Understanding the radioactivity at Fukushima

Understanding the radioactivity at Fukushima A physics and engineering perspective Prof. Ben Monreal UCSB Department of Physics Q&A Panel: Ben Monreal Prof. Theo Theofanous, UCSB Chem E. Prof. Patrick McCray, UCSB History

Introduction to radioactivity Radiation hazards and health What escapes in a meltdown? Where does it go? How worried should we be?

Periodic Table of the Elements Chemistry Reference Sheet California Standards Test Sodium.99 Na 11 Atomic number Element symbol Average atomic mass* Element name Hydrogen 1.01 H 1 Lithium 6.94 Li 3 Sodium.99 Na 11 Potassium 39.10 19 K Nickel 58.69 Ni 8 Rubidium 85.47 Rb 37 Rutherfordium (61) Rf 104 Molybdenum 95.94 Mo 4 Germanium 7.61 Ge 3 1 1A A 1 3 4 7 7B 11 1B 1 B 13 3A 16 6A Key 8 5 6 7 9 8B 10 14 4A 15 5A 17 7A 18 8A 3 3B 4 4B 5 5B 6 6B Copper 63.55 Cu 9 Cobalt 58.93 Co 7 Helium 4.00 He Boron 10.81 B 5 Carbon 1.01 C 6 Nitrogen 14.01 N 7 Oxygen 16.00 O 8 Fluorine 19.00 F 9 Neon 0.18 Ne 10 Aluminum 6.98 Al 13 Silicon 8.09 Si 14 Phosphorus 30.97 P 15 Sulfur 3.07 S 16 Chlorine 35.45 Cl 17 Argon 39.95 Ar 18 Calcium 40.08 Ca 0 Scandium 44.96 Sc 1 Titanium 47.87 Ti Chromium 5.00 Cr 4 Iron 55.85 Fe 6 Zinc 65.39 Zn 30 Gallium 69.7 Ga 31 Arsenic 74.9 As 33 Selenium 78.96 Se 34 Bromine 79.90 Br 35 Krypton 83.80 Kr 36 Strontium 87.6 Sr 38 Yttrium 88.91 Y 39 Zirconium 91. Zr 40 Niobium 9.91 Nb 41 Technetium (98) Tc 43 Ruthenium 101.07 Ru 44 Rhodium 10.91 Rh 45 Palladium 106.4 46 Silver 107.87 Ag 47 Cadmium 11.41 Cd 48 Indium 114.8 In 49 Tin 118.71 Sn 50 Antimony 11.76 Sb 51 Tellurium 17.60 Te 5 Iodine 16.90 I 53 Xenon 131.9 Xe 54 Cesium 13.91 Cs 55 Barium 137.33 Ba 56 Lanthanum 138.91 La 57 Hafnium 178.49 Hf 7 Tantalum 180.95 Ta 73 Tungsten 183.84 W 74 Rhenium 186.1 Re 75 Osmium 190.3 Os 76 Iridium 19. Ir 77 Platinum 195.08 Pt 78 Gold 196.97 Au 79 Mercury 00.59 Hg 80 Thallium 04.38 Tl 81 Lead 07. Pb 8 Bismuth 08.98 Bi 83 Polonium (09) Po 84 Astatine (10) At 85 Pd Radon () Rn 86 Francium (3) Fr 87 Radium (6) Ra 88 Actinium (7) Ac 89 Dubnium (6) Db 105 Seaborgium (66) Sg 106 Bohrium (64) Bh 107 Hassium (69) Hs 108 