 1.26 Phitsanulok 2.03 Prachuap Khiri Khan 2.06 Ratchaburi 2.21 Uthai Thani 2.47 ** Knight, J. 2002. Report to IAEA project THA/5/046 04 01. Area Wide Integrated Control of Fruit flies: Preparation of an Economic Assessment for an Up Scaled SIT Programme Against the Oriental Fruit Fly in Thailand. IAEA, Technical Cooperation Project THA5046. Vienna, Austria. 28 pp. 3 National IPM Farmer Education In year 2007 2008, The Department of agricultural Extension had gotten funding support from Farmer s Assistance Fund to fruit flies control programme in 8 province: Phichit, Phisanulok, Uthai Thani, Ratchabuti, Phatchaburi, Prachuabkirikha, Kanchanaburi and Chaengsao provinces over 16,000 hectars. Provincial officers had gotten training course on area wide intergrated fruit flies control. Training program was carry out related to on time of field implementation for fruit flies control such as male annihilation technique using mathyl eugenol mass trapping, bait application to suppress female, orchard sanitation and fruit flies wild host cutting and replace by non host. But level of content were difference related to target group. The Sterile fruit flies were release 20 5 P age

millions per week in Phichit province which was consider base on potential of grower, grower organization and community. More than 160 volunteer growers, 2,000 gorwers, 50 school teachers and 3,000 students was educated on fruit fly importance and IPM classical control. After this projet under Farmer s Assistance Fund, growers racognized that fruit fly wis importance and some provinces can carry out fruit flies control activities as routine work by growers. Meanwhile, some province have got funding from local province office. Moreover, currently fruit fly control program some provinces e.g. Samut Sakhon, Nakhon Nayok and Trad province have being carry out by Provincial Administrative Organization and /or Provincial Administrative Office using appropriated IPM for their local conditions for fruit flies control. Ratchaburi Phitsanulok Phichit Uthia Thani Khanchanaburi Chachoengsao Phetchaburi Prachuap Khiri Khan 4 Fruit Fly IPM Project Intervention Design Fruit flies are the main insect pest of fruit and constraint to improve production and trade of fresh fruit in many countries around the world. Two Tephritid species of fruit flies of economic importance occur in Thailand, the Oriental fruit fly OFF (Bactrocera dorsalis, Hendel) and the guava fruit fly GFF(B. correcta, Bezzi), the key pests of a number of tropical fruits e.g. mango (Mangifera indica Linn.), guava (Psidium guajava Linn.), Rose apple (Syzygium jambos Linn. Alston), Marian plum (Bouae burmanica Griff.) Sugar apple (Annona squamosa Linn.) and Spodilla (Manilkara achras Fosberg). To improve quality of fresh fruit through environmental friendly techniques and strategies therefore area wide Control of fruit fly B. dorsalis (Hendel) and B. correcta (Bezzi) using Integrated Techniques would be launch. Two provinces of proposed areas; plantation and 1) Samut Sakhon which has diversify of tropical fruits together scatter small cucurbit 2) Nakhon Nayok which is well known of the best delectable taste and quality of Marian plum (Bouae burmanica Griff.) 6 P age

Map of proposed areas Left: Kaset Pattana sub district, Ban Paew district, Samut Sakhon province. Right : Ban Prao sub district, Ban Na district, Nakhon Nayok province. 7 P age

