Cloning 1. What is cloning: Natural and artificial 2. Cloning of what? 3. Embryonic development of multi-cellular organisms: cell division, morphogenesis, differentiation 2. Plant cloning 3. Animal cloning Reproductive versus therapeutic cloning Nuclear transplantation Stem cells: adult and embryonic Somatic Cell Reprogramming (2007)/ Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells (ipsc)
Cloning of What? What is cloning? Do clones ever occur naturally? What are the types of artificial cloning? How are genes cloned? How are plants cloned? How are animals cloned?
Cloning is. Producing genetically identical copies of a biological entity Occurs naturally for some organisms Can be done artificially
Artificial cloning Genes: used in biotechnology Whole organism: Reproductive: plants and animals Therapeutic
Gene cloning used in biotechnology to produce useful products
Genetic Basis of Development From a diploid zygote to a multi-cellular organism Nuclei containing DNA Sperm cell Egg cell Fertilized egg with DNA from both parents Embyro s cells with copies of inherited DNA Offspring with traits inherited from both parents
Three processes of embryonic development: Cell division- increase n cell number Morphogenesis- creation of form Cell differentiation- specialization in structure and function
a single-celled zygote of cells Embryonic Development many different types higher-level structures organs arranged in a particular way in three dimensions cells-- tissues--- organs--- organ systems whole organism
Morphogenesis Cell & tissue movement Growth in size Animals Plants Necessary for embryonic transformation Does not take place Limited to embryonic and juvenile stages Continues throughout the life of the plant
Totipotent cells (any) Pluripotent cells (many
Human morphogenesis disorder Cleft palate- upper wall of the mouth cavity fails to close completely
Cell differentiation- Interphase Chromatin Heterochromatin: compacted, transcriptionally inactive Euchromatin: loosely packed, actively transcribed
Differentiation produces a variety of cell types, each expressing a different combination of genes Muscle cell Pancreas cells Blood cells Nerve cell
Cloning of Plants Plant cloning Used extensively in agriculture Plant cell remain totipotent and can dedifferentiate.
Cloning of Animals How are animals cloned? What animals have been cloned? Have humans been cloned? What is difference between reproductive and therapeutic cloning? http://www.genome.gov/25020028
Animal Cloning Reproductive Organism Therapeutic Tissues & Organs
Animal cloning by Nuclear Transplantation
Different types of cell in an organism have the same DNA but they transcribe different genes Nuclei do change as cells differentiate: DNA sequences do not change Chromatin structure does
Cloning of a Mammal In 1997 by Ian Wilmut http://learn.genetics.utah. edu/units/cloning/whatiscl oning/
Other mammals have been cloned The possibility of cloning humans raises unprecedented ethical issues.
Cloning and Stem Cell Research Stem cells unspecialized cells, continually reproduce can differentiate into specialized cell types. can differentiate into multiple cell types Two types of stem cells 1. Adult stem cells & Cord Blood stem cells 2. Embryonic stem cells
Under the right conditions, cultured stem cells derived from either source can differentiate into specialized cells. Omnipotent
Adult stem cells Bone marrow stem cells- different kinds of blood cells Embryonic stem cells immortal Somatic Cell reprogramming (2007) Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells (ipsc) Oct 20 2009, 11:21 AM EST Induced Pluripotent Stem Cell Technology Used to Generate Hepatocytes from Skin Cells GEN News Highlights http://learn.genetics.utah.edu/content/tech/stemcells/ips/
Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells (ipsc)