Meitnerium (68) Mt 109 Magnesium 4.31 Mg 1 Beryllium 9.01 Be 4 Vanadium 50.94 V 3 Manganese 54.94 Mn 5 * If this number is in parentheses, then it refers to the atomic mass of the most stable isotope. Praseodymium 140.91 Pr 59 Mendelevium (58) Md 101 Cerium 140.1 Ce 58 Neodymium 144.4 Nd 60 Promethium (145) Pm 61 Samarium 150.36 Sm 6 Europium 151.96 Eu 63 Gadolinium 157.5 Gd 64 Terbium 158.93 Tb 65 Dysprosium 16.50 Dy 66 Holmium 164.93 Ho 67 Erbium 167.6 Er 68 Thulium 168.93 Tm 69 Ytterbium 173.04 Yb 70 Lutetium 174.97 Lu 71 Thorium 3.04 Th 90 Protactinium 31.04 Pa 91 Uranium 38.03 U 9 Neptunium (37) Np 93 Plutonium (44) Pu 94 Americium (43) Am 95 Curium (47) Cm 96 Berkelium (47) Bk 97 Californium (51) Cf 98 Einsteinium (5) Es 99 Fermium (57) Fm 100 Nobelium (59) No 10 Lawrencium (6) Lr 103 Copyright 008 California Department of Education Uranium and Plutonium Iodine Cesium Tritium (hydrogen)

Different elements Boron 1 H +1-1 91.0% 4 Be + Beryllium 1 3 Li +1 Lithium Helium 1-59.34-5.87-40.18 Hydrogen 1.00794 He 8.9% 4.0060 H1 1/+ 99.985 3 187 471 9.0118.38#10-9 % 180.5 134 6.941 1.86#10-7 % -7. -68.93-67.96 0 0.033% Be5 Li4 - He3 1/+ H 1+ 0.015 n1 614.8 s 1/+ 075 4000 5 B +3 10.811 6.9#10-8 % 0.000137 p p B7 1.4 MeV (3/-) Be6 9 kev Li5 He4 99.999863 H3 1.33 y 1/+ ECp,ECp",... EC EC He5 n B8 770 ms + EC" Be7 Li6 1+ 7.5 H4 - " B9 p" Be8 6.8 ev Li7 9.5 He6 806.7 ms H5 4 EC n Li8 838 ms + " B10 3+ 19.9 Be9 100 He7 H6 He8 119.0 ms n Li9 n Be10 1.51E+6 y 98.90 1.10 B11 0.60 MeV 3/- 1.5 MeV 3/- 160 kev (3/)- 53.9 d 3/- 178.3 ms 3/- 0.54 kev 3/- 3/- 3/- 3/- 80.1 6 " Li10 1. MeV n He9 0.30 MeV (1/-) n B1 0.0 ms 1+ 3" Be11 13.81 s 1/+! 1 n n 0 n Different isotopes http://nndc.lbl.gov

Different elements Boron 1 H +1-1 91.0% 4 Be + Beryllium 1 3 Li +1 Lithium Helium 1-59.34-5.87-40.18 Hydrogen 1.00794 He 8.9% 4.0060 H1 1/+ 99.985 3 187 471 9.0118.38#10-9 % 180.5 134 6.941 1.86#10-7 % -7. -68.93-67.96 0 0.033% Be5 Li4 - He3 1/+ H 1+ 0.015 n1 614.8 s 1/+ 075 4000 5 B +3 10.811 6.9#10-8 % 0.000137 p p B7 1.4 MeV (3/-) Be6 9 kev Li5 He4 99.999863 H3 1.33 y 1/+ ECp,ECp",... EC EC He5 n B8 770 ms + EC" Be7 Li6 1+ 7.5 H4 - " B9 p" Be8 6.8 ev Li7 9.5 He6 806.7 ms H5 4 EC n Li8 838 ms + " B10 3+ 19.9 Be9 100 He7 H6 He8 119.0 ms n Li9 n Be10 1.51E+6 y 98.90 1.10 B11 0.60 MeV 3/- 1.5 MeV 3/- 160 kev (3/)- 53.9 d 3/- 178.3 ms 3/- 0.54 kev 3/- 3/- 3/- 3/- 80.1 6 " Li10 1. MeV n He9 0.30 MeV (1/-) n B1 0.0 ms 1+ 3" Be11 13.81 s 1/+! 