Government of Andhra Pradesh Rural Water Supply and Sanitation Department Andhra Pradesh Rural Water Supply and Sanitation Project Under The World Bank Assistance Social Assessment, Tribal Development Plan and Land Acquisition (Part 1 - Social Assessment) Final Report May 2009 Samaj Vikas Development Support Organisation www.samajvikas.org info@samajvikas.org
Table of Contents Table of Contents... 1-2 List of Acronyms... 1-7 1 Introduction... 1-9 1.1 Background... 1-9 1.2 Andhra Pradesh Rural Water Supply and Sanitation Project... 1-9 1.2.1 Objectives... 1-9 1.3 Scope of the Project... 1-10 1.4 Social Assessment... 1-11 1.5 Need for Social Assessment... 1-11 1.5.1 Social Assessment Objectives... 1-11 1.6 Scope of Work and Key Tasks... 1-12 1.6.1 Beneficiary Assessment... 1-12 1.6.2 Stakeholder Analyses... 1-12 1.6.3 Impact Assessment... 1-12 1.6.4 Analysis and Assessment of Risks... 1-12 1.6.5 Rules for securing lands... 1-12 1.6.6 Tribal Development Plan... 1-13 1.7 Approach and Methodology... 1-13 1.7.1 Sampling Rationale... 1-13 1.7.2 Research Tools... 1-14 1.8 Organization of the Report... 1-15 2 Beneficiary Assessment... 2-17 2.1 Socio-Economic Profile of Andhra Pradesh... 2-17 2.1.1 Location and Geographic Profile... 2-17 2.1.2 Physiographic Profile... 2-17 2.1.3 Water Resources... 2-18 2.1.4 Demographic Profile... 2-18 2.2 Demographic and Socio-Economic Variables in the Three Regions... 2-20 2.2.1 Population... 2-20 2.2.2 Households... 2-20 2.2.3 Literacy... 2-21 2.2.4 Main Workers... 2-21 2.2.5 Population by Religion... 2-21 2.2.6 Birth and Death Rates... 2-22 2.3 Primary Data... 2-22 2.3.1 Sex Ratio, Family Type and Size... 2-23 2.3.2 Region, Caste and Religious Composition... 2-23 2.3.3 Ration Cards... 2-24 2.3.4 Literacy... 2-25 2.3.5 Occupation... 2-25 2.3.6 Land and Assets... 2-26 2.3.7 Dwelling... 2-27 2.4 Salient Features and Issues for the Project... 2-28 3 Rural Water and Sanitation Status... 3-30 3.1 Water Supply... 3-30 3.2 Sanitation... 3-31 3.3 Water Supply Primary Information... 3-32 3.3.1 Type of Schemes... 3-32 Samaj Vikas (info@samajvikas.org) Page 1-2
3.3.2 Scheme Sources... 3-32 3.3.3 Major Sources of Water Supply... 3-32 3.3.4 Distance from Water Point... 3-33 3.3.5 Treatment at Source... 3-33 3.3.6 Water Quality... 3-34 3.3.7 User Treatment and Handling... 3-35 3.3.8 Time Spent in Collecting Water... 3-35 3.3.9 Persons Engaged in Collecting Water... 3-35 3.3.10 Satisfaction and Grievances... 3-36 3.4 Sanitation Primary Data... 3-38 3.4.1 Latrine Usage... 3-38 3.4.2 Drainage... 3-40 3.4.3 Solid Waste... 3-41 3.4.4 Hygiene Practices... 3-42 3.5 Issues... 3-43 4 Institutional and Implementation Structure... 4-45 4.1 Introduction... 4-45 4.2 Institutions related to Policy, Planning and M&E... 4-45 4.2.1 Secretary, RWSS... 4-45 4.2.2 SWSM, DWSM, MWSC and VWSC... 4-45 4.2.3 Panchayat Raj Institutions... 4-49 4.2.4 Tribal Related ITDA and VTDA... 4-50 4.3 Implementation and Operations - RWSS Department... 4-51 4.3.1 Engineer-in-Chief... 4-51 4.3.2 Chief Engineers... 4-51 4.3.3 SEs and EEs... 4-51 4.3.4 DEEs and AEEs/AEs... 4-52 4.3.5 Manpower... 4-52 4.4 Key Strengths and Weaknesses of RWSSD... 4-53 4.4.1 Key strengths... 4-53 4.5 Issues for Consideration... 4-54 5 Stakeholder Analysis... 5-56 5.1 Introduction... 5-56 5.2 Stakeholders at Different Levels... 5-56 5.3 Beneficiaries/ Stakeholders Expectations... 5-58 5.3.1 Overall Issues Emerged During Public Consultations... 5-62 6 Impact Assessment... 6-64 6.1 Introduction... 6-64 6.2 Impacts... 6-64 7 Major Risks and Assumptions... 7-69 7.1 Risks... 7-69 7.2 Assumptions... 7-69 8 Issues of Significance and Design Elements... 8-70 8.1 Issues of significance... 8-70 8.2 Proposed Design Elements and Approach... 8-70 8.2.1 Management Unit... 8-70 8.2.2 Inclusion and Equity... 8-70 8.2.3 Autonomy... 8-71 8.2.4 Decentralization and Subsidiarity... 8-71 8.2.5 Effective Governance and Management... 8-72 Samaj Vikas (info@samajvikas.org) Page 1-3
8.2.6 Transparency and Accountability... 8-72 8.2.7 Capacity Support... 8-74 8.2.8 Capacity Building... 8-74 8.2.9 Gender Issues... 8-74 8.2.10 Convergence... 8-75 9 Monitoring and Evaluation... 9-76 9.1 Introduction... 9-76 9.2 Monitoring and Evaluation Frameworks... 9-76 9.2.1 Monitoring Framework... 9-77 9.2.2 Impact Evaluation... 9-79 9.3 Budget... 9-81 Samaj Vikas (info@samajvikas.org) Page 1-4
List of Tables Table 1: Scope of Activities... 1-10 Table 2: Phases of Work... 1-13 Table 3: Region wise sample details... 1-13 Table 4: Research Tools... 1-14 Table 5: AP Demographic Profile... 2-18 Table 6: Regions wise Male and Female Population... 2-20 Table 7: Region wise Number of Household and Numbers in the Households... 2-20 Table 8: Region wise Literate Population, 2001... 2-21 Table 9: Region wise Distribution of Main Workers Category, 2001... 2-21 Table 10: Region wise Population by Religion, 2001... 2-21 Table 11: Estimated Annual Live Births and Death Rates... 2-22 Table 12: Region wise Type of Family Structure... 2-23 Table 13: Region wise Family Size... 2-23 Table 14: Religious Composition by Region... 2-24 Table 15: Region wise Caste Composition... 2-24 Table 16: Region wise Ration Cards Details... 2-24 Table 17: Caste by Having Ration Card... 2-24 Table 18: Region wise Highest Education of Male Family Members... 2-25 Table 19: Region wise Highest Education of Female Family Members... 2-25 Table 20: Region wise Major Occupation... 2-26 Table 21: HH possessing Wet Land... 2-26 Table 22: Region wise HH possessing Dry Land... 2-26 Table 23: Region wise HH Assets... 2-27 Table 24: Region wise HH Livestock... 2-27 Table 25: Region wise Ownership of House... 2-27 Table 26: Region wise Type of House Structure... 2-28 Table 27: Type of House Structure by Caste... 2-28 Table 28: Region wise HH Having Electricity Connection... 2-28 Table 29: Water Supply Coverage Categories... 3-30 Table 30: Water Supply Status in AP... 3-30 Table 31: District wise Water Supply Coverage... 3-30 Table 32: Sanitation Latrine Coverage... 3-31 Table 33: Distribution of Villages by Type of Scheme... 3-32 Table 34: Type of Water Supply Scheme by Source... 3-32 Table 35: Region wise Major Sources of Water Supply... 3-33 Table 36: Region wise Distance from Water Point... 3-33 Table 37: Region Wise Type of Water Treatment... 3-34 Table 38: Type of Water Treatment by Scheme... 3-34 Table 39: Region wise Quality of Drinking Water... 3-34 Table 40: Gender by Quality of Water... 3-34 Table 41: Region wise Treatment given at household level to make Water Potable... 3-35 Table 42: Region wise HH Drinking Water Handling Practices... 3-35 Table 43: Region wise Average Time Taken in Collecting Water... 3-35 Table 44: Region wise Family Members Fetching Water... 3-36 Table 45: Satisfaction Level - Overall Satisfaction... 3-36 Table 46: Overall Satisfaction by Caste... 3-36 Table 47: Gender and Overall Satisfaction of Water Supply... 3-36 Table 48: HH Lodged Complaint Regarding Water Supply... 3-37 Samaj Vikas (info@samajvikas.org) Page 1-5
