Correlation Coefficient Electronic Supplementary Material, Table S1. Submaximal exercise tests for estimation Test Ref. Setting Population and sex N Age (yrs) Protocol Equation SEE Reliability % a r ICC Cycle ACSM Crossvalidation Åstand- Ryhming Modified Åstrand- Ryhming Åstrand- Ryhming for adolescents [63] [32] [66] [67] Well-trained Hospital personnel 30 Range 21-54 86 Range 20-30 113 Range 20-70 4 stages (2 min each); 25, 75, 100, 125 W; 50 rpm; test terminates at end of 4th stage or at 65-70% of age-predicted HR max F: PO = 75-100 W; M: PO = 100-150 W. If HR > 130 beat min -1, stop test after 6 min. If HR < 130 beat min -1 after some min increase PO by 50 W until HR > 130 beat min -1. Take the HR during the last minute. Aerobic capacity is calculated by plotting values of HR and in a nomogram. M under 35 yrs: 2 min; 49 W; 50 rpm. If HR < 60% HR max increase PO by 49 W every 2 min; if 60% HR max < HR < 70% HR max increase PO by 24.5 W every 2 min, if HR 70% HR max continue for 2 min (or more if HR steady state is not achieved). M 35 yrs and over and F: 2 min; 24.5 W; 50 rpm. If HR < 70% HR max increase PO by 24.5 W every 2 min, if HR 70% HR max continue for 2 min (or more if HR steady state is not achieved). = 3.5 (BW [kg]) + 12.24 (PO [W]) 6.20 Nomogram = [((220 age [yrs]) 72) / (HR [beat min -1 ] 72)] = (PO [W] 0.012) + 0.3 from [64] M: = 0.348 ( from Åstrand-Ryhming nomogram (not corrected for age) ) 0.035 (age [yrs]) + 3.011 F: = 0.302 ( from Åstrand-Ryhming nomogram (not corrected for age) ) 0.019 (age [yrs]) + 1.593 190 Range As described for Åstrand-Ryhming [32] M: = 762 + 14.78 (BW [kg]) + 65.18 (PO at adolescents 15-18 HR of 170 beat min -1 [kgm min -1 ]) 9 [65] 0.359 0.302 252 15.5 0.79 0.86 No 0.74 [65] Yes [65] 11 0.86 Yes 14 0.97 7.5 0.86 No F: = 463 + 11.71 (BW [kg]) + 52.26 (PO at HR of 170 beat min -1 [kgm min -1 ]) 186 9.8 0.71 Åstrand- Ryhming for [68] Children 123 Range 11-12 As described for Åstrand-Ryhming [32] M: = 1.444 + 0.502 ( from Åstrand- Ryhming nomogram ) 0.52 No F: = 1.299 + 0.502 ( from Åstrand- Ryhming nomogram ) 0.82 Fox [64] Well-trained 63 Mean 21 5 min; 90 W; 60 rpm = 4093 35 (age [yrs]) + 9 (BW [kg]) 11 (HR at 90 W [beat min -1 ]) 250 10.6 0.94 Yes
Fox [69] Untrained 87 Range 17-27 5 min; 150 W; 60 rpm; record HR during 5th min = 6.300-19.26 (HR submax [beat min -1 ]) 0.246 7.8 0.76 No Modified YMCA [9] Sedentary to highly trained 80 Range 18-49 4 min; 25 W; 50 rpm, 4 min; if HR during last 15 s < 80 beat min -1 PO = 125 W, if HR 80-90 beat min -1 PO = 100 W, if HR 90-100 beat min -1 PO = 75 W, if HR > 100 beat min -1 PO = 50 W; 50 rpm. Continue until for 2 consecutive stages HR 110-150 beat min -1, 15 min rest, 2 min at PO = 0 W. Then incremental test: PO increase [W min -1 ] = [YMCA estimated (L min -1 ) 1000 / 11 ml min -1 W -1 ] / 12 min + 5 W; until 80% HR max. Exercise and 5 min HR recovery data are collected. HR max = [202 0.72 (age)] 0.80 = 46.103 0.353 (BW [kg]) + 0.683 (W min -1 ) 5.995 (sex = 1 for M and 2 for F) + 0.165 (ΔHR recovery [beat min -1 ]) + 2.816 (HR recovery non-linear K) + 0.0138 (Lo-PAR score) + 4.234 ΔHR recovery = highest lowest HR over 5 min recovery HR recovery non-linear K = time constant -1 Lo-PAR = activity questionnaire 4.23 9.6 0.93 No Perceptually regulated [70] 29 Range 20-23 2 min or 4 min intervals; 5 RPE levels: 9, 11, 13, 15, 17; incremental; = a + b 20 (= RPE max) measure a and b are found by calculating a linear regression between and RPE (for the 5 levels obtained) 0.97 0.95 Yes [71] RPE method [72] 154 Range 20-64 Graded exercise protocol; overall, chest, legs RPE until 15 = 1.19 (PO at RPE legs 15 [kgm min -1 ]) 15.84 (age [yrs]) + 13.06 (BW [kg]) + 1365 261 10.6 0.85 0.9 Yes RPE 13 Square wave Submaximal cycling ergometry Timed 5 km United States Air Force [73] [74] [75] [76] [17] Unfit 11 Mean 31 30 Range 19-34 65 Range 18-40 52 Mean 27 207 Range 18-54 2 min; 0 W; 60 rpm, then ramp 15 W min -1 ; 60 rpm until RPE = 13 = 0.749 (HR max [beat min -1 ]) + 0.142 (PO [W] at RPE 13) - 122.37 6 min; as described in Åstrand-Ryhming [32] ; measure mean HR in the last 2 min 3 min; 80 W, 3 min; 160 W, 50 rpm or 80 rpm. Stop when HR > 85% HR max. Perform linear regression on PO [W] and HR [beats min -1 ] recorded during the last 15 s of each stage; extrapolate PO max from HR max M: = 0.131 + 0.01103 (PO [W]) + 0.007786 (BW [kg]) 0.00617 (age [yrs]) F: = - 0.461 + 0.01043 (PO [W]) + 0.007096 (BW [kg]) + 0.01006 (age [yrs]) 3.42 0.33 0.170 = 3.5 + 12.24 (PO max [W]) / (BW [kg]) at 50 rpm 8.2 at 80 rpm 7.4 11.1 0.88 0.93 No 15.7 0.94 Yes 8.1 0.96 20.9 0.79 No 18.7 0.81 5 km; 0.5 kg/20 kg BW = 316-97.8 (log cycle time) 14 0.83 0.93 No Modification of the Åstrand-Ryhming cycle-ergometer test [32]. 3 min M: = 236.703 0497 (age [yrs]) - 0.566 with PO adjusted every min to elicit HR >121 beat min -1. Final 6 min (height [cm]) 1.904 (BMI) + 8.268 (final PO [W]) 0.339 at PO determined during first 3 min. Constant cadence 50 rpm. Stop (final HR [beat min -1 ]) test when HR = 85% HR max F: = 99.039 0.502 (age [yrs]) 0.474 (BW [kg]) + 8.068 (final PO [W]) 0.216 (final HR [beat min - 1 ]) 5.7 4.6 12 0.91 [77] 14 0.71 [77] Yes
reserve method [78] 50 Range 18-44 Inactive < 90 kg: 15 W min -1 until HR = 45% HRR, continue for 2 min. If HR in 3rd min 55% HRR continue for 3 min, if HR in 3rd min < 55% HRR increase PO by 15 W min -1 until HR = 55% HRR and continue for 5 min. Inactive 90 kg: 30 W min -1 until HR = 45% HRR, continue for 2 min. If HR in 3rd min 55% HRR continue for 3 min, if HR in 3rd min < 55% HRR increase PO by 15 W min -1 until HR = 55% HRR and continue for 5 min. Active < 90 kg: 15 W min -1 until HR = 55% HRR and continue for 5 min. Active 90 kg: 30 W min -1 until HR = 55% HRR and continue for 5 min. Record average HR during the last min. = 7 + 10.8 (PO max [W]) / (BW [kg]) PO max [W] = PO last min / %HRR 4 10.8 0.89 No 6 min cycling [79] Lab middle-aged subjects 13 Range 43-61 6 min; 600 kpm min -1 = 14.703 4.909 (RER) 0.008 (PO [kpm min -1 ]) 0.004 (DBP [mmhg]) + 0.018 ( ) 16.083 (FeO 2) RER = respiratory exchange ratio; DBP = diastolic blood pressure; = ventilation; FeO 2 = fraction of oxygen in expired air; the variables are expressed as the average of the last 3 min 0.172 6.6 0.93 No 6 min cycling for pregnant women [80] Pregnant women 30 Range 22-37 6 min; 60 W; and HR during 4th and 5th min = ( / % ) 100 % = 0.634 (HR [beat min -1 ]) 30.79 0.214 11.6 0.8 Yes Treadmill Rockport walk [81] 350 Range 40-79 1 mile; speed that can be maintained for 15-20 min = 92.08 0.10 (BW [lb]) 0.34 (age [yrs]) + 9.72 (sex = 0 for F and 1 for M) 1.01 (walk time [min]) 0.13 (walk HR [beat min -1 ]) + 0.86 (activity level) walk HR = average from 2 min to last full min activity level = 7 point activity level scale [82] 4.7 14.9 0.87 Yes Single-stage walk [58] 139 Range 20-59 4 min; 2 to 4.5 mph; 5% grade = 15.1 + 21.8 (speed [mph]) 0.327 (HR [beat min -1 ]) 0.263 (speed [mph] age [yrs]) + 0.00504 (HR [beat min -1 ] age [yrs]) + 5.98 (sex = 0 for F and 1 for M) 4.8 11.4 0.93 Yes Adapted walk test for obese [83] Obese 130 Range 11-14 See single-stage walk [58] = 1772.81 + 318.64 (sex = 0 for F and 1 for M) + 18.34 (BW [kg]) + 24.45 (height [cm]) 8.74 (HR at 4 min [beat min -1 ]) 0.15 (BW [kg] HR difference [beat min -1 ]) + 4.41 (speed [mph] HR difference [beat min -1 ]) HR difference [beat min -1 ] = HR at 4 min resting HR 0.271 10.9 0.87 Yes University of Louisville walk [84] 37 Range 18-43 Four 3 min stages; starting at 2.7 mph; 2.0% grade. Speed and grade during subsequent stages depend on HR during previous stages as in figure 1 in Swank et al. 2001 [84] = -53.84 0.674 (%HR max stage 3) + 18.89 (speed stage 3 [mph]) + 2.358 (grade stage 3) + 0.331 (HR max [beat min -1 ]) 4.56 9.3 0.94 Yes 3 min walk [85] Children 139 Range 6-14 3 min; 3.5 mph; 7.5% grade, 2 min rest, 3 min; 3.5 mph; 10% grade = 0.835 ( ) 0.003 (HR [beat min -1 ]) + 0.017 (height [cm]) 1.133 and HR measured during the 3 rd minute 0.17 9.5 0.95 Yes 6 min walk [46] 20 Mean 28 6 min; as fast as possible = -1.732 + 0.049 (BW [kg]) + 0.005 (distance [m]) 0.015 (HR [beat min -1 ]) 0.399 0.93 Yes No
10 min walk [86] Lab Active and inactive 60 Range 20-62 2 min; 4.2 mph; 0% grade, 1 min; 4.2 mph; 2% grade, then increase Active: = 2.966 0.031 (age [yrs]) + 0.026 1% min -1 to 20%. Expired gases are collected at min1-2 and at min 8-(fat free weight [kg]) 0.013 (HR end of 9 min [beat min -1 ]) + 9 25.4 (FeCO 2 min 8-9) + 0.330 (V T min 1-2 ) 8.77 ([RER (min 1-2) RER (min 8-9)]) fat free weight [kg] = (BW [kg]) [(5.783 + (0.153 fat folds [mm]) BW [kg] 0.01]; fat folds [mm]= triceps [mm] + subscapular [mm] + suprailiac [mm] + abdominal [mm]; FeCO 2 = fraction of carbon dioxide in expired air; V T = tidal volume 0.90 0.91 Yes Inactive: = 3.619-0.022 (age [yrs]) 0.033 (fat free weight [kg]) 2.587 (RER min 8-9) + 0.253 (V T min 8-9 ); fat free weight [kg] = (BW [kg]) [5.783 + 0.153 (fat folds [mm]) BW [kg] 0.01]; fat folds [mm] = triceps [mm] + subscapular [mm] + suprailiac [mm] + abdominal [mm] 0.90 0.91 10 min walk [60] Children 30 Range 12-13 10 min; 3.5 mph; 10% grade = 79.88891 0.23825 (HR last min [beat min -1 ]) + 0.39794 ( last min ) 1.23803 (RER last min) 3.18 6.2 0.70 Yes = 78.75029 0.23909 (HR last min [beat min -1 ]) + 0.40143 (RER last min) 3.12 6.1 0.70 = 88.69245 0.22394 (HR last min [beat min -1 ]) 3.13 6.1 0.69 30 Range 14-15 = 71.72451 0.14443 (HR last min [beat min -1 ]) + 0.78164 ( last min ) 20.33124 (RER last min) 3.57 6.7 0.48 = 50.16722 0.16220 (HR last min [beat min -1 ]) + 0.96567 ( last min ) 3.58 6.7 0.45 = 71.81005 0.11873 (HR last min [beat min -1 ]) 3.67 6.9 0.35 12 min walk [47] Coronary heart disease patients and 42 Mean 12 min; RPE 13; 5% grade (initial 2 min at 3.6 km h -1 ) 45 Patients 57 36 = -39.46 + 71.98 (distance [km]) 6.15 16 0.85 0.97 Yes [87] Åstrand- Ryhming nomogram using ACSM equations walk-run [88] 53 Range 19-40 Walking 3 min; M: 3.5 mph and F: 3 mph; % grade requiring around 50%, recovery (HR < 100 beat min -1 ). Running at a speed requiring around 70% until HR reaches steady state Walking = 0.1 (speed [m min -1 ]) + speed [m min -1 ] grade 1.8 + 3.5 Convert in L min -1 using BW [kg] Look up Åstrand-Ryhming nomogram 0.53 15 0.82 No Running = 0.2 (speed [m min -1 ]) + 3.5 Convert in L min -1 using BW [kg] Look up Åstrand-Ryhming nomogram 0.47 13 0.86
RPE-Bruce walk-run ACSM run Gerkin run Gerkin run Walk [14] [2] [89] [90] [91] Coronary heart disease patients Moderately and welltrained firefighters 230 Range 45-69 21 Range 18-34 60 Range 19-58 76 Mean 36 Walk-run at submaximal intensity, for details please refer to Bruce et al. 1973 [2] = + [100 / (35.5 + 3.5 RPE] = 16.62 + 2.74 (min of exercise) 2.584 (sex = 1 for M and 2 for F) 0.043 (age [yrs]) 0.0281 (BW [kg]) Two 3 min (or more if steady state is not reached) stages; selfselected speed (ranging from 5 mph to 9 mph); no grade. Until HR 85% age-predicted HR max 3 min; 2.5 mph, 1 min; 4.5 mph; then