1 n n 0 n Different isotopes http://nndc.lbl.gov

Different elements V40 V41 V4 V43 V44 V45 V46 V47 V48 800 ms 90 ms 547 ms 4.37 ms 3.6 m 15.9735 d (7/-) (+) 7/- 3/- 4+ 3 V 1910 8 3407 11 ++3+4+5 50.9415 Vanadium * * 9.6#10-7 % EC EC" EC EC EC EC Ti38 Ti39 Ti40 Ti41 Ti4 Ti43 Ti44 Ti45 Ti46 Ti47 6 ms 50 ms 80 ms 199 ms 509 ms 63 y 184.8 m (3/+) 3/+ 7/- 7/- 5/- Ti 1668 8 387 10 Titanium ++3+4 47.867 7.8#10-6 % ECp EC ECp EC EC EC EC 8.0 7.3 Sc36 Sc37 Sc38 Sc39 Sc40 Sc41 Sc4 Sc43 Sc44 Sc45 Sc46 18.3 ms 596.3 ms 681.3 ms 3.891 h 3.97 h 83.79 d (7/-) 4-7/- 7/- + 7/- 4+ 1 Sc 1541 8 836 9 +3 Scandium 44.955910 * * * * 1.1#10-7 % ECp,EC",... EC EC EC EC 100 Ca34 Ca35 Ca36 Ca37 Ca38 Ca39 Ca40 Ca41 Ca4 Ca43 Ca44 Ca45 50 ms 10 ms 181.1 ms 440 ms 859.6 ms 1.03E+5 y 16.61 d 3/+ 3/+ 7/- 7/- 7/- 0 Ca 84 8 1484 8 + 40.078 Calcium 0.000199% ECp ECp ECp EC EC 96.941 EC 0.647 0.135.086 K3 K33 K34 K35 K36 K37 K38 K39 K40 K41 K4 K43 K44 190 ms 34 ms 1.6 s 7.636 m 1.77E+9 y 1.360 h.3 h.13 m 3/+ + 3/+ 3+ 3/+ 4-3/+ - 3/+ - 19 K 63.38 8 759 8 1 +1 Potassium 39.0983 * EC,! ECp ECp,EC",... EC EC - 0.000013% 93.581 0.0117 6.730 Ar30 Ar31 Ar3 Ar33 Ar34 Ar35 Ar36 Ar37 Ar38 Ar39 Ar40 Ar41 Ar4 Ar43 15.1 ms 98 ms 173.0 ms 844.5 ms 1.775 s 35.04 d 69 y 109.34 m 3.9 y 5.37 m 1/+ 3/+ 3/+ 7/- 7/- (3/,5/) 18 Ar -189.35 8-185.85 8-1.8 Argon 0 39.948 0.00039% ECp,ECp,... ECp ECp EC EC 0.337 EC 0.063 99.600 Cl8 Cl9 Cl30 Cl31 Cl3 Cl33 Cl34 Cl35 Cl36 Cl37 Cl38 Cl39 Cl40 Cl41 Cl4 150 ms 98 ms.511 s 1.564 s 3.01E+5 y 37.4 m 55.6 m 1.35 m 38.4 s 6.8 s 1+ 3/+ 3/+ + 3/+ - 3/+ - (1/,3/)+ 17 Cl -101.5 8-34.04 7 143.8 +1+5+7-1 Chlorine 35.457 * * 0.000017% ECp ECp,EC",... EC EC 75.77 EC, 4.3 S6 S7 S8 S9 S30 S31 S3 S33 S34 S35 S36 S37 S38 S39 S40 S41 1 ms 15 ms 187 ms 1.178 s.57 s 87.51 d 5.05 m 170.3 m 11.5 s 8.8 s 5/+ 1/+ 3/+ 3/+ 