Table 49: Caste by Lodging Complaints... 3-37 Table 50: Gender by Complaint on Water Supply... 3-37 Table 51: Complaint Lodged... 3-37 Table 52: Caste by expecting better water supply... 3-38 Table 53: Gender Expectation of Better Water Supply... 3-38 Table 54: Region wise HH Having Latrine... 3-38 Table 55: Houses Connected to Septic Tank by Region... 3-38 Table 56: Latrine Usage by Region... 3-39 Table 57: Gender and Usage of Latrine... 3-39 Table 58: Family Type and Usage of Latrine... 3-39 Table 59: Family Size and Usage of Latrine... 3-39 Table 60: Caste and Use of Latrine... 3-39 Table 61: Region wise Defecation Practices of HH without Latrines... 3-40 Table 62: Children Defecation... 3-40 Table 63: HH Wastewater Disposal... 3-40 Table 64: Caste and Disposal of Wastewater... 3-40 Table 65: Final Disposal of HH Wastewater... 3-41 Table 66: HH Solid Waste Disposal... 3-41 Table 67: Washing Hands... 3-42 Table 68: Agents for Washing Hands... 3-42 Table 69: HH Members Bathing Habits... 3-42 Table 70: Gender and Bathing Habits... 3-42 Table 71: Caste and Bathing Habits... 3-43 Table 72: Manpower of RWSS department... 4-52 Table 73: Stakeholders at Different Levels... 5-56 Table 74: Beneficiaries/Stakeholders Expectations... 5-58 Table 75: Project Impacts... 6-64 Table 76: Monitoring Framework... 9-78 Table 77: Mid-Term and End-Term Evaluation Frameworks... 9-80 Table 78: SA Budget... 9-81 Samaj Vikas (info@samajvikas.org) Page 1-6
List of Acronyms AP Andhra Pradesh APL Above Poverty Level APRWSSP Andhra Pradesh Rural Water Supply and Sanitation Project BC Backward Class BCC Behaviour Change Communication BCM Billion Cubic Meters BPL Below Poverty Level CDD Community Driven Development CE Chief Engineer DEE Deputy Executive Engineer DRP District Resource Person DPSU District Project Support Unit DWSC District Water and Sanitation Committee DWSM District Water and Sanitation Mission EE Executive Engineer E-in-C Engineer-in-Chief FC Fully Covered FGD Focus Group Discussion GOAP Government of Andhra Pradesh GP Gram Panchayat GPWSC Gram Panchayat Water and Sanitation Committee HH Household HNU Health and Nutrition Unit IEC Information, Education and Communication IHSL Individual Household Sanitary Latrine IKP Indira Kranti Patham ISL Individual Sanitary Latrine MP Mandal Parishad MRP Mandal Resource Person MTP Medium Term Program MVS Multi Village Scheme MWSC Mandal Water and Sanitation Committee NC Not Covered NSS No Safe Source O & M Operation and Management PC Partially Covered PIP Project Implementation Plan PRI Panchayat Raj Institution RLA Rules for Land Acquisition RWSS Rural Water Supply and Sanitation RWSSD Rural Water Supply and Sanitation Department Samaj Vikas (info@samajvikas.org) Page 1-7
SA SC SE SERP SLWM SO SPSU SSC ST SVS SWOT SWSM TDP TMC TSC UGD VWSC Social Assessment Scheduled Caste Superintendent Engineer Society for Elimination of Rural Poverty Solid and Liquid Waste Management Support Organization State Project Support Unit Secondary School Certificate Scheduled Tribe Single Village Scheme Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities, and Threats State Water and Sanitation Mission Tribal Development Plan Thousand Million Cubic Feet (Billion Cubic Feet) Total Sanitation Campaign Under Ground Drainage Village Water and Sanitation Committee Samaj Vikas (info@samajvikas.org) Page 1-8
1.1 Background 1 Introduction Government of Andhra Pradesh (GOAP) formulated its (Rural Water Supply and Sanitation (RWSS) Sector vision and policy in 2006. Key features of the Vision are: Transfer of responsibility for planning, design and construction of the RWSS infrastructure and for operating the RWSS services to the Panchayat Raj Institutions (PRIs) and Communities; and Evolution of the role of Rural Water Supply and Sanitation Department (RWSSDnodal agency) into that of a provider of technical assistance to the PRIs. Similarly, key features of the policy are: Devolution of funds, functions and functionaries to the Panchayat Raj Institutions (PRIs); Enforcement of full recovery of Operation and Maintenance (O&M) cost of sharing of capital cost (taking into consideration affordability, particularly by disadvantaged groups); and Improvement of the accountability framework by clarifying roles and responsibilities of various actors of the RWSS sector at the state, district and village level, including responsibilities for policy formulation, financing, regulation, construction, operations and maintenance, 1.2 Andhra Pradesh Rural Water Supply and Sanitation Project Towards realizing the sector vision, GOAP is currently preparing a Rural Water Supply and Sanitation Program (APRWSSP) with financial assistance from the World Bank. The project forms a part of the RWSS sector investment program and implementation action plan- Medium Term Program (MTP). The Plan would serve as a financial action plan for channeling investments and other resources for integrated rural water supply and sanitation development in the state during the program period. 1.2.1 Objectives Key objective of APRWSSP is to increase rural communities access to reliable, sustainable and affordable Rural Water Supply and Sanitation (RWSS) services. The project aims at covering a total of 2,635 habitations over a period of five years, the breakup of which is as follows: 1265 Not Covered (NC) and 350 No Safe Source (NSS) habitations. Apart from this, 1020 Partially Covered (PC) habitations will be covered with water supply during the five years of MTP. This project will also carry out some augmentations and improvements to Single Village Schemes (SVS) and Multi Village Schemes (MVS). Household latrine and/ or sullage drainage activities will be taken up in about 2635 habitations. Additionally, 11 Mandal headquarters will be provided with Under Ground Drainage (UGD) and Solid and Liquid Waste Management (SLWM) and 45 major Gram Panchayats (GPs) will be provided with pavements and drains. Samaj Vikas (info@samajvikas.org) Page 1-9
