Solidmasonry High#performanceBuildings For:%Associa+on%of%Jesuit%Colleges%and%Universi+es%(AJCU)% Presentedby: JohnStraubePh.D.P.Eng. UniversityofWaterloo/BuildingScienceCorporaIon www.buildingscience.com% BuildingScience.com 3 WetAppliedPlaster OldGrowthTimber BuildingScience.com 4 BuildingScience.com 5 Straube buildingscience.com 1 of 42
Pre#WWIIBuildings NoaddedinsulaIon(orveryliSle) HeaIngsystemsandsomenaturalvenIlaIon NoaircondiIoning Novaporbarriers Fewexplicitair#Ighteningor drax#stopping details Masonryandold#growthsolidImberstructures Plasteristhedominantinteriorfinish Pre#WWIIBuildings NoaddedinsulaIon(orveryliSle) HeaIngsystemsandsomenaturalvenIlaIon NoaircondiIoning Novaporbarriers Fewexplicitair#Ighteningor drax#stopping details Masonryandold#growthsolidImberstructures Plasteristhedominantinteriorfinish BuildingScience.com 6 BuildingScience.com 7 Changes Performance? ExpectaIonsarerising FasterdesignandconstrucIon Lowerriskofdelays/costoverruns LoweroperaIngcosts lessenergyconsumpion(codes) morecomfortandiaq Inshort be@er%buildings%at%less%total%cost% Morethanon#Ime,on#budget,tocode Safe Healthy Comfortable Agrowingclamorfor. Durable Low#energy Maintainable Modifiable Repairable Alldeliveredreliably,predictably www.buildingscience.com Straube buildingscience.com 2 of 42
CommercialBuildingsEnergyUse R2% CEUS=CaliforniaEnergyUseSurvey 250 kwh/m 2 CEUS2006=72.5 MURBs www.buildingscience.com BuildingScience.com 11 R2% R4% R2% R6% R4% BuildingScience.com 12 BuildingScience.com 13 Straube buildingscience.com 3 of 42
R2% R4% R6% R2% R4% R6% R8% R8% R8% BuildingScience.com BuildingScience.com R2% R4% R6% R2% R4% R6% R6% R8% R8% R1.5% R8% R1.5% R2% BuildingScience.com BuildingScience.com Straube buildingscience.com 4 of 42
Whysuchpoorperformance? NotenoughinsulaIon,toomuchairleakage Thermalbridges(windowsR3,steelstudR5#R6) Notenoughsolarcontrol Windows!(toolarge,overhangs,trees) ToomuchvenIlaIon And/orpoorcontrolofit ToomanycomplexHVAC&controlsystems HVACsystemsnooneunderstands PrescripIonofHighPerformance Goodskin Rain,air,heat,vaporcontrol Simpletounderstand/analyzeassemblies GoodHVAC Controltemperature,RH,Freshairseperately Simpletounderstand/analyzesystems Gooddesign Daylight,view,program,enjoyment Assumefuturechangeswilloccur Thisseminar Enclosure Roofs Walls Windows HVAC#briefly Humidity VenIlaIon Energy Enclosure%Design%Principles% www.buildingscience.com Straube buildingscience.com 5 of 42
Skin:EnclosuresinContext Enclosuresarekeytocomfortanddurability Enclosuresreduce%spaceheaIng/cooling andhelpwithlighing,venilaion WesIllneedenergy%forotherthings DehumidificaIon,cooling,lights,computers,etc But Bad%enclosures%ruin%good%HVAC% Bad%HVAC%can%ruin%good%enclosures% TheEnclosure:AnEnvironmental Separator Thepartofthebuildingthatphysically separatestheinteriorandexterior environments. Includesallofthepartsthatmakeupthewall, window,roof,floor,caulkedjointetc. SomeImes,interiorparIIonsalsoare environmentalseparators(pools,rinks,etc.) www.buildingscience.com BuildingScience EnclosuresNo.23/ ClimateLoadModificaIon Building&Site(overhangs,trees ) Createsmicroclimate BuildingEnclosure(walls,windows,roof ) Separatesclimates PassivemodificaIon BuildingEnvironmentalSystems(HVAC ) Useenergytochangeclimate AcIvemodificaIon BasicFuncIonsoftheEnclosure 1.Support Resistandtransferphysicalforcesfrominsideandout 2.Control Functional Layers Controlmassandenergyflows 3.Finish Interiorandexterior surfacesforpeople DistribuIon abuildingfuncion BuildingScience Straube buildingscience.com 6 of 42
