Convention on Long-Range TransboundaryAir Pollution emep Co-operative programme for monitoring and evaluation of the long-range transmission of air pollutants in Europe DATA NOTE 5/ 20 16 August 2016 Transboundary Pollution by Heavy Metals and Persistent Organic Pollutants in 2014 GERMANY EMEP/MSC-E Data Note 5/2006
EMEP/MSC E Data Note 5/2016 TRANSBOUNDARY POLLUTION BY HEAVY METALS AND PERSISTENT ORGANIC POLLUTANTS IN 2014 GERMANY I. Ilyin, А. Gusev, О. Rozovskaya, I. Strijkina Meteorological Synthesizing Centre East (MSC-E) 2 nd Roshchinsky, 8/5, 115419 Moscow, Russian Federation Tel: +7 926 906 91 78; Fax: +7 495 956 19 44; msce@msceast.org; www.msceast.org
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Contents Introduction 5 Country codes 6 1. EMISSIONS 7 1.1. Emission trends (1990 2014) 8 1.2. Spatial distribution of total emissions 10 2. TRANSBOUNDARY POLLUTION 12 2.1. Trends in deposition and air concentrations 12 2.2. Deposition 13 2.3. Concentration in the environmental media 21 2.4. Deposition to ecosystem 24 3. COMPARISON WITH MEASUREMENTS 26 3
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INTRODUCTION This report provides country specific information on transboundary pollution of Germany by heavy metals (HM) and persistent organic pollutants (POP) which complements EMEP Status Report on HMs [Ilyin et al., 2016] and POPs [Gusev et al., 2016). It comprises officially reported emission data, modelled air concentrations and deposition fluxes for 2014 of lead (Pb), cadmium (Cd), mercury (Hg), benzo[a]pyrene (B[a]P), polychlorinated dibenzo(p)dioxins and dibenzofurans (PCDD/F), polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB 153), and hexachlorobenzene (HCB) and their long term changes. The section on emissions presents temporal changes of HM and POP annual emissions from Germany. Along with this, detailed information on sectoral splitting of emissions and their spatial distribution for 2014 is given which is available also from the database (Webdab) of CEIP: http://www.ceip.at/webdab emission database/. The section on transboundary pollution of Germany provides results on model assessment of transboundary transport and deposition of selected HMs and POPs performed by MSC E in accordance with the Work plan of the Steering Body to EMEP for 2016. Model simulations were carried out for the EMEP domain (Figure 1) with spatial resolution 50 50 km 2 using the latest available emission data provided by CEIP and meteorological information for 2014. Data on pollution levels in Germany includes maps of spatial distribution of HM and POP air concentrations and deposition fluxes including annual total and ecosystem specific deposition. Data on POPs are Figure 1. EMEP domain accompanied by spatial distribution of concentrations in media other than air. Most of POPs resist to degradation and can be accumulated in the environmental compartments, namely, soil and vegetation, for long periods of time (years, decades) serving as additional sources of pollution. The information on transboundary pollution of Germany is provided in the form of pie charts with contributions of domestic anthropogenic sources and sources of other EMEP countries. Along with this spatial distribution of contributions of transboundary deposition fluxes over Germany is given. The influence of Germany on the pollution of other countries is illustrated in the form of maps of spatial distribution of total annual deposition fluxes from Germany emission sources and diagrams of their distribution over the EMEP countries. Finally, comparison of modeling results and observed levels is presented. Observed data were derived from EMEP/CCC monitoring data base EBAS: http://ebas.nilu.no/. 5