1.3 Scope of the Project The proposed scope of activities of the APRWSSP is given below: Table 1: Scope of Activities Components 2009-10 2010-11 2011-12 2012-13 2013-14 Total SVS SVS (PC to FC) 130 150 170 210 225 885 SVS (NC to FC) 150 200 200 275 300 1,125 SVS (NSS to FC) 50 75 100 - - 225 Total 330 425 470 485 525 2,235 MVS MVS (PC to FC) common & intra village facilities - 25 25 35 50 135 MVS (NC to FC) - common facilities & intra village facilities - 25 25 40 50 140 MVS (NSS to FC) - common facilities & intra village facilities - 25 25 25 50 125 Total - 75 75 100 150 400 Rain water harvesting 250 250 250 250 250 1,250 innovative technology 6 6 6 6 6 30 Improvements Augmentation of SVS (distribution system) - - - - - - Augmentation of MVS (distribution system) - - - - - - Improving ground water sources 330 425 470 485 525 2,235 Catchment area protection for surface sources - - - - - - Environmental sanitation ISLs 9,900 15,000 16,350 17,550 20,250 79,050 Pavements, drains and SLWM in major GPs 8 8 9 10 10 45 Soak pits in GPs 330 500 545 585 675 2,635 UGD and SLWM in Mandal head quarters - - 3 4 4 11 The APRWSSP will have the following four outcome indicators for monitoring: percentage habitations with improved drinking water and sanitation services percentage rural households with access to safe and adequate water supply throughout the year percentage rural households adopting improved hygiene and sanitation practices; and improvements in cost recovery, contributions to capital and O&M Costs, and collection efficiency Samaj Vikas (info@samajvikas.org) Page 1-10
1.4 Social Assessment As part of the Project preparation, the RWSSD (nodal agency) carried out a Social Assessment (SA) study. The Key Objective of this study is to understand and address social development issues, and ensure accomplishing the outcomes in terms of inclusion, cohesion, equity, security and accountability. The specific objectives of the study are: Identifying and conducting a detailed stakeholder analysis Assessing the social impacts of the proposed project interventions Developing measures to mitigate negative impacts and enhance positive impacts Review and suggest, as appropriate, the legal, policy and institutional aspects to enable accomplish the principles underpinning the approach 1.5 Need for Social Assessment The initial project inquiry reveals that project beneficiary profile may not be homogeneous, rather, quite diverse comprising a number of sub-groups identifiable on the basis of their differential endowment, gender, ethnicity, different economic groups and other regional features. The Project needs to address the requirements of the all the sub-groups, with special attention towards the rural and tribal poor and other normally socially excluded sub-groups. Besides, there are a large number of stakeholders, some internal and others external to the project, who would have varying degrees of influence and impact on project activities and outcomes. This makes it necessary for the project to provide a framework for participation of all key stakeholder groups and enable solicit their contributions towards project design and delivery mechanisms. To this effect, as a part of the project preparation, the State Project Support Unit (SPSU) of the APRWSSP conducted this Social Assessment. 1.5.1 Social Assessment Objectives The Key Objective of the Social Assessment (SA) is to understand and address social development issues, and ensure accomplishing the outcomes in terms of inclusion, cohesion, equity, security and accountability. The Objectives of the study are: Identifying and conducting a detailed stakeholder analysis Assessing the social impacts of the proposed project interventions Developing measures to mitigate negative impacts and enhance positive impacts Examining the legal, policy and institutional aspects to enable accomplish the principles underpinning the approach This SA includes the following: Beneficiary assessment Stakeholder analysis Social impacts Risks analysis Samaj Vikas (info@samajvikas.org) Page 1-11
1.6 Scope of Work and Key Tasks The key tasks performed include beneficiary assessment, stakeholder analysis and impact assessment. 1.6.1 Beneficiary Assessment Beneficiary Assessment comprising socioeconomic profiles at state, district and village level The project beneficiaries' assessment on the current status of RWSS management and services The linkages thereof with governance mechanisms and PRI functioning 1.6.2 Stakeholder Analyses Identifying stakeholders at different levels Mapping Key Expectations, Impacts, Issues and Concerns as related to each stakeholder and the subgroups thereof 1.6.3 Impact Assessment Identifying positive and negative social impacts likely to occur for different sub-groups or beneficiaries as a result of project interventions Assessing and prioritizing impacts based on their significance Suggesting measures to minimize negative impacts and derive the maximum from positive impacts. 1.6.4 Analysis and Assessment of Risks From ascertaining and analyzing the key social risks, internal and external, to the project, measures to address them were developed. From the analysis and assessment, the elements for a Community Driven Development (CDD) approach was built duly listing issues and the suggestive measures towards building CDD approach. As a part of the assessment the following rules/ plans were be prepared: 1.6.5 Rules for securing lands The project would require land for rehabilitation/construction activities. Drawing up plans for securing lands included the following: Documenting the practices currently commonly adopted in the state Conducting a SWOT exercise of the current practice Identifying issues that need to be taken into account, particularly, relative to the AP State Policy on Resettlement and the World Bank s OP 4.12. Based on the above, a Resettlement Policy Framework for securing lands for the proposed project was formulated. This essentially involves developing a generic framework by which project could secure lands. Generic principles including estimating replacement values for land and structures, rehabilitation measures for livelihoods, etc. were also drawn. Samaj Vikas (info@samajvikas.org) Page 1-12