BasicEnclosureFuncIons Support% Resist%&%transfer%physical%forces%from%inside%and%out% Lateral(wind,earthquake) Gravity(snow,dead,use) Rheological(shrink,swell) Impact,wear,abrasion Control Controlmassandenergyflows Finish Interiorandexteriorsurfacesforpeople Functional Layers BasicEnclosureFuncIons Support Resist&transferphysicalforcesfrominsideandout Control% Control%mass%and%energy%flows% Rain%(andsoilmoisture)% Drainageplane,capillarybreak,etc. Air% ConInuousairbarrier Heat% ConInuouslayerofinsulaIon Vapor Balanceofwenng/drying Finish Interiorandexteriorsurfacesforpeople Functional Layers BuildingScience EnclosuresNo.26/ BuildingScience.com EnclosuresNo.27/ OtherControl... BasicEnclosureFuncIons Support Control% Fire% Penetra+on% Propaga+on% Sound% Penetra+on% Reflec+on% Light% Diffuse/glare% View% Finish Functional Layers Support Resist&transferphysicalforcesfrominsideandout Control Controlmassandenergyflows Finish%% Interior%&%exterior%surfaces%for%people% Color,speculance PaSern,texture Functional Layers BuildingScience.com EnclosuresNo.28/ BuildingScience.com Straube buildingscience.com 7 of 42
History%of%% Control%Func+ons% Changes OlderBuildings Onelayerdoes everything NewerBuilding Separatelayers,...separatefuncIons BuildingScience.com No.30 BuildingScience.com 31 ThePerfectWall Finishofwhatever ControlconInuity Raincontrollayer Aircontrollayer Airbarrier Thermalcontrollayer AkainsulaIon,radiantbarriers Vaporcontrollayer Retarders,barriers,etc Structurecanbeanything The PerfectWall AddiIonalFireControlmaybeneeded AddiIonalSoundControlopIonal BuildingScience.com 32 BuildingScience.com 33 Straube buildingscience.com 8 of 42
Whatisahighperformance enclosure? Highlevelsofcontrol But,poorconInuitylimitsperformance &PoorconInuitycausesmostproblemstoo: E.g.airleakagecondensaIon Rainleakage SurfacecondensaIon Coldwindows Thus:con$nuity)+)high)levels)of)control) www.buildingscience.com BuildingScience.com 35 BuildingScience.com 36 BuildingScience.com Roofs37 Straube buildingscience.com 9 of 42
BuildingScience.com 38 BuildingScience.com 39 BuildingScience.com 40 BuildingScience.com 41 Straube buildingscience.com 10 of 42
BuildingScience.com 42 BuildingScience.com 43 Window BuildingScience.com 44 BuildingScience.com 45 Straube buildingscience.com 11 of 42
Enclosure Design: Details Details demand the same approach as the enclosure. Scaled drawings required at - change in plane - change in material - change in trade Complexity%increases%detailing%effort,%risk%of%failure,%and%cost% %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%and%reduces%performance% BuildingScience.com EnclosuresNo.46/ BuildingScience.com 47/175 ConnecIons:Whoisincharge PlanDimensions BuildingScience.com 48 Straube buildingscience.com 12 of 42