4.2 Overall Development Objectives To Strengthen small growers' environment friendly IPM and practicing as the basis of an area wide fruit flies control approach and using modified FFS/experiential training/participatory training and supporting technologies with the aim of effectively controlling fruit fly pests in tropical fruits commercial production areas in Samut Sakhon and Nakhon Nayok province, Thailand. 4.2 Specific Outcomes 1) Baseline Information and plant crops classification of proposed areas using GPS and GIS. 2) Document of modified FFS/experiential training/participatory training as one of scheme for transferring fruit flies control technologies to growers. 3) Empowerment growers and growers cooperation on fruit fly management 4) Growers recognized of fruit flies on economic importance and acceptance of FF control methods and learn how to implement FF control method(s) related to FF population dynamic through data from trapping network 5) Apply the result of R&D and R2R to fruit flies control implementation. 6) Suppress 50% of fruit fly population using appropriated IPM methods. 4.3 Expected Outputs and Indicative Activities 1) Information of baseline data and plant crops classification of proposed area in Samut Sakhon and Nakhon Nayok using GPS and GIS. 2) Trained growers (>60) using modified FFS/experiential training/participatory training relate to fruit/vegetable season. 3) Growers cooperation on activities of AW IPM of fruit flies. 4) Survey trapping network establishment. 5) Result of R&D and R2R of two proposed areas. 6) Fruit flies population be suppressed after implement control method(s). 5 Results Utilization Plan The project will run smoothly and meet needed objectives. 8 P age

9 P age Annexes

Annex 1 Logical framework of area Wide integrated pest management of fruit flies in Thailand Objectives Intervention logic Objectively verifiable indicators of achievement Sources and means of verification Assumptions Overall objectives To Strengthen small growers' environment friendly IPM and practicing as the basis of an area wide AW IPM of fruit flies control be more recognized and accepted as environmental friendly and effectively controlling technologies. 1) Continue support & understanding from the donors. fruit flies control approach and using modified FFS/experiential training/participatory training and supporting technologies with the aim of effectively controlling fruit fly pests in tropical fruits commercial production areas in Samusakhon province and Nakhon Nayok province,thailand. 1) Information data of proposed area and plant crops classification using GPS and GIS. 2) Number of trained growers (>60) via modified FFS/experiential training/participatory training relate to fruit/vegetable season. 3) Number of growers cooperation and carry out fruit flies control activities. And percentage of growers recognized of fruit flies on economic importance and acceptance of FF control methods. 2) Cropping be changed to non FF hosts. 3) Interest of grower on FF problem 4) Organization policy changing 4) Weekly fruit fly population data from survey trapping network 5) Developing of IPM base on result of R&D and R2R 6) fruit flies population be suppressed after implement control method(s).

Objectives Intervention logic Objectively verifiable indicators of achievement Sources and means of verification Assumptions Specific objective 1) Conduct baseline data and plant crops classification of proposed area in Samut Sakhon and Nakhon Nayok provinces using GPS and GIS. 2) Train growers (>60) using modified FFS/experiential training/participatory training relate to fruit/vegetable season. 3) Get growers cooperation on activities of AW IPM of fruit flies. Map of proposed area indicate cropping plants. Training report Control activities report related to project funding support 1) Continue support & understanding from the donors. 2) Cropping be changed to non FF hosts. 3) Interest of grower on FF problem 4) Organization policy changing 4) Establish fruit flies surveillance trapping network Routine trap deployment using GIS mapping 5) Conduct R&D and R2R R&D and R2R progress report 6) Suppress fruit fly population using comparison between appropriated IPM methods. Weekly fruit flies dynamic population 11 P age

Objectives Intervention logic Objectively verifiable indicators of achievement Sources and means of verification Assumptions Expected results 1) Information data of proposed area Map of proposed area indicate 1) Continue support & and plant crops classification using cropping plants. understanding from the GPS and GIS. donors. 2) Trained growers (>60) using training report 2) Cropping be changed to modified FFS/experiential non FF hosts. training/participatory training relate to fruit/vegetable season. 3) Growers cooperate activities of AW Control activities report related to 3) Interest of grower on FF problem. IPM of fruit flies. project funding support 4) Growers recognized of fruit flies on Report of grower interview using economic importance and acceptance questionnaire. of FF control method and learn how to Chart of relation between IPM implement FF control method(s) implementation and FF population related to FF population dynamic dynamic of proposed area. through data from survey trapping network 5) Result of R&D and R2R R&D and R2R report 6) Fruit flies population be suppressed >50% after implement control method(s). weekly F/T/D data from trapping network. 12 P age

