International Good Practices in Construction and Demolition Waste Management Soon Hun Yang 25 November 2006 National Recycling & World Habitat Day Berjaya Times Square
Outline Good Practices from Other Countries C&D Management Policy and Framework C&D Recovery and Recycling System Issues and Challenges Brief status of C&D waste in Malaysia Way forward for Malaysia
Construction and Demolition Waste Waste generated from new construction, renovation and demolition activities Constitute a major portion of solid waste in amount High recovery potential, typically handled separately from municipal solid waste
International Practices in C&D European Union in General Denmark USA Scotland Hong Kong Taiwan Australia Singapore
Core Elements of C&D Waste Management Policy and Regulations Legal obligations, schemes of collection, transportation and treatment defined etc. Incentives e.g. fiscal tax, use of economic instruments, grants etc. Promotion and Awareness e.g. providing guidance and motivation C&D recovery and reuse facilities e.g. crucial element where waste is delivered
European Union : C&D in General Approx 25% of all solid waste generated in the EU (70-75% from demolition, 20-25% from construction) Priority waste stream Pressure : Landfill capacity, high resource recovery potential, hazardous substance in C&D Source: Eionet (2006)
Construction Waste Fraction Comparison SARAWAK, MALAYSIA EU AVERAGE Paper, Plastics, Cardboard 3% Asphalt 4% Metal 3% Wood 15% Concrete 75% Source: Survey from the NREB/DANCED Sustainable Urban Development Project in Kuching, 2003 Source: International Solid Waste Association Website. (2006) * Concrete, wood, metal all with high potential of recycling if sorted
C&D Framework and Policy Categorised as a special fraction of solid waste under regulation Specific regulation and economic instruments used Recovery and recycling system and technologies well developed in many countries
C&D Waste Management in European Union 200 C & DW Arisings and Recycling 180 160 140 120 100 80 60 40 20 0 Germany UK France Italy Netherlands Belgium Austria Denmark Sweden Finland EU-15 Member State C & D Generation Arisings (m tonnes, rounded) % Re-Used or Recycled % Incinerated or Landfilled European Commission (1999). Construction and Demolition Waste Management and Their Environmental Impacts
Significance of C&D Regulation and Schemes 1994 Recovery facilities were set up Drastic increased in Recovery and recycling 500000 400000 300000 3% 10% 1% 10% 3% 10% 1989 Local Authorities Empowered to set up Non MSW (inc C&D) waste schemes 200000 100000 84% 16% 87% 88% 87% 0 1988 1994 1996 1999 Recycling Incineration Deposit Managing Construction Waste-The Danish Experience
Waste Strategy 2005-08 Denmark 90% recycling of building and construction waste Local authorities to act Recycling of residues in the building and construction sector gives maximum consideration to groundwater resources Indicators are used that make it possible to evaluate environmental initiatives in construction
Regulations of C&D in Denmark > 1 tonne total generation (include small sites) Assignment schemes for collection and delivery Mandatory source sorting: clean stone materials clean, unglazed tiles clean concrete mixtures of clean stone materials, clean, unglazed tiles and clean concrete asphalt mixtures of concrete and asphalt iron and metal Recovery and recycling obligations to use, regulation on use of recovered material Tax on raw material extraction, no tax for recovered material e.g. asphalt, aggregates, concrete and tiles
Waste Regulation Using Economic Measures : Denmark Treatment Options National Waste Tax / tonne Recycling Free Incineration RM 150 Landfilled RM 180 (Sources : Miljoekontrollen (CEPA), 1999)
Situation in Denmark Overall generation of construction and demolition waste in 2003 was 3,785,000 tonnes. Treatment of waste from building and construction activities, 2003: Recycling - 93% Incineration - 2% Landfilling - 4% (Source: Waste Statistics 2003, Environmental Review no. 4, Danish Environmental Protection Agency, 2005)
C&D Reduction and Minimisation Various techniques (some examples): - Advanced Framing reduces wood framing - Standardise lumber size - Prefabricated and modular material - Lean construction thinner wall and slab - Balance cut and fill Selective demolition to maximise recovery reverse building disassembling
Strategy to Maximise Recovery and Recycling of C&D Waste Include C&D recovery in project design Include C&D recovery requirement and goals in project tender specification Make sub-contractors accountable for recovery Incentives Education and Awareness
Incentive and Awareness Initiatives : Some Examples Wastewise Building Challenge : Reduce, reuse and recycle in construction sector assistance and recognition The Construction Industry Compliance Assistance Center: provides explanations of environmental rules for the construction industry and links to detailed information, including state regulations and other resources. The Building Deconstruction Consortium dessiminate best practices, researches in reuse and recycling of C&D
Waste Segregation at Source : Scotland (Waste Aware Programme) Colour schemes, symbols and naming on containers for easy sorting by workers Improve quality and value of sorted products
C&D Sorting Benefits Bottom Line Case Study Willian Tracey Ltd, Scotland Total yearly saving of approx 2000 per job per year Total savings through source segregation to 09/10 24,821 Source: Waste Aware Scotland 2005
Reuse and Recycling Crushed tile, concrete and asphalt materials used in large building and construction projects, for example for sub-bases, concrete aggregate Other used building materials such as flooring, timber, doors, windows and sanitary appliances reused depending on quality. Materials are sold directly from the contractor s own enterprise or through second hand dealers.