Baseplate% usually% wider%than% column%at% the%cri+cal% base%plate% www.buildingscience.com www.buildingscience.com PerfectWallexpanded www.buildingscience.com FireControlmaybeneeded SoundControlopIonal BuildingScience.com 53 Straube buildingscience.com 13 of 42
Perfect:CondensaIon&Drying Compromise=Risks ASHRAE90.1nowrequiresSOMEexteriorinsulaIonjusttomeetcode Hybridsystems:BaS+exterior,havemoreriskthanallexteriorinsulaIon No%stud%cavity%insula+on%% =%perfect%wall% =%no%moisture%risk% Cavity%insula+on%% =%cold%sheathing% =%condensa+on%risk% =%slow%mee+ng% www.buildingscience.com www.buildingscience.com Compromise:walls Compromise:roofs Can%limit%risk% with%large% frac+on%of%% R\value%on% exterior% Decklevelairbarrier Replacemembraneevery15#25years Steel%studs% compromise% the%thermal% performance% Wood%studs,% not%so%much% RaIo: ExteriorR#value StudbayR#value www.buildingscience.com controlsriskofcondensaion BuildingScience.com Roofs57 Straube buildingscience.com 14 of 42
NextSteps ConInuityiskey! 1.RainControl mostimportant 2.AirControl Energy,health,humidity 3.ThermalControl Solarshading Thermalbridging Can%be%separate%% Or%% Combined%in%same% material%/%assembly% Mustensurenorainleaks,noholes AirflowcontrolshouldbeasconInuous aspracical Thermalcontrol WelivewithpenetraIons Minimizesteel&concretetosmalllocalpoints Vaporcontrol NotthatimportanttoensureconInuity Energy. www.buildingscience.com Wall System 1 RainControl Joints Elements 1.%Rain%Control% Threepossibleapproaches Mass Drained PerfectBarriers Elementandjoint canbedifferentapproach Less mass and lower permeability Imperfect Barrier Mass or Storage Types More mass and more permeability Drained 2 or Screened Types Perfect Barrier Perfect Barrier Types PerfectBarriersarerisky Cavity 3 No Cavity Face Sealed Concealed Barrier Ventilated 4 Vented 5 Unvented www.buildingscience.com Pressure moderated 6 Ventilated and pressure moderated Straube buildingscience.com 15 of 42
Historic:Mass/StorageWalls Nobuildingpaper,flashing,weepholes JohnStraube BuildingScience RainControl63 Surface%features%such%as%Overhangs,%Drips,%etc%are%important%for%mass%walls% PerfectBarrier/FaceSealed BuildingScience RainControl64 www.buildingscience.com Straube buildingscience.com 16 of 42
Perfect%Barrier%Walls% Precast%is%o_en%a%func+onal% perfect%barrier%wall%..%but%the%joints%leak,%% exposed%sealant%fails!% It%is%all%about%joints,%transi+ons,%penetra+ons%% www.buildingscience.com which%may%not%be%built,%or%remain%perfect% DrainedWalls Two\stage%joints% Drainedsystemspreferred AccountforjointsandpenetraIonsaswellas installaiondefectsandmaterialfailure BuildingScience.com 69 Straube buildingscience.com 17 of 42
shinglefashion lapping Five%parts%of%a% Rainscreen %or% Drained %System% BuildingScience.com 71 Fluid\applied%products% avoids%laps% Shingle%lap%is%the%best,% most%reliable% Air#WaterControlLayers Beware%ver+cal% installa+on%and%wrinkles!% www.buildingscience.com www.buildingscience.com Straube buildingscience.com 18 of 42
