METALS
INDEX METALS FERRIC METALS NON-FERRIC METALS WORKING WITH METALS METAL FORMING TECHNIQUES ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT OF METAL EXTRACTION
METALS CHEMICAL ELEMENTS FOUND IN NATURE IN SOLID STATE AT ROOM TEMPERATURE PROPERTIES: MECHANICAL PROPERTIES: HARD, TENACIOUS AND RESISTANT TECHNOLOGICAL PROPERTIES: DUCTILE, MALLEABLE, FUSIBLE AND WELDABLE CHEMICAL PROPERTIES: OXIDATION, CORROSION THERMAL AND ELECTRICAL PROPERTIES: GOOD CONDUCTORS ENVIRONMENTAL PROPERTIES: RECICLABLE, TOXIC
OBTAINING METALS: MINERAL EXTRACTION MINERAL TREATMENT TRANSFORMATION COMMERCIAL FORMS OF THE METALS: BARS TUBES WIRE ROLLS OF METALLIS SHEET METAL ANGLE I-BEAM U-PROFILE SQUARE PROFILE
FERRIC METALS ITS CHEMICAL COMPOSITION CONSISTS MAINLY OF IRON. ALLOY: PRODUCT COMPOSED OF TWO OR MORE ELEMENTS, OF WHICH AT LEAST ONE IS A METAL. ALLOYS HAVE MUCH BETTER MECHANICAL AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES THAN ITS COMPONENTS. IRON Iron containing carbon less than 0.03%. Has little industrial application STEEL Iron and carbon alloy with less than a 2% carbon, which may further be alloyed with other metals ALLOY CAST Alloy of iron and carbon with percentages between 2% and 6.67% carbon Abundant in nature as oxide Easily oxidized It is ductile and malleable Allows alloyed with other elements such as carbon, chromium or tungsten Excellent metallic properties Low cost of production Parts can be obtained by forging and machining Parts can be obtained of different complexity and size Much easier to machine than steel Less ductile than steel Harder
NON-FERRIC METALS COPPER: CAN BE FOUND IN NATURE IN PURE FORM OR IN MINERALS. PROPERTIES: HIGH RESISTANCE TO CORROSION, GOOD ELECTRICAL CONDUCTOR, IS DUCTILE AND MALLEABLE. IT IS USED FOR THE MANUFACTURE OF ELECTRICAL EQUIPMENT SUCH AS CABLES. ALUMINUM: IS EXTRACTED FROM BAUXITE. PROPERTIES: LIGHT, SOFT, TOUGH, DUCTILE AND MALLEABLE. MECHANICAL, ELECTRICAL AND THERMAL PROPERTIES MAKE IT VALUABLE FOR TRANSPORTATION, CONSTRUCTION OR MANUFACTURE OF COOKWARE INDUSTRIES. BRONZE COOPER AND TIN Resistant to water, nitric and sulfuric acids and fuel. BRASS COOPER AND ZINC Higher melting point
WORKING WITH METALS MARKING CUTTING DRILLING DEFORMING JOINING
METAL FORMING TECHNIQUES WITHOUT MATERIAL PULLING MOLDING HOT STAMPING COLD STAMPING DRAWING EXTRUSION The metal or alloy is heated in an oven until complete melting. Then it is poured into a mold having the shape of the part to be obtained. This method allows obtaining very complicated objects. The molten metal is introduced between two steel molds. That way, when joined together compression occurs and the material adopts the internal shape of the molds Allows obtaining metal objects with varied shapes and minimal cost. Employs a press and two prints. The sheet is placed between the two prints and, because of the blow provided by the press, gets deformed and cut to get the object. Particular case of cold stamping. It consists of shaping a metal sheet by compression. Is used to obtain hollow parts from flat plates The material is forced to flow through using pressure through a mold with the shape to be obtained. With this technique are obtained, for example, pipes and containers of small size.
METAL FORMING TECHNIQUES WITH MATERIAL PULLING LATHE MILLING MACHINE: GRIDING MACHINE: With this machine parts such as cylinders, cones and threads are achieved. To do this, the material is fixed to the machine and gives it a rotational motion. Another part of the machine is removing material to the piece to the desired shape. Used to create gears and parts in three dimensions... In this case the tool turns and the piece is fixed. It is used for finishing parts that for its hardness can not be machined by the tools above, and when it is required a precision of micrometer.
ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT OF METAL EXTRACTION EXTRACTION OF METALS Significant transformation of the landscape Accumulation of debris and spills PRODUCT MANUFACTURE Harmful substances are produced in the productive process. Produce acid rain due to the emission in the smeltings. To minimize this impact a number of measures can be taken: Prohibit or restrict the use of dangerous metals (mercury, lead). To replace pollutant products with others that are not pollutant or that reduce their effects (rechargeable batteries instead of conventional batteries). To reduce the employment of unnecessary products and to re-use the products to the máximum. To recycle the products that are useless.