7/- (3/,5/,7/)- 16 S 115.1 8 444.60 6 1041 +4+6- Sulfur 3.066 0.00168% ECp,ECp,... ECp ECp EC EC 95.0 0.75 4.1 0.0 P4 P5 P6 P7 P8 P9 P30 P31 P3 P33 P34 P35 P36 P37 P38 P39 P40 0 ms 60 ms 70.3 ms 4.140 s.498 m 14.6 d 5.34 d 1.43 s 47.3 s 5.6 s.31 s 0.64 s 0.16 s 60 ms (3+) 1/+ 3+ 1/+ 1+ 1/+ 1+ 1/+ 1+ 1/+ 15 P 44.15 8 80.5 5 71 +3+5-3 Phosphorus 30.973761 0.000034% ECp ECp ECp,EC",... EC EC 100 n n n Si Si3 Si4 Si5 Si6 Si7 Si8 Si9 Si30 Si31 Si3 Si33 Si34 Si35 Si36 Si37 Si38 Si39 6 ms 10 ms 0 ms.34 s 4.16 s 157.3 m 17 y 6.18 s.77 s 0.78 s 0.45 s 5/+ 5/+ 1/+ 3/+ 14 Si 1414 8 365 4 ++4-4 Silicon 8.0855 0.0036% ECp ECp ECp EC EC 9.3 4.67 3.10 n Al1 Al Al3 Al4 Al5 Al6 Al7 Al8 Al9 Al30 Al31 Al3 Al33 Al34 Al35 Al36 Al37 Al38 70 ms 0.47 s.053 s 7.183 s 7.4E+5 y.414 m 6.56 m 3.60 s 644 ms 33 ms 60 ms 150 ms 4+ 5/+ 5+ 5/+ 3+ 5/+ 3+ (3/,5/)+ 1+ 13 Al 660.3 8 519 3 +3 6.981538 Aluminum * * 0.00077% ECp ECp EC" EC EC 100 n n Mg0 Mg1 Mg Mg3 Mg4 Mg5 Mg6 Mg7 Mg8 Mg9 Mg30 Mg31 Mg3 Mg33 Mg34 Mg35 Mg36 Mg37 95 ms 1 ms 3.857 s 11.317 s 9.458 m 0.91 h 1.30 s 335 ms 30 ms 10 ms 90 ms 0 ms (3/,5/)+ 3/+ 5/+ 1/+ 3/+ 1 Mg 650 8 1090 + Magnesium 4.3050 0.00350% ECp ECp EC EC 78.99 10.00 11.01 n n n n Na18 Na19 Na0 Na1 Na Na3 Na4 Na5 Na6 Na7 Na8 Na9 Na30 Na31 Na3 Na33 Na34 Na35 447.9 ms.49 s.6019 y 14.9590 h 59.1 s 1.07 s 301 ms 30.5 ms 44.9 ms 48 ms 17.0 ms 13. ms 8. ms 5.5 ms 1.5 ms + 3/+ 3+ 3/+ 4+ 5/+ 3+ 5/+ 1+ 3/ + 3/+ (3-,4-) 11 Na 97.80 8 883 1 +1 Sodium.989770 * 0.000187% p EC" 100 n n n n,!-n,... n,!-n,... n,!-n,... n,!-n,... n n Ne16 Ne17 Ne18 Ne19 Ne0 Ne1 Ne Ne3 Ne4 Ne5 Ne6 Ne7 Ne8 Ne9 Ne30 Ne31 Ne3 1 kev 109. ms 167 ms 17. s 37.4 s 3.38 m 60 ms 197 ms 3 ms 17 ms 0. s 1/- 1/+ 3/+ 5/+ (1/,3/)+ 10 Ne -48.59 8-46.08-8.7 0 Neon 0.1797 4 0.011% p ECp,EC",... EC EC 90.48 0.7 9.5 n n n F14 F15 F16 F17 F18 F19 F0 F1 F F3 F4 F5 F6 F7 F8 F9 1.0 MeV 40 kev 64.49 s 109.77 m 11.00 s 4.158 s 4.3 s.3 s 0.34 s 59 ms (-) (1/+) 0-5/+ 1+ 1/+ + 5/+ 4+,(3+) (3/,5/)+ (1,,3)+ 9 F -19.6 7-188.1-19.0 Fluorine -1 18.998403.7#10-6 % p p p EC EC 100 n O1 O13 O14 O15 O16 O17 O18 O19 O0 O1 O O3 O4 O5 O6 0.40 MeV 8.58 ms 70.606 s 1.4 s 6.91 s 13.51 s 3.4 