Flashingmustbewaterproof BuildingScience2008 RainControl74 BuildingScience.com WindowsandDoors Leakywindows AllpenetraIonsshouldbedrained,regardless oftheapproachtakentotheelement WindowsanddoorsarethemostcriIcal openingstodrain Roughopeningmustbedrained StudsandsheathingaresensiIvetoleaks Straube buildingscience.com 19 of 42
WindowInstall BuildingScience WindowsandCurtainwallsNo.7880 Backdams/SlopesareImportant Con+nuous%interior%angle% provides%backdam%and%airseal% con+nuity% BuildingScience.com Straube buildingscience.com 20 of 42
Curtainwall:RainControl Corners%are%weak%spot:% How%to%drain%corners% How%to%airseal?% BuildingScience.com CurtainwallIntegraIon Not% Perfect,%But%pre@y%darn%good!% Seal%membrane/flashing% mechanically%to%inner% shoulder% Caulking%is%less%reliable!% www.buildingscience.com Straube buildingscience.com 21 of 42
Mass%walls%changed% to%drained%walls% Architectural%Precast:% Punched%Window% www.buildingscience.com Air#Water#Vapor OXenthinlayers Can)be)) 1. Watercontrol(vaporpermeable,notairIght),or% 2. Air&watercontrol(vaporpermeable),or% 3. Air,water&vapor(vaporimpermeable). Examples Buildingpaper,untapedhousewrap,sealedand supportedhousewrap,fluidapplied,peelandsick Air#Water ControlLayers Sloped%and%complex% surfaces%demand%very% high%performance% www.buildingscience.com www.buildingscience.com Straube buildingscience.com 22 of 42
Fully#adheredair#waterbarrier Vapor%Permeable!% Spray/TrowelAppliedAir/water Semi#permeable www.buildingscience.com BuildingScience.com 91 Closed\cell%spray% polyurethane%foam:% ccspf% # Rain%control% # Air%Control% # Thermal%Control% # %Vapor%Control% Non\adhered% =modest%performance% Supported%flexible% membrane%is%be@er% Fully\adhered%is%best www.buildingscience.com www.buildingscience.com Straube buildingscience.com 23 of 42
Airflowcontrol 2.%Air%Flow%Control% AirIghtnesscriIcalforallclimates ControlcondensaIon(summerandwinter)and energywaste AirflowControlLayer PracIcally,anairbarriersystem CantbeTOOIght ButmustprovidevenIlaIon www.buildingscience.com 95/175 AirIghtness Materialsnotimportant,systemis GSAandArmyCorprequiringtesIngto Ightnesstargetsnow 0.40and0.25cfm/sf@75ParespecIvely IECC/IRClikelytorequiresoon Measuredat50Painhouses Beware: Aroundwindows Canopies Parapets Air+WaterBarrier BuildingScience.com 96 Straube buildingscience.com 24 of 42
Details Air&water&vapor transiionmembranes Findtheair leak BuildingScience.com AirflowControlNo.98/79 Tampa%hotel,%above% bathroom%ceiling% Straube buildingscience.com 25 of 42
Leakage above ceilings Dropped#CeilingReturnPlenum Building Science.com Airflow Control No. 102/79 Commercial%Buildings:%O_en%exterior%air%barrier%is%only%prac+cal%solu+on%% BuildingScience.com Straube buildingscience.com 26 of 42
AirBarriersarecoming Morestringentnumericaltargets GSA0.4cfm/sf@0.3inw.c. ArmyCorp0.25 TesIngofwholebuildingsbecomingcommon 3.%Thermal%Control% www.buildingscience.com Thermalcontrol EnsureComfort Avoidhot/coldinteriorsurfaces Warmssurfaces=durability AvoidscondensaIoninhotandcoldweather hence,adurabilityandhealthstrategy Keepstructurewarmanddryandstable SaveEnergy Reduceheatflow ThermalControl InsulaIon(conducIon) Slowsheatflowinandout Windows(conducIon,radiaIon) Slowheatflowinandout Controlsolargain:alloworreject? cool roofs Reducesolargain Radiantbarriers Shading(radiaIon) 12#04#03 www.buildingscience.com Straube buildingscience.com 27 of 42