incremental 0.5 mph min -1 and 2% min -1 until HR 85% HR max = stage 2 + b {(220 age [yrs]) HR stage 2 [beat min -1 ]} = 0.2 (speed [m min -1 ]) + 0.9 grade (speed [m min -1 ]) + 3.5 b = ( stage 2 stage 1) / (HR stage 2 HR stage 1) [beat min -1 ] = 1.39 ( at 85% HR max [ml kg -1 min - See Gerkin run [90] = 56.981 + 1.242 (time to 85% HR max [min]) 0.805 (BMI) HR max = 208 0.7 (age [yrs]) 1 ]) = 43.619 + 1.390 (time to 85% HR max [min]) 0.107 (BW [kg]) 0.53 No 4.35 5.98 5.2 5.59 8.2 0.65 No 14.1 0.70 No 11.3 0.57 Yes 0.47 Rockport [53] 390 Range 30-69 1 mile; steady self-selected brisk pace = 6.9652 + 0.0091 (BW [lb]) 0.0257 (age [yrs]) + 0.5955 (sex = 0 for F and 1 for M) 0.2240 (walk time [min]) 0.0115 (HR last ¼ mile [beat min -1 ]) 0.325 12.4 0.93 Yes = 132.853 0.0769 (BW [lb]) 0.3877 (age [yrs]) + 6.3150 (sex = 0 for F and 1 for M) 3.2649 (walk time [min]) 0.1565 (HR last ¼ mile [beat min -1 ]) 5 13.7 0.88 Rockport for [92] 196 Mean 19 1 mile; steady self-selected brisk pace = 4.1586 + 0.0109 (BW [lb]) 0.0310 (age [yrs]) + 0.6102 (sex = 0 for F and 1 for M) 0.1151 (walk time [min]) 0.0075 (walk HR [beat min -1 ]) 0.389 13.8 0.85 No = 3.5959 + 0.0096 (BW [lb]) 0.6566 (sex = 0 for F and 1 for M) 0.0996 (walk time [min]) 0.0080 (walk HR [beat min -1 ]) 0.397 14 0.84 Yes = 94.6440 0.0819 (BW [lb]) 0.3232 (age [yrs]) + 8.4073 (sex = 0 for F and 1 for M) 1.6157 (walk time [min]) 0.1146 (walk HR beat min -1 ]) 5.3 12.9 0.71 = 88.7688 0.0957 (BW [lb]) + 8.8924 (sex = 0 for F and 1 for M) 1.4537 (walk time [min]) 0.1194 (walk HR [beat min -1 ]) 5.4 13.1 0.70 ¼ mile Rockport [93] 98 Range 18-29 ¼ mile; steady self-selected brisk pace = 88.7688 0.0957 (BW [lb]) + 8.8924 (sex = 0 for F 1 and for M) 1.4537 (walk time [min]) 0.1194 (walk HR [beat min -1 ]) 3.8 8.6 0.83 No
Shuttle UKK 2 km walk 6 min walk [45] [54] [44] Patients with chronic airflow limitations Advanced heart failure patients 19 Mean 61 159 Range 20-65 45 Mean 49 10 m course; walking back and forth at steady pace; turning around on auditory signal; the speed of the auditory pacemaker (20-4.2 s) increases every minute by 0.17 m s -1, continue until unable to maintain the required speed without becoming unduly breathless. = 4.19 + 0.025 (distance [m]) 0.88 No 2 km; as fast as possible M with BW: = 12.06 0.451 (time [min]) 0.017 (HR [beat min -1 ]) 0.024 (age [yrs]) + 0.022 (BW [kg]) F with BW: = 5.95 0.201 (time [min]) 0.008 (HR [beat min -1 ]) 0.012 (age [yrs]) + 0.019 (BW [kg]) M with BMI: = 13.69 0.495 (time [min and s]) 0.017 (HR [beat min -1 ]) 0.026 (age [yrs]) + 0.035 (BMI) F with BMI: ( = 6.31 0.202 (time [min and s]) 0.008 (HR [beat min -1 ]) 0.014 (age [yrs]) + 0.044 (BMI) M with BW: = 189.6 5.32 (time [min and s]) 0.22 (HR [beat min -1 ]) 0.32 (age [yrs]) 0.24 (BW [kg]) F with BW: = 121.4 2.81 (time [min and s]) 0.12 (HR [beat min -1 ]) 0.16 (age [yrs]) 0.24 (BW [kg]) M with BMI: = 184.9 4.65 (time [min and s]) 0.22 (HR [beat min -1 ]) 0.26 (age [yrs]) 1.05 (BMI) F with BMI: = 116.2 2.98 (time [min and s]) 0.11 (HR [beat min -1 ]) 0.14 (age [yrs]) 0.39 (BMI) 0.46 0.19 0.51 0.2 6.2 3 5.1 3.3 6 min; as fast as possible = 0.03 (distance [m]) 3.32 = 0.02 (distance [m]) 0.191 (age [yrs]) 0.07 (BW [kg]) + 0.09 (height [cm]) + 0.26 (RPP) + 2.45 RPP = rate-pressure product = 0.02 (distance [m]) 0.14 (age [yrs]) 0.07 (BW [kg]) + 0.03 (height [cm]) + 0.23 (RPP ) + 0.10 (FEV1 [L]) 1.19 (FVC [L]) FEV1 = forced expiratory volume in 1 s FVC = forced vital capacity = 0.02 (distance [m]) 0.15 (age [yrs]) 0.05 (BW [kg]) + 0.04 (height [cm]) + 0.17 (RPP ) + 0.03 (EF%) 0.04 (PAP [mmhg]) + 0.31 (CI [ml min -1 m -2 ]) EF% = left ventricle ejection fraction PAP = pulmonary artery pressure CI = cardiac index 2.68 2.59 2.06 14 0.85 8.6 0.82 15.4 0.82 9.1 0.81 14.4 0.81 Yes 8.6 0.87 11.8 0.87 9.5 0.85 27 0.64 No 22 0.81 21 0.83 17 0.85
