Influence of Organic Nutrient Management in Aromatic Rice Based System on Soil Carbon Dynamics, Physical Parameters and Global Warming Potential Dr Y. V. Singh, Ph. D Senior Scientist (Agronomy) Centre for Conservation and Utilization of Blue Green Algae Indian Agricultural Research Institute New Delhi-1112 INDIA E-mail: yvsingh63@yahoo.co.in
Indian scenario in Organic Cultivation India had only 1.3 mha under organic farming with 677, 257 organic farmers in 27 and it is estimated to increase to 2. mha in 212 (NCOF, 27). There are a number of Organic by default farms which have either never been chemically-managed/ cultivated or have converted back to organic farming because of the farmers' beliefs or purely for reason of economics Organic production in India growing @ 15-2% annually Domestic market of organic produce in India is Rs 15 crore Organic food exports increased from to 78 m $ (27-8) to 1m $(28-9) Export of Organic basmati rice 563 MT(28-9) India exported organic produce of Rs 25 Crores in 27-8 (.2% of the world) Albert Howard Father of Organic agriculture worked in India (Foreign service) during early 2th century.
Basmati rice, characterized by long slender and silky grains, typical aroma, grain elongation upon cooking and good cooking qualities, is distinct from other aromatic rices Grown exclusively in Indo-Gangetic plains. India s delicious and luxurious Basmati rice is well known all over the world. India accounts for 6% of Basmati export globally. Large portion of Indian Basmati rice production (2.5 million tonnes) is exported.
Experimental details A) Crop nutrition (main plot ) : T1: Organic (BGA@ 2. Kg/ha + Azolla @ 1. t /ha/azatobactor @.5 kg/ha + FYM@ 5. t/ha + Vermicompost@ 5. t/ha) T2: INM (FYM 5 t/ha + Chemical Fertilizer N 9 P 6 K 6 ) T3: Chemical fertilizer alone N 12 P 6 K 6 (Rec dose) B) Cropping systems (Sub plot) Rice - wheat(control) Rice - broccoli Rice - cabbage Rice - cauliflower Rice - carrot For other crops also above fertility treatment were taken. Resource Conservation techniques followed Experimental design: Factorial R.B.D Main Plot size : 5 m2 2 Rice variety Pusa Basmati 141 Transplanted rice Weed management through manual weeding
Status of organic carbon content of soil under different crop nutrition at harvest stage of rice crop during 211 in rice- vegetable system Soil organic carbon ( % ) Effect on crop nutrition on Soil Organic Carbon (-15 cm) level crop at harvest rice crop harvest Effect on crop nutrition on Soil Organic Carbon (-15 cm) level at rice Soil organic carbon ( % ) 1,2 1,8,6,4,2 1,2 1,8,6,4,2 Initial SOC content in 23-.54% SOC in 28.91% Organic INM Chemical Organic INM Chemical Treatments 5
Effect of different organic treatments on microbial population and dehydrogenase enzymatic activity in soil at mid crop stage of rice Treatment 23 1* 2 * 3* 4* 5* 28 1* 2 * 3* 4* 5* A+B+F+V 311 36 34 27 128 41 534 61 87 189 N 8 P 4 K 3 197 371 44 13 18 164 232 49 23 11 N P K 21 356 27 2 115 16 312 29 12 11 INITIAL MICROBIAL POPULATION OF ACTINOMYCETES, BACTERIA, FUNGI AND BGA IN A COMPOSITE SOIL SAMPLE BEFORE STARTING OF EXPERIMENTATION IN JUNE 23 WAS 74, 23,14 AND 3, RESPECTIVELY 1*=Actinomycetes x 1 3 2*= Bacteria x 1 3 3*=Fungi x 1 3 4*= BGA x1 3 5*= Dehydrogenase enzyme activity
Dehydrogenase activity as affected by fertilization and crop rotation OF INM CF 12 1 8 ug TPF/g/d 6 4 2 rice 211 wheat carrot cole crops
Alkaline phosphatase activity under different crops and nutrient regime OF INM CF 16 14 12 ug pnp/g soil/h 1 8 6 4 2 rice 211 wheat carrot cole crops
FDAse activity under different crops and nutrient regime 4 3,5 OF INM CF ug fluroscein /g/h 3 2,5 2 1,5 1,5 rice 211 wheat carrot cole crops