SolarShading Reducewindowarea Provideshading(doanalysis!) Low#solargain windows InsulaIon Howmuch?Usemuchmore)than)normal)prac$se) Comfort&condensaIonresistance: TrueR5#10isusuallyenough,but.. Forenergy/environment: AsmuchaspracIcal,egR10#R20 True R#valueiswhatmaSers Controlthermalbridging! IncreasedinsulaIonshouldreduceHVACcapitalas wellasoperaing! BuildingScience ThermalConInuity/ThermalBridges Find the thermal bridge SomeshortcircuiIngisnormallytolerated. High#performancewallstoleratefewbridges Majoroffenders/weakspots PenetraIngslabs(<R1) Steelstuds(<<R1) Windows(R2#R3) ProductofAreaandU\value%defines significancetoenergyandcondensaion www.buildingscience.com BuildingScience2008 InsulaIonandThermalBridgesNo.113/65 Straube buildingscience.com 28 of 42
Find%the%thermal%bridge% BuildingScience.com BuildingScience.com InsulaIonandThermalBridgesNo. 115/65 ThermalBridging Best#caseR#valuesforstudwalls %Steel%is%400%+mes%more%conduc+ve%than%wood% %Steel%studs%are%about%40%+mes%thinner% R<0.3% Cold% R=4+% Ba@% 3.5 %wall% BuildingScience2008 Hot% InsulaIonandThermalBridgesNo.116/65 www.buildingscience.com Straube buildingscience.com 29 of 42
ThermalBridgeExamples Aluminumframed Balconies,Exposedslabedges Can%we%air\cool%our%buildings?% BuildingScience2008 118 BuildingScience2008 InsulaIonandThermalBridgesNo.119/65 PerfectWall Examples% CMU/concrete backup www.buildingscience.com BuildingScience.com 121 Straube buildingscience.com 30 of 42
Interior%finish\whatever% Structure:%Concrete%Block% Drainage%Air%Vapor%Barrier:%Asphalt%% Rockwool%Insula+on% Finish\%whatever% EnclosuresNo.122/49 www.buildingscience.com SteelStud Backup PerfectWall No%stud%cavity%insula+on%% =%perfect%wall% =%no%moisture%risk% BuildingScience.com 124 www.buildingscience.com Straube buildingscience.com 31 of 42
Any%R\value,%e.g.% 4 %PIC=R25% 5 XPS%=R25% 6 MFI=R25% www.buildingscience.com BuildingScienceCorporaIon 2010 JosephLsIburek127 BuildingScienceCorporaIon 2010 128 BuildingScienceCorporaIon 129 Straube buildingscience.com 32 of 42
BuildingScienceCorporaIon 2010 JosephLsIburek130 BuildingScienceCorporaIon 2010 JosephLsIburek131 BuildingScienceCorporaIon 132 Straube buildingscience.com 33 of 42
www.buildingscience.com Universityof Harword BuildingScience2008 Straube buildingscience.com 34 of 42
Closed\cell%spray% polyurethane%foam:% ccspf% # Rain%control% # Air%Control% # Thermal%Control% # %Vapor%Control% EIFS:%no%longer%a%four%le@er%word% www.buildingscience.com www.buildingscience.com DrainedEIFSisHP Straube buildingscience.com 35 of 42
BuildingScience.com Roofs142 BuildingScience.com Roofs143 BestUVProtecIon:rocks White%roofs:%the%coming%storm% But,youneedtoholddowntoresistwind A% tradi+onal %roof% Whatairbarrier BuildingScience.com Roofs144 BuildingScience Roofs145 Straube buildingscience.com 36 of 42
Whiteroofs Lowerheatgain:great! Reducestressonexposedroofmembranes But:Reducesdryingoutofroof Thus:RequirebeSermoisturecontrol! Airbarrier ConstrucIonmoisture BuildingScience.com Roofs146 BuildingScience2008 JosephLsIburek Roofs147 Whatanairbarrier? Whyfullyadhered? BuildingScience.com Roofs148 BuildingScience Roofs149 Straube buildingscience.com 37 of 42