6 min walk [94] elderly Range 60-70 6 min; as fast as possible = 2830.6 45.2 (age [yrs]) + 4.70 (BW [kg]) + 12.3 (height [cm]) + 1.75 (distance [m]) + 0.309 ( ) 12.4 (HR [beat min -1 ]) 177.6 0.97 No Run Cooper RPE multi stage test 1 mile track jog 1.5 mile run 1.5 mile run [95] [96] [57] [97] [98] US 115 Range 12 min = [(distance [mile]) 0.3138] / 0.0278 0.90 0.97 No Air Force 17-52 officers and airmen Lab Physically active 11 Mean 28 149 Range 18-29 21 Mean 20 101 Range 18-26 2 min or 4 min intervals; 5 RPE levels: 9, 11, 13, 15, 17; incremental; = a + b 20 (= RPE max) measure a and b are found by calculating a linear regression between and RPE (for the 5 levels obtained) 1 mile; comfortable submaximal steady pace = 100.5 + 8.344 (sex = 0 for F and 1 for M) 0.1636 (BW [kg]) 1.438 (time [min]) 0.1928 (final HR [beat min -1 ]) 0.91 No 3.1 6.3 0.84 Yes 1.5 mile = 98.3 4.182 (time [min]) 0.91 No 1.5 mile; RPE 13 = 65.404 + 7.707 (sex = 0 for F and 1 for M) 0.159 (BW [kg]) 0.843 (time [min]) = 100.162 + 7.301 (sex = 0 for F 1 and for M) 0.164 (BW [kg]) 1.273 (time [min]) 0.156 (exercise HR [beat min -1 ]) 3.37 2.87 7.3 0.86 Yes 6.2 0.90 2 mile run [56] 61 Range 20-37 2 mile M: = 99.7 3.35 (time [min]) 3.31 6.6 0.91 No M: = 110.9 2.79 (time [min]) 0.25 (BW [kg]) 2.69 5.3 0.85 F : = 72.9 1.77 (time [min]) 2.78 6.6 0.90 2 mile run [55] middle-aged subjects 24 Range 30-48 2 mile = 114.496 0.04689 (time [s]) 0.37817 (age [yrs]) 0.15406 (BW [kg]) 1.97 4.0 0.95 No 11 Range 18-22 2 mile run; 60 yd dash; 100 yd dash; 440 yd dash = 96.269 0.0417 (2 mile run time [s]) 2.30983 (100 yd dash time [s]) + 0.37934 (440 yd dash time [s]) 1.55 2.7 0.94
5 km run [99] Physical education 150 N.R. 5 km M: = 104.0 2.32 (time [min]) -0.85 No F: = 75.7 1.19 (time [min]) -0.80 = 98.3 4.182 (time to cover 1.5 mile [min]) -0.91 Step Åstand- Ryhming [32] Well-trained 18 Range 20-30 5-6 min; step height 40 cm for M and 33 cm for F; 22.5 steps min -1 Nomogram 0.28 6.8 No Canadian Aerobic Fitness [52] 59 Mean 37 3 min; step height 22.5 cm; 2 steps, up-up/down-down; 24.2 steps min -1 for M 20-29 yrs, 21.9 steps min -1 for M 30-39 yrs, 19.1 steps min -1 for M 40-49 yrs, 16.3 steps min - 1 for M 50-59 yrs, 12.9 steps min -1 for M 60-69 yrs; 19.1 steps min -1 for F 20-29 yrs, 19.7 steps min -1 for F 30-39 yrs, 17.4 steps min -1 for F 40-49 yrs, 14.6 steps min -1 for F 50-59 yrs, 11.2 steps min -1 for F 60-69 yrs = 42.5 + 16.6 ( final stage ) 0.12 (BW [kg]) 0.12 (HR [beat min -1 ]) 0.24 (age [yrs]) HR 5 to 15 s after the termination of exercise final stage from look up table [52] 4.8 11.3 0.90 Yes Modified Canadian Aerobic Fitness [25] 129 Range 15-69 3 min; step height 20.3 cm; 2 steps; cadence: see table in Weller et al. = 32 + 16 ( ) 0.24 (age 1993 [25] ; if HR < 85% HR max: 3 min; step height 40.6 cm; cadence 33 [yrs]) 0.17 (BW [kg]) steps min -1 for M, 29.5 steps min -1 for F; Test is stopped when HR HR: 5 to 15 s after the termination of exercise 85% HR max from look-up table 5.2 12.6 0.88 Yes [100] Fit people: = 32.5 + 16.3 ( ) 0.2 (age [yrs]) 0.21 (BW [kg]) from look-up table 3.86 0.91 Chester [101] 68 Range 18-52 2 min; step height 30 cm; 15 steps min -1, then incremental: 2 min stages; 5 steps min -1 increases until HR 80% HR max or RPE 15, max 10 min, record HR and RPE at the end of each stage = value corresponding to the projection of the point where the best fit of exercise HR at each finished level intersects the HR max line 3.9 7.7 0.92 Yes [102] Margaria [33] Fit 