1.6.6 Tribal Development Plan The project area includes Scheduled Areas, which predominantly inhabited by tribals. These areas are administered by the Integrated Tribal Development Authorities (ITDA). A separate strategy for implementing the sub-project in these areas has been developed. 1.7 Approach and Methodology The study was conducted using participatory approaches throughout. Some of the participatory tools used are PRA, women group interaction, SWOT Analysis, etc. The study identified all the stakeholders at all levels i.e. from the policy level to field operations level. Consultation with the identified stakeholders was ensured during all stages of the assignment. Process of consultation continued till the end of study. The consultations with the RWSSD during planning enabled the study to choose proper data collection methods. The consultations with beneficiaries and field level stakeholders during fieldwork gave authenticity to the study findings. The assignment was completed in two phases covering four distinct stages of work as below: Table 2: Phases of Work Fieldwork Phase Assessment and Reporting Phase Inception Stage Field Surveys Stage Draft Reporting Stage Final Reporting Stage 1.7.1 Sampling Rationale During the study a multi stage stratified random sampling process was adopted to ensure participation of all groups of stakeholders and beneficiaries in providing inputs for the assessment. The following criteria are used by the RWSSD for selecting sample villages for field study. Regional Representation: Andhra Pradesh has three distinct regions, namely Coastal Andhra region, Telangana region and Rayalaseema region. The sample represents all these regions. The sample has 14 habitations from Telangana Region, 11 habitations from Coastal Andhra regions and 9 habitations from Rayalaseema regions. In the three regions of the state 34 habitations were identified in 31 Mandals of 10 districts in consultation with RWSSD. Table 3: Region wise sample details Region District No. of Mandals No. of Habitations Andhra Region Srikakulam 3 3 West Godavari 3 3 Rayalaseema Region Chittoor 3 3 Kadapa 3 3 Kurnool 2 3 Telangana Region Karimnagar 3 3 Mahaboobnagar 2 3 Rangareddy 3 3 Fluoride Affected Villages Nalgonda 5 5 Samaj Vikas (info@samajvikas.org) Page 1-13
Region District No. of Mandals No. of Habitations Prakasam 4 5 GRAND TOTAL 31 34 Type of Schemes: Generally RWSSD constructs two types of water supply schemes, namely Single Village Schemes (SVS) and Multi Village Schemes (MVS). SVS caters to villages within a GP whereas MVS caters villages beyond a GP. In case of MVS, villages are clustered for reasons of proximity of villages, scarcity of source, quality of source, etc. The sample has both types of schemes; i.e., 30 SVS and 4 MVS. Quality of Water: The state of Andhra Pradesh is facing water quality issues, the major issue being fluoride. Out of the sample of 34 habitations 10 are fluoride affected. Thus the sample represents the quality problems of the state. Type of Source: The water supply schemes in Andhra Pradesh have both surface water and groundwater as sources. The sample covers both types of sources. In the sample there are 25 schemes with groundwater as source and 9 schemes with surface water as source. Tribal Coverage: Andhra Pradesh has substantial tribal population and has scheduled areas too. The sample covers the tribal areas too. There are 20 villages with tribals in the sample. 1.7.2 Research Tools The details of tools and techniques used for the assessment study are presented in table below. Table 4: Research Tools S. No. Techniques Tools/ Instruments Respondents 1 Social Mapping 2 Household Survey 3 Focus Group Discussions (FGDs) 4 Public Consultations Checklist Household Interview Schedule/ Questionnaire Checklist Checklist Community Members from the habitations to be benefited / affected by the project, PRI Members, etc. Community Members from the habitations to be benefited / affected by the project Community Members from the habitations to be benefited / affected by the project, PRI Members, etc. Community Members from the habitations to be benefited / affected by the project, PRI Members, etc. District level and State level stakeholders in the final regional and state level consultations Both quantitative and qualitative data analysis techniques were employed during the assessment study. Required software packages (Microsoft Access, SPSS etc.) were used for carrying out the collation, data coding, analysis and generation of outputs. Samaj Vikas (info@samajvikas.org) Page 1-14
1.7.2.1 One-to-One/ Household Survey Questionnaire The research variables were finalized during the inception stage. The final modular questionnaire for the One-to-One/ Household survey essentially has the following modules: Identification and Screening Demographic characteristics Socio-Economic Status Livelihoods Water Use Practice Sanitation Practices Personal Hygiene Practices Health Related Issues Water Distribution practices and issues Perception on Social Issues related to WSS Willingness and Capacity to Pay Self Perceptions and Suggestions on Social Impacts and Service levels, etc. Coding Information 1.7.2.2 Focus Group Discussions and Stakeholder Consultations Focus Group Discussions and stakeholder consultations were also held in all the villages selected as the sample for this study. The FGDs provided some very useful information and facts about the status of water supply and sanitation services and facilities available in the village. The FGDs also helped the study team to assess the potential impacts of the project and issues and challenges related to the water supply facilities. At the end of the study three regional consultation/ disclosure workshops were held at Vijayawada, Kadapa and Hyderabad. After these one state level consultation/ disclosure workshop was held at Hyderabad. 