Conclusions ConInuousdrainageandraincontrollayer ConInuousaircontrollayer(airbarrier) ConInuousthermalcontrollayer Limitthethermalbridges GoodMechnicals Theotherhalfofthepie FuncIons Whatdoyouneedtodeliver? FiveCriIcalfuncIonsareneeded VenIlaIon freshair Dilute/flushpollutants HeaIng Cooling HumidityControl AirfiltraIon/pollutantRemoval RemoveparIclesfrominsideandoutsideair Removepollutantsinspecialsystems 12#04#03 152 Allrequiremetereddeliveroffreshair,andsomeexhaustofpollutedair Straube buildingscience.com 38 of 42
CommonAir#basedSysems CAVsystems highenergyconsumersbutprovideoutdoorair VAV decentenergyperformance,butrarelysupply desiredvenilaion(fresh)airrates DOAS:DedicatedOutdoorAirSystems providevenilaion(+almostalways dehumidificaion)only separateterminalequipmentdoesheaingand cooling Highestperformance,easytodesign&fix ConstantAirVolume GreatRH&Tcontrol(Dewpointof55alltheIme) Terribleenergyperformance(reheaIngalmostalltheair,alltheIme) OXennodesignedexhaustair: pressurize building 12#04#03 154 12#04#03 155 VariableAirVolume VAV:FixingHowitworks PoorIAQ:venIlaIoncontrolledbythermostat Poor/noRHcontrol:dependsoncoolingcoiloperaIon Eithergoodenergyperformance/poorRH,orgoodRH/poorenergy OXennodesignedexhaustair: pressurize building 12#04#03 156 Pre#treatalloutdoorairtoreducehumidity Targetleavingairdewpointof<50F Cannotuse cooling only,needdehumidificaion VenIlaIonairsIllisuncertain ThermostatcontrolsvenIlaIon! RequirereheaIngtoavoidcoldroomsatmin.flow InmulI#zonesystem,onezone svenilaionneeds aredifferentthananothers Hence,eitherover#venIlaIonorunder#venIlate Straube buildingscience.com 39 of 42
Designer squesion Howisindoorhumiditycontrolledwhenitis 65#80Foutdoorsandraining(100%RH)? Sensibleloadisverylow(lights+people) Latentloadhigh(venIlaIon+people) ACdoesnotrun,ordoesnotrunmuch Answerusuallyis not Reheatisenergyintensivebutworks ERVsreducehumidityload,theydon teliminateit DOAS DedicatedOutdoorSupply Suppliesallrequireddryairandfreshair AllvenIlaIonaircanbepretreated Airshouldbedriedto<50FDewpoint Supplyofdryairtoeachspacecontrolled independent)of)thermostat) Keyistodecouplehumiditycontrol/ venilaionfromtemperaturecontrol EnergyrecoveryvenIlaIon DOAS Reducesequipmentpeakcapacity(saves capital$) ReducesloadonheaIng/cooling/ dehumidificaion(savesenergy/operaing$) Usuallymakessenseforanylargemechanical venilaionflow Straube buildingscience.com 40 of 42
BSI#022PerfectHVAC Conclusions Keytogoodmechanicalsistoseparate venilaionfromheaing/cooling Considerhumiditycontrolinclimateswhereit isneeded ThermostatcontrolsheaIng/coolingbyzone VenIlaIoncontrolledbyoccupancy(CO 2 ) Allairisdelivereddry(humiditycontrol) Nore#circulatedair(improvedIAQ) Coming%soon,%April%2012% On\line%@% buildingscience.com% Curtainwall:Anatomy&Jargon BuildingScience.com Straube buildingscience.com 41 of 42
Structure AirFlowControl Structure%could%be%steel,%wood,% concrete,%etc.% Structure AirBarrier BuildingScience.com BuildingScience.com Straube buildingscience.com 42 of 42