47 Range 9-80 Fit : step height 40 cm; stage 1: 15 steps min -1, stage 2: 25 steps min -1 ; until HR steady-state is reached Children, and unfit and older : step height 30 cm; stage 1: 15 steps min -1, stage 2: 27 steps min -1 ; until HR steady-state is reached Nomogram if is available: = {HR max [beat min -1 ] ( stage 2 ( stage 1 ) + HR stage 2 [beat min -1 ] [ stage 1 (HR stage 1 [beat min -1 ] / HR stage 2 [beat min -1 ]) stage 2 [ml kg -1 min - 1 ] ]} / (HR stage 2 [beat min -1 ] HR stage 1 [beat min -1 ] ) 7.0 0.91 [103] Yes [103] Modified YMCA [104] 60 Range 18-55 3 min; adjustable step height; 24 steps min -1 M: step height [cm] = 0.189 (height [cm]) F: step height [cm] = 0.192 (height [cm]) All: = -0.9675 (15 s post exercise HR [beat count]) + 77.643 8.76 0.58 No All: = -0.2805 (1 min post exercise HR [beat count]) + 76.710 8.53 0.61 M: = -0.7764 (15 s post exercise HR [beat count]) + 67.344 7.6 14 0.54
M: = -0.2021 (1 min post exercise HR [beat count]) + 64.209 6.9 12.7 0.64 F: = -1.1114 (15 s post exercise HR [beat count]) + 87.130 7.2 17 0.63 F: = -0.3143 (1 min post exercise HR [beat count]) + 84.841 7.5 17.6 0.60 Queens College [34] and trained 41 Mean 21 3 min; step height 41 cm; 22 steps min -1 F: = 65.81 0.1847 (HR recovery [beat min -1 ]) HR recovery is taken 5 s after end of exercise for 15 s, and is multiplied by 4 2.9 8.0 0.75 0.92 No Queens College [105] 3 min; step height 41 cm; 24 steps min -1 M: = 111.32 0.4198 (HR recovery [beat min -1 ]) No Self-Paced [49] elderly 240 65+ 20 times; step height 20 cm; 2 steps; self-paced. Measure HR at end of exercise and record stepping frequency M: = 116.4-5.10 (O 2 pulse [ml beat -1 ]) 2.81 (step time [s]) 0.12 (age [yrs]) 0.24 (BMI) 0.14 (stepping HR [beat min -1 ]) O 2 pulse [ml beat -1 ] = (stepping frequency [min -1 ] step height [cm] 2.314) + 0.3 (stepping frequency [min -1 ]) / stepping HR [beat min -1 ] 0.83 0.97 Yes F: = 129.6 3.82 (O 2 pulse [ml beat -1 ]) 5.32 (step time [s]) 0.22 (age [yrs]) 0.24 (BMI) 0.12 (stepping HR [beat min -1 ]) O 2 pulse [ml beat -1 ] = (stepping frequency [min -1 ] step height [cm] 2.314) + 0.3 (stepping frequency [min -1 ]) / stepping HR [beat min -1 ] 0.90 0.98 Siconolfi [106] 48 Range 19-70 3 min; step height 25.4 cm; 17 steps min -1, 3 min; 26 steps min -1, and M: = 0.348 ( ) 0.035 (age [yrs]) 3 min; 34 steps min -1, during the last 30 s of the 3 rd minute of each + 3.011 stage record HR, continue until HR average is 65% Stage 1: = 16.287 (BW [kg]) / 1000 Stage 2: = 24.910 (BW [kg]) / 1000 Stage 3: = 33.533 (BW [kg]) / 1000 0.43 16 0.79 No F: = 0.302 ( ) 0.19 (age [yrs]) + 1.593 Stage 1: = 16.287 (BW [kg]) / 1000 Stage 2: = 24.910 (BW [kg]) / 1000 Stage 3: = 33.533 (BW [kg]) / 1000 0.17 11 0.72 Single stage height adjusted [107] 17 Range 19-33 3 min; adjustable step height; 26 steps min -1 step height [cm] = 0.189 (height [cm]) = 71.97 0.776 (HR recovery [beat min - 1 ]) HR recovery is taken 5 s after end of exercise for 15 s, and is multiplied by 4 2.87 6.6 0.80 No Single stage height adjusted for [108] 286 Range 6-18 3 min; adjustable step height; 22 steps min -1 step height [cm] = step height [cm] = 0.189 (height [cm]) = 105.3959 1.643756 (HR recovery [beat min -1 ]) HR recovery is taken 5 s after end of exercise for 15 s, and is multiplied by 4 5.67 9.8-14.5 0.80 No