1.8 Organization of the Report This report has 9 chapters. First chapter gives introduction to this report which includes background, objectives, scope of the physical activities, need for social assessment, scope of work and key tasks, and approach and methodology adopted for this study. Chapter two provides the socio-economic profile of the Andhra Pradesh that includes location, geographic, physiographic profile, and demographic profile of the state. It also presents the socio-economic details the sample villages along with the salient features and issues for the project. Third chapter deals with the rural water supply and sanitation status in Andhra Pradesh. It presents water supply coverage, sanitation, water sources, quality of water, user treatment and handling, persons engaged in collecting water, and satisfaction about the water supply. It also covers the aspects of sanitation such as latrine usage, drainage, disposal of solid waste and issues related to water and sanitation. Fourth chapter details governance and management of water and sanitation in the state. It discusses the various state, district, Mandal and village level departments, missions, committees that deal with authority and responsibility on water supply and sanitation. It Samaj Vikas (info@samajvikas.org) Page 1-15
provides the institutional structures and various officials as stakeholders at different levels. Fifth chapter focuses on the analysis of stakeholders at different levels as direct and indirect beneficiaries of the project. Further, it also enlists the expectations of these stakeholders and concludes with the issues that emerged during the public consultations. Chapter six deals with the impact assessment wherein the positive and negative impacts of the project are discussed. Seventh chapter attempts to identify risks, involved in the project, which may be external or internal. It also outlines certain assumptions under which the project is being prepared and implemented. Eighth chapter deals with the significance and design elements. It discusses the matters relating to inclusion, equity, participation of stakeholders, sense of ownership, mitigation of adverse effects, tribal development, capacity building, gender issues, accountability, transparency, decentralization and coverage. The final chapter gives the monitoring and evaluation arrangements for the project. Samaj Vikas (info@samajvikas.org) Page 1-16
2 Beneficiary Assessment 2.1 Socio-Economic Profile of Andhra Pradesh 2.1.1 Location and Geographic Profile Andhra Pradesh (AP) is the fifth largest state in India both in geographical area (an area of 2, 76,754 sq. km, accounting for 8.4 % of India's territory) and population wise (76.21 million accounting for 7.41 % of India s population of 1028 million). Andhra Pradesh was formed on 1st November, 1956 under the States' reorganization scheme. AP lies between 12 o 41' and 22 o longitude and 77 o and 84 o 40' latitude. It forms the major link between the north and the south of India and is the biggest and most populous state in the south of India. It is bounded by Madhya Pradesh, Chattisgarh and Orissa in the north, the Bay of Bengal in the east, Tamil Nadu and Karnataka in the south and Karnataka and Maharashtra in the west. AP has the longest coastline of 972 km in India. There are three main regions in the state of AP - (1) Coastal Andhra (2) Rayalaseema and (3) Telangana. AP has 22 districts, 1104 Mandals and 21856 GPs. Telugu, the official language of Andhra Pradesh, is described by Sir C.P. Brown as the "Italian of the East". 2.1.2 Physiographic Profile AP is endowed with a variety of physiographic features ranging from high hills, thick forests, undulating plains to a coastal deltaic environment. The state has the advantage of having most of the east flowing rivers in the heart of the state bringing in abundant supplies of surface water from the Western and Eastern Ghats and Deccan Plateau up to the Bay of Bengal. The major, medium and minor rivers that flow through the state number about 40. Of these, the most important rivers in AP are Godavari, Krishna, Pennar, Thungabhadra, Vamsadhara and Nagavali. Like all the peninsular rivers, all these are rain fed rivers. Nearly 75% of its area is covered by the river basins of the Godavari, Krishna and Pennar, and their tributaries. There are 17 smaller rivers like the Sarada, Nagavali and Musi, as well as several streams. Godavari and Krishna are the two major perennial rivers, and with their extensive canal system, provide assured irrigation. The rainfall of AP is influenced by both the south-west, north-west and north-east monsoons. The average annual rainfall in the state is 925 mm. A majority of the rainfall in AP is contributed by south-west monsoon (68.5%) during the months June to September, followed by north-east monsoon (22.3%) during the months October to December. The remaining (9.2%) of the rainfall is received during the winter and summer months. The rainfall distribution in the three regions of the state differs with the season and monsoon. The influence of the south-west monsoon is predominant in the Telangana region (764.5 mm) followed by Coastal Andhra (602.26 mm) and Rayalaseema (378.5 mm). Where as, the north-east monsoon provides a high amount of rainfall (316.8 mm) to Coastal Andhra area followed by Rayalaseema (224.3) and Telangana (97.1 mm). There are no significant differences in the distribution of rainfall during the winter and hot weather periods among the three regions. Samaj Vikas (info@samajvikas.org) Page 2-17