Objectives Intervention logic Objectively verifiable indicators of achievement Sources and means of verification Assumptions Activities Act #1 : Baseline survey using GPS and GIS Personnel, equipment, training, studies, supplies, operational facilities, etc. 1) Continue support & understanding from the donors. 2) Cropping be changed to non FF hosts. Cost: baseline survey = US$ 1,500. 3) Interest of grower on FF problem. Act #2: Training in term of modified FFS/experiential training/ participatory training as one of scheme for transferring fruit flies control technologies. #2.1 : Local staff training in term of Personnel, equipment, training, 1) Continue support & modified FFS studies, supplies, operational facilities, etc. understanding from the donors. 2) Cropping be changed to non FF hosts. Cost: staff training =1,300 3) Interest of grower on FF problem. #2.2 : Grower training in term of Personnel, equipment, training, modified FFS >60 persons studies, supplies, operational facilities, etc. Cost: training FFS = US$ 5,000. 13 P age

Objectives Intervention logic Objectively verifiable indicators of achievement Sources and means of Verification Assumptions Activities Act #3: Motivate growers for (cont.) cooperation and carry out FF control methods. # 3.1 Publish relation Personnel, equipment, supplies, As appropriated operational facilities, etc. Cost: US$ 33,500. (Under 1) Continue support & understanding from the donors. 2) Cropping be changed to non FF hosts. 3) Interest of grower on FF problem. responsibilities of Thailand project leader to convince for funding 4) Changing of local organization team by end of administration term. support) # 3.2 Field demonstration day Personnel, equipment, training, 1) Continue support & studies, supplies, operational facilities, understanding from the etc. donors. # 3.3 Awareness via multimedia Personnel, equipment, training, Cost: Demonstration to farmer on FF suppression US$ 1,350. 2) Cropping be changed to non FF hosts. e.g. posters, leaflets etc studies, supplies, operational facilities, 3) Interest of grower on FF etc. problem. Cost: Demonstration to farmer on FF suppression US$ 1,000. 14 P age

Objectives Intervention logic Objectively verifiable indicators of achievement Sources and means of Verification Assumptions Activities Act #4: Establish fruit flies survey Personnel, equipment, training, (cont.) trapping network studies, supplies, operational facilities, etc. Cost: Surveillance Trapping network US$ 1,600. Act #5 : R&D and R2R Personnel, equipment, training, studies, supplies, operational facilities, etc. Cost: Investigation of apropriated IPM methods for proposed area. = 1,500. Act # 6: Suppress fruit fly population using comparison between approproated IPM methods. #6.1: Male annihelation technical Personnel, equipment, training, studies, supplies, operational facilities, etc. As apropriated Cost: US$ 20,000. (Under responsibilities of Thailand project leader to convince for funding support) 1) Continue support & understanding from the donors. 2) Cropping be changed to non FF hosts. 3) Interest of grower on FF problem. 4) Changing of local organization team by end of administration term. 15 P age

Objectives Intervention logic Objectively verifiable indicators of achievement Sources and means of verification Assumptions Activities (cont.) #6.2: Bait application technique Personnel, equipment, training, studies, supplies, operational facilities, etc. As apropriated Cost: US$ 20,000 (Under responsibilities of Thailand project leader to convince for funding support) 1) Continue support & understanding from the donors. 2) Cropping be changed to non FF hosts. 3) Interest of grower on FF problem. 4) Changing of local organization team by end of administration term. #6.3: Augmentoria Personnel, equipment, training, 1) Continue support & studies, supplies, operational facilities, understanding from the etc. donors. #6.4: Monthly Follow up & Personnel, equipment, supplies, Cost: Net tent like for augmentoria of FF parasitiods =US$ 3,300. 2) Cropping be changed to non FF hosts. monitoring operational facilities, etc. 3) Interest of grower on FF problem. Cost: Team follow up & monitoring =US$ 1,150. 16 P age