Stair-Climb [109] 103 Range 22-77 climbing 11 flights of stairs (27 m); step height 15 cm; brisk even pace M: = 133-0.273 (age [yrs])-0.672 (BMI)-0.236 (climbing time [s])-0.232 (HR end [beat min -1 ]) 5.4 12.5 0.58 0.95 [110] Yes F: = 66.69-0.135 (age [yrs])-0.249 (BMI)-0.128 (climbing time [s])-0.021 (HR end [beat min -1 ]) 3.8 10.4 0.48 0.95 [110] Stair-Master Two Steps 5 min [111] [112] steel workers 20 Range 20-25 45 Range 23-41 3 min or until HR steady state; Stair-Master load: 4 METs. If HR during 3 rd min < 80 beat min -1, increase load to 7.3 METs; if HR 80-100 beat min -1, increase load to 6.5 METs; if HR > 100 beat min -1, increase load to 5.8 METs. This procedure is continued to attain 2 steady state HRs (HR stage 1 and HR stage 2) between approximately 115 and 150 beat min -1 at two different workloads (WL stage 1 and WL stage 2). Test is stopped when HR > 85% of HR max 2 times 5 min; step height 40 cm; first stage 15 steps min -1, second stage 25 steps min -1 ; full recovery in between stages = ([b HR max [beat min -1 ] HR stage 2 [beat min -1 ]] + WL stage 2 [METs]) 3.5 b = (WL stage 2 [METs] WL stage 1 [METs]) / (HR stage 2 [beat min -1 ] HR stage 1 [beat min -1 ]) HR max [beat min -1 ] = 210 0.5 (age [yrs]) = -0.378 b + 4.67 b = (HR count from 30 s to 1 min + HR count from 1 min and 30 s to 2 min + HR count from 2 min and 30 s to 3 min) / (BW [kg]) 5.72 14.4 0.42 No 6.6 No Others AAHPER Youth Fitness Test Battery [113] university staff 87 Range Pull-ups, sit-ups, standing broad jump, 50 yd dash, shuttle run, 23-58 medicine ball put, 600 yd walk-run = 0.5162 (pull-ups [number]) + 0.0972 (sit-ups [number]) + 0.1545 (standing broad jump distance [ft]) + 3.2141 (50 yd dash time [s]) 2.7700 (shuttle run time [s]) 0.4655 (medicine ball put distance [ft]) 0.2132 (600 yd time [s]) + 78.37 4.55 11.5 0.76 No = 0.6485 (pull-ups [number]) + 2.6067 (50 yd dash time [s]) 3.1734 (shuttle run time [s]) 0.1266 (600 yd time [s]) + 69.16 4.72 12.0 0.72 Arm Crack [114] 30 Range 17-52 6 min; starting at 25 W; 55-65 rpm; during the first 3 min M: = 1000 {174.2 (PO [W]) + 4020} / incremental PO 5 W steps until HR is 60-85% HR max. After the first 3 {103.5 (HR [beat min -1 ] ) 6298} min, PO is kept constant. If steady state is not reached, extend test up HR: mean exercise HR between the 5th and 6th min to a maximum of 10 min PO: mean PO 0.76 No F: = 1000 {163.8 (PO [W]) + 3780}/ {104.4 (HR [beat min -1 ]) 7514} One-arm cranking [50] 18 Range 22-47 3 min stages; 0, 18 and 36 W; 60 rpm; 2 min rest between stages M: = 0.01145 (HR max [beat min -1 ]) 0.31697 0.1 0.68 No F: = 0.011949 (HR max [beat min -1 ]) 0.56754 0.1 0.81 Aerobic dance [115] 100 Range 18-40 4 min; modified jumping jacks, tow skipping sequences, jogging in place while pumping the arms, alternate knee raises combined with arm circling and scissors; each movement was performed for 30 s at a cadence of 132 beat min -1 = 131.41 0.371 (HR [beat min -1 ]) 0.913 (BMI) 0.3 (age [yrs]) HR count starts 4 s after the end of exercise and lasts 15 s 5.5 14.0 0.84 Yes
Allextremity [116] 33 Range 32-57 2 stages; 6 min; PO to reach HR 70% HR max steady state during the 5th and 6th min; self-selected cadence 50-90 rpm, 3 min; increase the load by 25 W; until HR steady state = -0.01 (age [yrs]) 0.0029 (HR stage 1 [beat min -1 ]) 0.0099 (HR stage 2 [beat min -1 ]) 0.0029 (PO stage 1 [W]) + 0.0151 (PO stage 2 [W]) + 3.010 0.22 10.8 0.85 No Åstrand- Ryhming and Cooper tests [117] 40 Range 18-23 Åstrand-Ryhming cycling test and 12 min run Cooper test; one week apart = 1.466 + 0.005 (age [months]) 0.118 (height [inch]) + 0.014 (BW [lb]) + 0.007 (resting DBP [mmhg]) + 0.099 (standing leg length [inch]) + 0.232 (Cooper test [laps]) + 0.345 ( ) from Åstrand-Ryhming nomogram 0.188 5.5 0.81 No = 72.205 + 0.075 (age [months]) 1.976 (height [inch]) + 0.082 (resting DBP [mmhg]) + 1.529 (standing leg length [inch]) + 0.205 ( ) + 3.816 (Cooper test [laps]) from Åstrand-Ryhming nomogram 2.43 5.01 0.69 Elliptical