2.1.3 Water Resources The State s (surface and ground) water resources are estimated to be 108.15 BCM (3820 TMC), out of which about 62.29 BCM (2200 TMC) are currently being utilised for drinking, agriculture, industry and power generation. The per capita annual water resources work out to be slightly more than 1400 Cu. m, and utilisation is about 800 Cu. m. The current percentage withdrawal of available water in Andhra Pradesh is 58%. (Source: Andhra Pradesh Water Vision, Water Conservation Mission, Government of Andhra Pradesh) However, there has been a dramatic increase in well construction and groundwater extraction during the last 15 years for groundwater-based irrigation as well as for drinking water sources. The shift in well construction from open wells to bore wells represents a shift from groundwater extraction in shallow unconfined aquifers to extraction from deeper confined aquifers. Net groundwater extraction for irrigation, domestic and livestock use for the different districts was estimated at 8% to 11.0% of mean annual rainfall, while the groundwater recharge in the state is approximately 10% of annual rainfall only; this suggests that current levels of extraction in certain districts are not sustainable. Regarding water quality, Fluoride is widespread in Andhra Pradesh. It has reached endemic proportions in Nalgonda, Ranga Reddy, Kurnool, Karimnagar and Prakasam districts. In about six thousand habitations (out of a total of about 72 thousand habitations in the state), fluoride content in water is high. This affected several thousands of people. In Nalgonda district where the occurrence is highest, about 70,000 people in 215 villages are suffering from this fluorosis. In the recent past, new dimensions for fluorosis (like increasing concentration levels and spreading to new areas) have emerged, constituting an enigma in the State. 2.1.4 Demographic Profile AP is the most populous state in south India, though the decadal growth rate is far less than the all India average. Some of the important demographics of AP are compared to all-india averages to ascertain the state s relative performance, as captured in the table below. Table 5: AP Demographic Profile Item Andhra Pradesh All-India Total population (Census 2001) (in million) 76.21 1028.61 Decadal growth rate (Census 2001) (%) 14.59 21.54 Crude Birth Rate (SRS 2006) 19.00 24.10 Crude Death Rate (SRS 2006) 7.00 7.50 Total Fertility Rate (SRS 2004) 2.00 2.90 Infant Mortality Rate (SRS 2006) 59.00 58.00 Maternal Mortality Ratio (SRS 2001-2003) 195.00 301.00 Female Sex Ratio (Census 2001) (per 1000 males) 978.00 933.00 Population below poverty line (%) 15.77 26.10 Schedule Caste population (in million) 12.34 166.64 Schedule Tribe population (in million) 5.02 84.33 Literacy rate (Census 2001) (%) 61.11 65.38 Female literacy Rate (Census 2001) (%) 50.40 53.70 Human Development Index (HDI) 0.609 0.621 Gender Development Index (GDI) 0.595 0.609 Planning Commission, Government of India, March 2002 * Sample Registration System (SRS), Registrar General of India, Ministry of Home Affairs, Govt. of India, New Delhi. Samaj Vikas (info@samajvikas.org) Page 2-18
2.1.5 Socio-cultural variations in Andhra, Rayalaseema and Telangana regions These three regions vary in terms of history, geography, social and cultural aspects. While the Telangana was part of the princely Hyderabad State ruled by Qutub Shahis, Moghals and Nizam before the Independence, the coastal Andhra and Rayalaseema were under the British rule. Before the colonial days, Srikrishnadevaraya and his dynasty ruled the Rayalaseema, and Gajapathis and others ruled the Andhra region. Geographically, Andhra area is coastal region endowed with fertile soils due to alluvial deposits of Godavari and Krishna rivers, whereas the Telangana region stands on Deccan plateau with large sections of stony terrain. The Rayalaseema is a dry region with patches of black-cotton soil, but not fertile. As mentioned above, the Andhra region gets more rainfall due to monsoons, the Telangana and Rayalaseema gets less rainfall. Linguistically, Telangana is heavily influenced by Urdu and Muslim culture, the official language of the government and the religion of the rulers respectively. To some extent there is an influence of Maharashtrian culture also. In Rayalaseema, the boarder districts of Chittoor and Ananthapur are influenced by Tamil and Kannada. The Andhra region has very little influence of other languages. The extension of Eastern Ghats provides forest cover and hill-ranges in the state, and it is mostly found in the Telangana district (25.4%) and less in Andhra (17.4%) and Rayalaseema (10.2%). These forests and hills are abodes of tribal populations of the state. Andhra Pradesh state has 33 scheduled tribes who contribute 6.60 percent to the total population. Their concentration is high in Telangana districts such as Adilabad (16.74 %), Nalgonda (10.55%), Warangal (14.10%), and Khammam (26.47 %). The tribal population is more only in Visakhapatnam district (14.55%) in Andhra region. In Rayalaseema districts the percentage of tribal populations is low. All these tribal groups in most of the cases have their own dialect and distinct cultural practices. They generally live in hill areas depending on the shifting cultivation, collection of forest produce, hunting and so on. There are villages in all areas exclusively inhabited by tribes mostly in scheduled areas, and in some villages there is multiethnic population mostly in non-scheduled areas. Thus, these three regions are different in several ways: forests and hills, plain terrains, tribal and non-tribal composition, fertility of soils, wet and dry lands, distinctive cultural practices etc. 2.1.6 Villages in Andhra Pradesh One distinction about the villages has already been mentioned above: tribal villages and nontribal villages with tribal populations. Besides these two categories, there are more villages without tribal populations, multi-caste villages. The tribal villages are as generally located in hills, the population in those habitations is less compared to multi-caste village or a village where tribes and non-tribes live together. Usually tribes like to be away from the non-tribes with some exceptions. The multi-caste villages are composed of families belonging to a number of castes. There can be exception in this case, where one caste may predominate a few others. In each village the number of castes ranges from 15 to 20 or more which follow certain social hierarchy. The interaction among the members of different castes is guided by the principles of hierarchy which has been traditionally followed. Though they all live generally in peace and harmony, often conflicts arise on caste line for various reasons. The higher castes live in the centre of the village, surrounded by backward castes. The backward castes together are called as Other Backward Class in the administrative language. The scheduled castes live away from the habitation of the higher and backward castes. There have been certain traditional restrictions for their living together in close proximity, which is Samaj Vikas (info@samajvikas.org) Page 2-19