*** budget can be integrated and shared in each activity to others. Annex 2 Work plan and timetable of area Wide integrated pest management of fruit flies in Thailand Activities 2010 2011 2012 Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Act #1 : Baseline survey using GPS and GIS Act #2: Training in term of modified FFS/experiential training/ participatory training as one of scheme for transferring fruit flies control #2.1 : Local staff training in term of modified FFS #2.2 : Grower training in 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 term of modified FFS 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Act #3: To motivate growers for cooperation and carry out FF control methods. # 3.1 Publish relation # 3.1 Publish relation # 3.2 Field demonstration day # 3.2 Field demonstration day # 3.2 Field demonstration day 17 P age

Activities 2010 2011 2012 Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Act #4: To establis fruit flies trapping network Act #5:: R&D Lab./Field cage test Conduct in orchards Data analysis and report making Field cage test Conduct in orchards Data analysis and report making Act #6: To suppress fruit fly population using comparison between appropriated IPM.#6.1: Male annihilation technical #6.2: Bait application technique #6.1: Male annihilation technical methods #6.3: Augmentoria #6.1: Male annihilation technical #6.2: Bait application technique #6.3: Augmentoria planning #6.4: Monthly Follow up, monitoring and report(r) planning #6.4: Monthly Follow up, monitoring and report(r) 18 P age

Annex 3 Budget plan Activity Target place Responsible person means Estimated budget Act #1 : Baseline survey using GPS and GIS IT center,doae Survey using GPS, marking and mapping by GIS 1,500 Act #2: Training in term of modified FFS/experiential training/ participatory training as one of scheme for transferring fruit flies control technologies. #2.1 : Local staff training in term of modified FFS #2.2 : Grower training in term of modified FFS Act #3: Motivate growers for concerning on importance on fruit flies of economic importance and cooperate FF control activities # 3.1 Publish relation Local organization and BOAPQD* Lecture and practice 1,300 Provincial officers modified FFS/experiential training/ 5,000 participatory training provincial offices # 3.2 Field demonstration day BOAPQD,DOAE & Provincial # 3.3 Awareness via multimedia Nakhon Nayok & Samut Sakhon provinces Awareness and anouncement 33,500 Filed day on Fruit fly control practice 1,350 officers BOAPQD,DOAE & Provincial Create printing media such as posters, leaflets and copy officers write for local publish announcement * BPAPQD : Bureau of Agricultural Product Quality Development, Department of Agricultural Extension, Ministry of Agriculture and Cooperatives. THAILAND. 1,000 19 P age

Estimated Activity Target place Responsible person means budget Act #4: Establis fruit flies survey trapping network Act #5:: R&D Act #6: To suppress fruit fly population using comparison between approproated IPM methods. BOAPQD,DOAE & Provincial officers Surveillance using trapping network and mapping by GIS. 1,600 BOAPQD,DOAE & Provincial Conducting R&D and R2R base on scientific 1,500 officers experimental design and statistic analysis. #6.1: Male annihelation technical Growers, Local Using lure and attractant in term of mass #6.2: Bait application technique #6.3: Augmentoria BOAPQD,DOAE & Provincial Nakhon Nayok & Samut Sakhon provinces organization and trapping for mainly on male annihilation provincial offices under BOAPQD,DOAE technical Using protein bait application advice officers fruits Using semi like net tent for collecting fallen #6.4: Monthy Follow up, monitoring and BOAPQD,DOAE Participatory meeting report(r) 20,000 20,000 3,300 1,150 Total budget of activities response by FAO AIT 17,700 Total budget of activities response by local organizations 73,500 Total budget of FF AW IPM in Thailand 91,200 20 P age