cross-trainer [118] 54 Range 20-41 Determine target cadence strating at resistance level 3; incline level 6; 100 strides per min; increase 10 strides min -1 until 55% HR max is reached. Stage 2: 5 min; resistance level 9; incline level 6 = 73.676 + 7.383 (sex = 0 for F 1 and for M) 0.317 (BW [kg]) + 0.003957 (age [yrs] cadence [rpm]) 0.006452 (age [yrs] HR stage 2 [beat min -1 ]) 3.9 11.2 0.86 Yes Field Test [119] 44 Range 17-30 Cooper test (12 min run) and 600 yd run at two different occasions = 0.018 (Cooper test distance [yd]) 0.077 (600 yd run time [s]) + 9.925 0.91 No Foot-ground contact time and HR [61] Fit and average 36 Range Accelerometer from which foot-ground contact time is derived, HR 18-37 also monitored = 19.4 + [32.45 (1 TC -1 [s] HR [beats min -1 ])] 5.5 (sex = 1 for M and 2 for F) TC [s] = foot-ground contact time 4.7 8.3 Yes Gerkin stairmill [91] firefighters 76 Mean 36 2 min; level 4; 46 steps min -1, 1 min; level 5; 53 steps min -1, 1 min; level 7; 65 steps min -1, then increase 1 level; 7.2 steps min -1 every min until HR 85% HR max = 57.774 + 1.757 (time to 85% HR max [min]) 0.904 (BMI) HR max = 208 0.7 age [yrs] 4.86 11.3 0.69 Yes = 45.283 + 1.944 (time to 85% HR max [min]) 0.149 (BW [kg]) 5.24 10.7 0.63 Heart rate and activity counts [62] 26 Range 18-50 HR monitors and accelerometers are worn simultaneously during seven consecutive days under free-living conditions = 1834 + 50.61 (BW [kg]) 27.16 (age [yrs]) 3844 (HR AC -1 ) AC = activity counts 363 12.2 0.87 Yes [120] = 2714 31.48 (age [yrs]) + 592 (sex = 0 for F and 1 for M) + 25.46 (BW [kg]) 4401 (HR AC -1 ) 409 13.7 0.84 Ruffier- Dickson b [35] rugby players 22 Range 18-31 30 squats in 45 s; cadence 40 squats min -1 = 81.647 0.321 (BW [kg]) + 0.541 (age [yrs]) (0.169 end exercise HR [beat min -1 ]) 4.35 8.9 0.75 No
Strength and anthropomet ric data in [121] 45 Range 9-13 Skinfolds: triceps, subscapular, suprailiac, knee; dynamometry on dominant hand grip, arm extension, arm flexion, trunk extension, trunk flexion and leg extension Boys: = -0.0099 (LBM [kg]) + 0.003 (age [months]) + 0.125 (knee skinfold [mm]) + 0.0099 (Sum6S [kg]) 0.34 LBM = lean body mass boys [kg] = BW [kg] BW [kg] {[0.45 / (1.1447 0.0612 Log10 Sum3folds [mm])] 100} Sum6S [kg] = hand grip, arm extension, arm flexion, trunk extension, trunk flexion and leg extension Sum3folds [mm] = triceps, subscapular, suprailiac skinfolds 0.179 9.7 No Girls: = 0.0384 (LBM [kg]) + 0.0035 (age [months]) + 0.043 (knee skinfold [mm]) + 0.002 (Sum6S [kg]) 0.63 LBM = lean body mass girls [kg] = BW [kg] BW [kg] {[0.45 / (1.1309 0.0587 Log10 Sum3folds [mm])] 100} Sum6S [kg] = hand grip, arm extension, arm flexion, trunk extension, trunk flexion and leg extension Sum3folds [mm] = triceps, subscapular, suprailiac skinfolds 0.125 7.9 Wheelchair [51] Paraplegic 46 Mean 33 Initial workload of 0 W; 2400 rpm, with an increment of 6 W every 2 = -0.58 + 0.60 (estimated ) + min. Terminate exercise at 85% HR max 0.018 (BW [kg]) estimated = [(0.79 + 0.02 PO peak [W]) / (8.75 + 0.83 %MAXHR)] 100 MAXHR [beats min -1 ] = (HR submax HR rest) / (HR max HR rest) 0.19 11.6 0.83 No a Determined as, % SEE = (SEE 100) actual mean -1 b Regression model developed by the authors of the current review HR max = 220 age [yrs], unless otherwise specified N = sample size, SEE = Standard Error of Estimate, ICC = Intra-Class Correlation, M = Males; F = Females, BW = Body Weight; ACSM = American College of Medicine; YMCA = Young Men's Christian Association; RPE = Rating of Perceived Exertion; HRR = Heart Rate Reserve; UKK = Urho Kaleva Kekkonen; AAPHER = American Alliance for Health, Physical Education, and Recreation