slowly disappearing now. A village in the perception of the people is the place where they live but this does not match with the administrative or government records. A village is a Panchayat, with a group of hamlets, as an administrative unit for the government. But, for the people, each hamlet is a village, and for the scheduled castes and scheduled tribes, in most cases, the village with which they are considered as part is their village. Thus, they are excluded in one sense, but included in another sense. This characterization of villages is applicable in all the three regions of Andhra Pradesh. 2.2 Demographic and Socio-Economic Variables in the Three Regions 2.2.1 Population The region wise analysis of demographic and socio-economic variables drawn from secondary source shows some variations which need to be considered. The sex ratio (number of females for 1000 males) across the regions shows that Andhra is better compared to Rayalaseema and Telangana regions. Table 6: Regions wise Male and Female Population S.No Region Population (Totals) Females per 1000 Males Males Females 1 Andhra 15,944,383 15,760,709 989.9 2 Rayalaseema 6,863,585 6,654,059 969.8 3 Telangana 15,719,445 15,267,826 974.1 Total- AP 38,527,413 37,682,594 978 Source: Final Population Totals 2001, Directorate of Census Operations, Andhra Pradesh 2.2.2 Households The number of members per household shows that it is 4 in Andhra regions, but 5 both in Rayalaseema and Telangana regions. Table 7: Region wise Number of Household and Numbers in the Households S.No Total Region Total in AP Coastal Andhra Rayalaseema Telangana 1 No of occupied Residential houses 7,088,446 2,755,568 6,154,960 15,998,974 2 No. of House holds 7,566,924 2,912,837 6,524,544 17,004,305 3 Total Population 31,705,092 13,517,644 30,987,271 76,210,007 4 No. of persons per House hold 4 5 5 5 RURAL 5 No of occupied Residential houses 5,478,458 2,164,454 4,388,522 12,031,434 6 No. of House holds 5,773,718 2,263,499 4,569,950 12,607,167 7 Total Population 23,884,749 10,381,834 21,134,484 55,401,067 8 No. of persons per House hold 4 5 5 4 Source: Directorate of Census Operations, Andhra Pradesh, 2001 Samaj Vikas (info@samajvikas.org) Page 2-20
2.2.3 Literacy The literacy rates in the regions in the order of Andhra, Rayalaseema and Telangana is given by gender in the below table: Table 8: Region wise Literate Population, 2001 S.No. Sex No. of Literates in the Region Coastal Andhra Rayalaseema Telangana Total in AP 1 Males 9,920,292 4,248,695 9,275,801 23,444,788 2 Females 7,614,646 2,715,307 6,159,582 16,489,535 3 Total 17,534,938 6,964,002 15,435,383 39,934,323 Literacy Rate 4 Males 70.67 71.95 68.11 70.1 5 Females 53.55 47.15 46.03 50.4 Total 62.13 59.72 57.18 61.1 Literates exclude children in the age group 0-6 years Source: Final Totals, Census of India, 2001 issued by Directorate of census Operations, Andhra Pradesh, 2001 2.2.4 Main Workers The secondary data about the main workers shows that the percentage of cultivators high in Rayalaseema, followed by Telangana and Andhra region. However, the percentage of agricultural labourers follows the order of Andhra, Rayalaseema and Telangana. The order of industrial workers is yet different, the highest in Telangana followed by Rayalaseema and Andhra. Table 9: Region wise Distribution of Main Workers Category, 2001 S.No Main Workers Category Region Total in AP Coastal Andhra Rayalaseema Telangana 1 Total Workers 14,378,432 6,441,301 14,074,126 34,893,859 2 Total Main Workers 11,866,493 5,366,353 11,808,027 29,040,873 3 Cultivators 2,475,683 1,592,205 3,329,800 7,397,688 4 % of Cultivators 20.86 29.67 29.19 25.47 5 Agricultural Labourers 4,777,835 1,834,443 3,210,986 9,823,264 6 % Agricultural Labourers 40.26 34.18 27.19 33.83 7 House-hold Industries 391,024 242,423 719,258 1,352,705 8 %of Household industries 3.29 4.52 6.09 4.65 9 Others 4,221,951 1,697,282 4,547,983 10,467,216 10 % of Others 35.57 31.62 38.51 36.04 Source: Directorate of Census Operations, Andhra Pradesh, 2001 (all percentages against main workers) 2.2.5 Population by Religion The secondary data on religious affiliation show that Hindu and Christian populations are more in Andhra, whereas Muslim and Buddhist populations are more in Telangana region. Table 10: Region wise Population by Religion, 2001 S.No. Religion Region Total in AP Coastal Andhra Rayalaseema Telangana 1 Buddhists 1,931 478 29,628 32,037 2 Christians 678,878 118,666 384,373 1,181,917 3 Hindus 29,519,914 11,685,788 26,630,949 67,836,651 4 Jains 17,296 4591 19,959 41,846 Samaj Vikas (info@samajvikas.org) Page 2-21
S.No. Religion Region Total in AP Coastal Andhra Rayalaseema Telangana 5 Muslims 1,442,173 1,691,470 3,853,213 6,986,856 6 Sikhs 5,701 1,476 23,821 30,998 7 Other Religions& Persuasions 1,231 455 3,082 4,768 8 Religion not stated 37,968 14,720 42,246 94,934 Source: Directorate of Census Operations, Andhra Pradesh, 2001 2.2.6 Birth and Death Rates The available secondary source data provide the details that there is a difference of 11.3 between Crude Birth Rate (CBR) and Crude Death Rate (CDR) (per 100 populations for both CBR and CDR). The estimates for 2004 and 2005 show that while CDR remains the same, there is a decrease of 0.1 in 2005 in rural population. This indicates only a trend of decreasing birth rate. There is a trend of decrease in infant mortality rate also. The below Table provides the details. Table 11: Estimated Annual Live Births and Death Rates S. No. Particulars 2004 2005 Rural Urban Combined Rural Urban Combined 1. Crude Birth Rate 20.2 16.1 19.0 20.1 16.7 19.1 per 1000 population 2. Crude Dearth Rate 7.9 5.0 7.0 7.9 5.9 7.3 per 1000 population 3. Infant mortality Rate 65 39 59 63 39 57 per 1,000 Live births Total 93.1 60.1 85.0 91.0 61.6 83.4 Source: Data on Sample Registration System, Registrar General of India, Min. of Home Affairs, Govt. of India, New Delhi. 