Recycled Materials for Construction Industry ( Hong Kong) Recycled Materials Aggregate Asphalt Excavated materials Pulverized fuel ash Glass Plastic Rubber Uses Sub-base material for road construction,hardcore for foundation works, base/fill for drainage,aggregate for concrete manufacture and general bulk fill Aggregate fill and sub-base fill Filling materials Manufacture of concrete products, uses in fill and reclamation, highway construction and reinforced soil structures Substitute for sand and aggregates as pipebedding material, gravel backfill for walls, crushed stone surfacing, backfill and bedding Synthetic materials in form of plastic lumber for landscaping, horticulture and hydraulic engineering Manufacture of rubber slate tile use in roofing and sport / playground surface mat Local examples Pilot studies carried out by works departments Under investigation by Highways Department Housing Department's building projects Construction of Chek Lap Kok Airport, use in structural concrete for foundation works in the Housing Department's building projects Nil. Use at some public recreational facilities as garden furniture Use at some public recreational facilities as playground surface mat
< 50% inert material HONG KONG > 50% inert material Differential charge at disposal facilities for C&D 100% inert material
RECYCLING MAKE $$$ SENSE Concrete, separated at source for recycling Tiles and Bricks, separated at source for recycling Waste for Incineration 720 DKK/ton Incl. taxes Mixed Waste 830 DKK/ton Disposal Price Recycled Materials Virgin Materials Gravel Price Gravel Price 72 DKK/ton 58 DKK/ton 76 DKK/ton 62 DKK/ton 29 DKK/ton Waste for Landfilling 830 DKK/ton Incl. taxes Source: Larsen, Ib (2005). Managing Construction Waste-The Danish Experience. * Compared to virgin aggregate price of RM 15-20/mt in Malaysia
C&D Recycling Technologies (1) Level 1 technology: mobile crusher and sieving plant Level 2 technology: level 1 plus metal removal and more complex sorting/sieving Level 3 technology: level 2 plus hand sorting, washing plant and facilities for other C+DW streams (wood, etc).
C&D Recycling Technologies (2) Crushers ( Stationary or Mobile) Jaw crushers Hammer crushers Conic crushers Others Screens Separators Conveyors Monitoring and operation equipment
The Danish Waste C&D Recycling System
Waste Wood Recycling
Composite Building Material from Recycled Wood
Composting
Recovered Bricks for Reuse
Singapore
RECYCLING MAKE $$$ SENSE Taiwan Case Basis Capacity : 48 t/d Tipping fee : $200/tonne PAYBACK (YEARS) 3.1 Source: Chang, Lin, Wang (2000). Resource Recovery Via Sorting The Construction and Demolition Waste in Taiwan. ISWA Congress 2000 HK.
Case Study Bauderstone Hornibrook Apartment, Australia Reducing at source Separating on-site Source : NSW EPA website (2006)
Recognised Benefits from C&D Recycling Reduction in reliance of virgin material Reduction of transportation for virgin material compared to using recyclates Involvement of raw material suppliers e.g. quarries improve bottom line with cheaper and environmental friendly supply Logistic optimisation same transporters bringing in C&D to facility brings away recycled raw material (e.g. Denmark)
Issues and Challenges Implementation of policy, regulations and enforcement Enabling market conditions for the recyclates from C&D Quality (technical specification etc.)and certification of the recyclates e.g. aggregates
Malaysia : Current Situation in General No proper waste registration / inventory / recording by developers No official monitoring on construction and demolition waste by authorities - lack of understanding of duties and powers Responsibility of waste handling on site not clear, most waste normally handled by subcontractors Means of disposal not documented
Current Situation in General (2) Waste disposal has not being a prominent issue, no guidelines provided by authorithies In many cases, solid wastes are either burnt or disposed illegally, mainly to avoid the disposal cost to a legal dump site No construction waste recycling facilities availiable. Recycling of construction waste poorly developed, presorting of waste only for types that have some value e.g. scrap metal An inert waste landfill at Dengkil is currently officially receiving construction waste in Selangor
Estimates for Peninsula Malaysia Based on the unit figure of 250 kg/inhabitant per year* Inhabitant of say 23 million in Pen. Malaysia: generation of C&D in Peninsula is estimated to be 5.8 million tonnes per year this is approx. 80 % of the total MSW generation (7 million per year as estimated in NSP) in Peninsula Malaysia *This figure is based on estimates did by experts in Sarawak - higher in Peninsula due to more built up area, higher demolition waste Hong Kong 1600 kg/cap Sarawak 200 kg/cap Europe 500 kg/cap
Illegally Disposed C&D Waste
Backfilling in construction sites or empty land
Major Challenges Ahead... Convince the developers/contractors on the importance and need of proper waste handling Establishing proper documentation on construction and demolition waste, from generation, transportation to disposal Establish integrated C&D recovery (reuse and/or recycling) system Incorporating legal regulations i.e. specific rules on the management of construction waste Use of economic instruments (tax, incentives) to improve feasibility of C&D recovery
Thank You Let s Get Started with C&D Recovery and Recycling! Further information: Eco-Ideal Consulting Sdn. Bhd. Contact : Mr. Soon Hun Yang, CEO Tel : 03-78730950 (KL) 082-242887 (Kuching) HP : 0198188102 Email : econsult@ecoideal.com.my Our Services: Consultancy in waste management, CDM, renewable energy & information system C&D received at communal recycling centres, Denmark