Soil Microbial biomass carbon(ug/g) under different crops and fertilization regime Fertilizers Rice 211 Wheat Carrot Cole crops OF 732 796 687 89 INM 685 53 64 874 CF 432 588 694 67 CD at 5% 34.82 48.98 26.9 44.89
EFFECTS ON PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF SOIL FC, PWP and AWC (-15cm) FC, PWP and AWC (15-3cm) Volumetric water content (cm3/cm3).4.3.2.1 O INM IO Volumetric water content (cm3/cm3).4.3.2.1 O INM IO FC PWP AWC FC PWP AWC Maximum Water Holding Capacity Percentage 7 65 6 55 5-15 cm 15-3 cm Significant enhancement in water holding capacity, FC, PWP and AWC was recorded in organic treatment O INM IO
Effect of organic Effect of farming organic farming on mean on mean weight diameter diameter (MWD) of soil (MWD) of soil MWD (mm) of Rice 211 MWD (mm) 1.2 1..8.6.4.2. -5cm 5-15cm 15-3cm In rice, 1-29% higher MWD was observed in Organic treatments ORG INM CHE MWD (mm) of Wheat 21-11 MWD (mm) 1..8.6.4.2. -5cm 5-15cm 15-3cm In wheat, 24-4% higher MWD was observed in Organic treatments ORG INM CHE 12
Seasonal Methane flux in rice field under different crop nutrition ORGANIC INM Chemical Methane flux (mg/m2/day) 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 7 DAT 15 DAT 21 DAT 3 DAT 45 DAT 6 DAT 75 DAT 9 DAT 15 DAT Days after transplanting
SEASONAL NITROUS OXIDE EMISSION FROM RICE FIELDS UNDER DIFFERENT NUTRITION ORGANIC INM Chemical 3 N2O Emission(ug/m2/day) 25 2 15 1 5 DAYS AFTER TRANSPLANTING
Total Methane and Nitrous oxide emission (kg/ha) and Global Warming Potential(GWP) in rice field under different crop nutrition Total Methane emission 4 35 3 25 2 15 1 5 Total Nitrous oxide emission,68,66,64,62,6,58,56,54,52 Global Warming Potential GWP (kg CO2/ha) 12 1 8 6 4 2 For production of 1. tonne of Ammonia 1.52 to 3.6 tonne CO2 is produced (PSI, 24)
Challenges ahead Diversification of incomes, soil fertility management and water management (climate change!) need further efforts. To enable smallholders to adopt organic farming, concepts are needed to minimize and bridge the gap of income during the conversion period. To avoid defaulting, it is important to build emotional ownership for the project and mutual social control among farmers. Influence of a dynamic context? GMO-cotton, increasing fuel and food prices, globalization
Obstacles to adopting organic farming Concerns and doubts All change requires efforts Low awareness on costs Doubts on feasibility and viability Dissens within the family Status concerns Short-term needs Economic hurdles Expecting drop in yields and incomes Need to sustain during initial years Covering costs of conversion Fear of increased workload Limited availability of labour Obstacles to adopting organic farming Strategy development Lack of information, know-how and skills Never heard about organic farming Lack of know-how on farm ecology Complex standard requirements Need to learn skills Management of rotation crops Technical Challenges Shortage of dung and biomass Organic methods work slowly Control of problematic pests Farmers find record keeping for certification difficult
CONCLUSIONS Soil carbon content was considerably built up under organic farming. Soil physical and microbial quality improved due to organic farming. Global Warming Potential was slightly higher in organic plots compared to chemical fertilization. 18
Joint Unit Research Innovation of French National Institute of Agricultural Research (INRA) for invite and financial support Organizing Committee, First International Conference on Organic Rice Farming and Production Systems Indian Council Of Agricultural Research, India Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, India
EAT ORGANIC DREAM ORGANIC LIVE ORGANIC