2.3 Primary Data This chapter gives the socio-economic profile, details such as family type and size, of the households in the sampled habitations. The data obtained through secondary resources as detailed above does not match at times with the primary data collected from the sample villages, an analysis of which has been presented in the following pages. Therefore, it needs an explanation. First, the sample villages are drawn keeping in view not only the three geographical areas which are distinct from one to another on several parameters as detailed above, but also the types of villages where the program will be implemented, viz., Not Covered Villages, No Safe Source Villages and Partially Covered Villages (in terms of water supply). Second, the sample should represent the villages of hills, valleys and plain areas, apart from coastal, plateau and other terrains, and the population distribution in terms of tribal and non-tribal or multi-ethnic compositions. It is because, these features would become various constraints for the implementation of the program. Third, it is necessary, to keep in mind the quality of water also as in some parts of the state there is presence of high degree of fluoride and other toxic materials in water. As such a representation of such villages has become important. Fourth, the component of coverage of water and sanitation schemes implanted earlier has to be considered in terms of the villages not covered, partially covered etc. Given these factors of purposive element in the selection, the sampling has not been based entirely on random selection of villages in the state. Therefore, these villages sampled for the survey do not represent the state in its entirety, but they do reflect the reality in great extent. The differences between the secondary data drawn from the state level sources and Samaj Vikas (info@samajvikas.org) Page 2-22
primary data collected from the sampled villages that one may find in some cases here and there does not really affect the analysis and the conclusions derived for the present need. 2.3.1 Sex Ratio, Family Type and Size The total number of males and females in the villages selected for the study consists 7,358 and 7,080 respectively. Thus the male and female are in the ratio of 51:49 and there are 962 females for 1000 males. The overall state sex ratio is 978 females to 1000 males. This picture is better than 933 female for 1000 males at all India levels. Most (81%) families in the sampled habitations are of nuclear family type, while the remaining are of joint family type. Telangana (26%) has the highest joint families, while it is Andhra region which has the lowest (8%) joint families. Table 12: Region wise Type of Family Structure Andhra Rayalaseema Telangana Fluoride Affected Total Type of Family % % % % Freq % Joint 8.32 15.95 25.45 21.98 572 19.07 Nuclear 91.68 83.81 73.91 77.80 2419 80.63 Others 0.00 0.24 0.64 0.22 9 0.30 Total 100 100 100 100 3000 100 The average family size in the sampled habitations is about 5. About 49% of the households have 3 to 5 members in the family, while a good portion (19%) of the families have 5 to 7 members. About 9% of the families have more than 7 members. Table 13: Region wise Family Size Family Size Andhra Rayalaseema Telangana Fluoride Affected Total % % % % Freq % 1-3 44.99 20.38 16.20 22.31 712 23.73 3-5 46.27 46.64 47.94 53.32 1469 48.97 5-7 5.76 20.86 23.52 19.48 563 18.77 More Than 7 2.99 12.11 12.34 4.90 256 8.53 Total 100 100 100 100 3000 100 From the above two tables, one may notice, the prosperous Andhra region has distinctly small families, whereas the backward areas of Telangana and Rayalaseema has bigger families with joint families. This may imply that interdependency of people is higher among the poor regions. 2.3.2 Region, Caste and Religious Composition About 91% of the interviewed households practice Hindu religion, about 6% belong to Islam and about 3% follow Christianity. This shows that the minorities total upto 9%, which is significant. The project will have to bring them under the project hold by giving them due representation and voice. Samaj Vikas (info@samajvikas.org) Page 2-23
Table 14: Religious Composition by Region Religion Andhra Rayalaseema Telangana Fluoride Affected Total % % % % Freq % Hindu 87.85 87.77 93.06 94.12 2733 91.10 Muslim 1.28 11.15 5.27 4.57 182 6.07 Christian 10.87 0.96 1.54 1.31 83 2.77 Others 0.00 0.12 0.13 0.00 2 0.07 Total 100 100 100 100 3000 100 About 42% of the interviewed households belong to backward classes, while 26% belong to general category. There are 23% Scheduled Castes and 9% Scheduled Tribes among the interviewed households. With 32% SCs and STs and 42% backward castes, the project has to have a good policy of inclusion and equity to cater to these people. Table 15: Region wise Caste Composition Andhra Rayalaseema Telangana Fluoride Affected Total Caste % % % % Freq % General 33.26 36.21 14.01 22.52 774 25.80 SC 29.00 16.07 24.29 25.46 693 23.10 ST 9.17 12.11 14.40 2.29 277 9.23 BC 28.57 35.61 47.30 49.73 1256 41.87 Total 100 100 100 100 3000 100 As the SCs and STs live a little away from the main village where higher and lower castes live, and their population is sizable, there is a demand for an inclusive policy. 2.3.3 Ration Cards Ration cards are intended to be an indication of the financial status of the household. Among interviewed households about 90% hold BPL (Below Poverty Line) cards, 7% have APL cards and 4% do not have any cards. Table 16: Region wise Ration Cards Details Category Andhra Rayalaseema Telangana Fluoride Affected Total % % % % Freq % BPL 91.47 90.89 91.13 86.72 2693 89.77 APL 5.97 6.95 5.27 7.51 196 6.53 No Card 2.56 2.16 3.60 5.77 111 3.70 Total 100 100 100 100 3000 100 Table 17: Caste by Having Ration Card Caste BPL APL No Card Total % % % % Freq General 77.65 16.28 6.07 100 774 SC 94.52 3.32 2.16 100 693 ST 98.56 1.08 0.36 100 277 BC 92.68 3.50 3.82 100 1256 Total 89.77 6.53 3.70 100 3000 In all the three regions above 90 percent of the households among the SC, ST and BC are having BPL ration card. Samaj Vikas (info@samajvikas.org) Page 2-24