Table 1. Country codes Country/Region/Sea Code Country/Region/Sea Code Albania AL Monaco MC Armenia AM Montenegro ME Austria AT Netherlands NL Azerbaijan AZ Norway NO Belarus BY Poland PL Belgium BE Portugal PT Bosnia and Herzegovina BA Republic of Moldova MD Bulgaria BG Romania RO Croatia HR Russian Federation RU Cyprus CY Serbia RS Czech Republic CZ Slovakia SK Denmark DK Slovenia SI Estonia EE Spain ES Finland FI Sweden SE France FR Switzerland CH Georgia GE The Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia MK Germany DE Tajikistan TJ Greece GR Turkey TR Hungary HU Turkmenistan TM Iceland IS Ukraine UA Ireland IE United Kingdom GB Italy IT Uzbekistan UZ Kazakhstan KZ Kyrgyzstan KY Baltic Sea BAS Latvia LV Black Sea BLS Lithuania LT Caspian Sea CAS Luxembourg LU North Sea NOS Malta MT Mediterranean Sea MDT 6
1. EMISSIONS The initial data for the calculation used information on emissions of Pb, Cd, Hg, B[a]P, PCDD/F, PCB 153 and HCB, prepared by the EMEP Centre on Emission Inventories and Projections (CEIP) [http://www.ceip.at] in 2016, based on official emissions data provided by countries Secretariat UNECE and supplemented by expert estimates, if necessary. Table 2. Emission data for Germany Pb, t Cd, t Hg, t B[a]P, t PCDD/F, g TEQ HCB, kg PCB 153, kg 1990 2070 20 32 139 750 27 1471 1991 1298 16 27 102 624 32 1396 1992 990 14 23 75 494 17 1326 1993 814 12 20 69 364 12 1264 1994 619 12 19 60 246 10 1210 1995 702 14 20 48 231 8.0 1118 1996 566 13 19 45 207 9.5 1027 1997 438 13 19 42 197 9.2 939 1998 393 13 18 35 184 5.4 851 1999 386 13 18 33 165 12 766 2000 393 12 18 31 151 9.5 630 2001 358 12 17 32 130 4.7 484 2002 339 11 16 28 108 4.4 303 2003 317 11 16 26 90 8.3 288 2004 306 10 15 23 71 3.8 271 2005 277 9.1 14 23 70 8.7 252 2006 264 8.7 13 25 72 9.2 238 2007 245 8.3 12 23 72 8.1 225 2008 225 7.1 11 26 73 8.0 214 2009 202 6.5 10.0 27 63 6.8 203 2010 220 7.1 11 34 71 7.9 193 2011 220 7.1 10 30 68 7.9 183 2012 212 6.8 9.9 28 65 7.0 173 2013 208 6.9 9.5 30 66 7.5 163 2014 213 6.5 9.1 25 62 10 153 Official data of emissions Expert estimates: Breivik K., Sweetman A., Pacyna J.M., Jones K.C. [2007] Towards a global historical emission inventory for selected PCB congeners A mass balance approach 3. An update. Science of the Total Environment, vol. 377, pp. 296 307 7
1.1. Emission trends (1990 2014) Heavy Metals 8
Persistent Organic Pollutants 9
1.2. Spatial distribution of emissions Heavy Metals Lead Cadmium Mercury Annual anthropogenic emissions of HMs in Germany for 2014 (Pb kg/km 2 /y, Cd, Hg g/km 2 /y) 10
Persistent Organic Pollutants B[а]P PCDD/F HCB PCB 153 Annual anthropogenic emissions of POPs in Germany for 2014 (B[a]P, HCB, PCB 153 g/km 2 /y, PCDD/F ng TEQ/m 2 /y) 11
2. TRANSBOUNDARY POLLUTION 2.1. Trends in deposition and air concentrations Heavy Metals 12
Persistent Organic Pollutants 2.2. Deposition For each substance, the information is illustrated by the maps and diagrams. First, there is a map and a diagram of deposition to Germany from all sources (German and other European countries). Then, a map and a diagram of deposition of pollutants in 2014 from Belgian sources in the EMEP region are demonstrated. The third map shows the percentage of pollution caused by transboundary transport from the EMEP countries (i.e. from foreign sources) in the total pollution from anthropogenic sources in Germany. The contribution of transboundary transport to pollution levels in the country depends on several factors and is determined primarily by the size of the country, the size and geographic location of emission sources of pollutants outside the country, as well as the peculiarities of atmospheric circulation. Effect of cross border transport is the most evident near the state borders. 13
Heavy Metals Lead (Pb) Annual total deposition of lead in Germany in 2014, kg/km 2 /y Total deposition 397 t/y: Anthropogenic deposition 147 t Contribution of global, natural and historical emissions 63% Annual total deposition of lead from national sources of Germany for 2014, kg/km 2 /y Contribution of anthropogenic deposition of lead in Germany in 2014, % 14
Heavy Metals Cadmium (Cd) Annual total deposition of cadmium in Germany in 2014, g/km 2 /y Total deposition 12853 kg/y: Anthropogenic deposition 5058 kg Contribution of global, natural and historical emissions 61% Annual total deposition of cadmium from national sources of Germany for 2014, g/km 2 /y Contribution of anthropogenic deposition of cadmium in Germany in 2014, % 15
Heavy Metals Mercury (Hg) Annual total deposition of mercury in Germany in 2014, g/km 2 /y Total deposition 5682 kg/y: Anthropogenic deposition 2596 kg Contribution of global, natural and historical emissions 54% Annual total deposition of mercury from national sources of Germany for 2014, g/km 2 /y Contribution of anthropogenic deposition of mercury in Germany in 2014, % 16
Persistent Organic Pollutants Benzo[a]pyrene (B[a]P) Annual total deposition of B[a]P in Germany in 2014, g/km 2 /y Annual total deposition of B[a]P from national sources of Germany for 2014, g/km 2 /y Contribution of anthropogenic deposition of B[a]P in Germany in 2014, % 17
Persistent Organic Pollutants Polychlorinated dibenzo(p)dioxins and dibenzofurans (PCDD/Fs) Annual total deposition of PCDD/F in Germany in 2014, ng TEQ/m 2 /y Annual total deposition of PCDD/F from national sources of Germany for 2014, ng TEQ/m 2 /y Contribution of anthropogenic deposition of PCDD/F in Germany in 2014, % 18
Persistent Organic Pollutants Hexachlorobenzene (HCB) Annual total deposition of HCB in Germany in 2014, g/km 2 /y Annual total deposition of HCB from national sources of Germany for 2014, g/km 2 /y Contribution of anthropogenic deposition of HCB in Germany in 2014, % 19
Persistent Organic Pollutants Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB-153) Annual total deposition of PCB 153 in Germany in 2014, g/km 2 /y Annual total deposition of PCB 153 from national sources of Germany for 2014, g/km 2 /y Contribution of anthropogenic deposition of PCB 153 in Germany in 2014, % 20
2.3. Concentration in the environmental media This section provides information on the spatial distribution of concentrations of HMs and POPs in the nearsurface air. Additional information on the spatial distribution in soil and vegetation is provided for POPs because these compounds can accumulate in these natural environments and persist there for long periods of time (years, decades). AIR Heavy Metals Lead Cadmium Mercury Annual mean air concentrations in Germany for 2014, ng/m 3 21
AIR Persistent Organic Pollutants B[а]P PCDD/F HCB PCB 153 Annual mean air concentrations in Germany for 2014, (B[a]P ng/m 3 ; PCDD/F fg TEQ/m 3 ; HCB, PCB 153 pg/m 3 ) SOIL Persistent Organic Pollutants B[а]P PCDD/F 22
HCB PCB 153 Annual mean soil concentrations in Germany for 2014, (B[a]P ng/g; PCDD/F pg TEQ/g; HCB, PCB 153 pg/g) VEGETATION Persistent Organic Pollutants B[а]P PCDD/F HCB PCB 153 Annual mean concentration in vegetation in Germany for 2014, (B[a]P, HCB, PCB 153 ng/g; PCDD/F pg TEQ/g) 23
2.4. Deposition to ecosystems This section presents maps of deposition of heavy metals and persistent organic pollutants to selected types of underlying surface. Maps for all types of underlying surface are available at MSC E website: http://www.msceast.org/index.php/germany. Information on the spatial distribution of the underlying surface types has been prepared by the Working Group on Effects: http://www.rivm.nl/bibliotheek/rapporten/259101016.pdf. Lead Cadmium Mercury B[а]P PCDD/F HCB PCB 153 Annual total deposition on temperate deciduous forest in Germany in 2014 г. (Pb kg/km 2 /y; Cd, Hg, B[a]P, HCB, PCB 153 g/km 2 /y; PCDD/F ng TEQ/m 2 /y) 24
Lead Cadmium Mercury Annual total deposition of HMs on temperate crops in Germany in 2014 г. (Pb kg/km 2 /y; Cd, Hg g/km 2 /y) B[а]P PCDD/F HCB PCB 153 Annual total deposition of POPs on temperate crops, Mediterranean crops, root crops, wheat in Germany in 2014 г. (HCB, PCB 153 g/km 2 /y; PCDD/F ng TEQ/m 2 /y) 25
3. COMPARISON WITH MEASUREMENTS Heavy Metals Air concentrations of Pb in 2014, ng/m 3 26
Wet deposition of Pb in 2014, ug/m 2 /month 27
Air concentrations of Cd in 2014, ng/m 3 28
Wet deposition of Cd in 2014, ug/m 2 /y 29
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Wet deposition of Hg in 2014, ug/m 2 /y 31
Persistent Organic Pollutants Air concentrations Air concentrations of B[a]P in 2014, ng/m 3 32
Air concentrations of PCB 153 in 2014, pg/m 3 33