s.5 s 8 ms 61 ms (3/-) 1/- 5/+ 5/+ (1/,3/,5/)+ 8 O -18.79 6-18.95-118.56 - Oxygen 15.9994 0 0.078% p ECp EC EC 99.76 0.038 0.00 n n N10 N11 N1 N13 N14 N15 N16 N17 N18 N19 N0 N1 N N3 N4 740 kev 11.000 ms 9.965 m 7.13 s 4.173 s 64 ms 0.304 s 100 ms 85 ms 4 ms 1/+ 1+ 1/- 1+ 1/- - 1/- 1- (1/-) 7 N -10.00 5-195.79-146.94 ±1±±3+4+5 Nitrogen 14.00674 18 0.010% p EC3" EC 99.634 0.366 " n n,!-",... n n n n C8 C9 C10 C11 C1 C13 C14 C15 C16 C17 C18 C19 C0 C1 C 30 kev 16.5 ms 19.55 s 0.39 m 5730 y.449 s 0.747 s 193 ms 95 ms 46 ms 14 ms (3/-) 3/- 1/- 1/+ 6 C 449t 4 364s ++4-4 Carbon 1.0107 0.033% ECp,ECp",... EC EC 98.90 1.10 n n n n n 3 B7 B8 B9 B10 B11 B1 B13 B14 B15 B16 B17 B18 B19 1.4 MeV 770 ms 0.54 kev 0.0 ms 17.36 ms 13.8 ms 10.5 ms 00 Ps 5.08 ms (3/-) + 3/- 3+ 3/- 1+ 3/- - (0-) (3/-) 5 B 075 4000 Boron +3 10.811 16 6.9#10-8 % EC" p" 19.9 80.1 3" n n n Be5 Be6 Be7 Be8 Be9 Be10 Be11 Be1 Be13 Be14 9 kev 53.9 d 6.8 ev 1.51E+6 y 13.81 s 3.6 ms 0.9 MeV 4.35 ms 3/- 3/- 1/+ (1/,5/)+ 4 Be 187 471 + Beryllium 9.0118 1 14.38#10-9 % p EC " 100 " n n,!-n,... 1 Li4 Li5 Li6 Li7 Li8 Li9 Li10 Li11 Li1 1.5 MeV 838 ms 178.3 ms 1. MeV 8.5 ms - 3/- 1+ 3/- + 3/- 3/- 3 Li 180.5 134 Lithium +1 6.941 10 1.86#10-7 % p 7.5 9.5 " n n n,!-n,... He3 He4 He5 He6 He7 He8 He9 He10 0.60 MeV 806.7 ms 160 kev 119.0 ms 0.30 MeV 0.3 MeV 1/+ 3/- (3/)- (1/-) He -7. -68.93-67.96 Helium 0 4.0060 8.9% 0.000137 99.999863 n n n n n 1 H1 H H3 H4 H5 H6 1.33 y 1/+ 1+ 1/+ - 1 H -59.34-5.87-40.18 +1-1 1.00794 6 8 91.0% 99.985 0.015 n1 614.8 s 1/+ Hydrogen Different isotopes 4 Ti48 Ca47 4.536 d 7/- 73.8 Sc47 3.349 d 7/- Ca46 0.004 K45 17.3 m 3/+ Ar44 11.87 m Cl43 3.3 s S4 0.56 s n P41 10 ms n Si40 Al39 6 V50 1.4E+17 y 6+ EC, 0.50 Ti49 5.5 Sc48 43.67 h 6+ K46 105 s (-) Ar45 1.48 s Cl44 434 ms n S43 0 ms n P4 110 ms n Si41 V51 Ca48 6E+18 y,!-!- 7/- 7/- 99.750 Ti50 0.187 K47 17.50 s 1/+ Ar46 8.4 s Cl45 400 ms n S44 13 ms n P43 33 ms n Si4 8 V5 3.743 m 3+ K48 6.8 s (-) n Ar47 700 ms n Cl46 3 ms n S45 8 ms n P44 Ca50 13.9 s Ti53 3.7 s (3/)- V53 1.61 m 7/- Ti5 1.7 m K49 1.6 s (3/+) n Ar48 Cl47 n S46 P45 30 V54 49.8 s 3+ Sc50 10.5 s 5+ * Ca49 8.718 m 3/- 5.4 Sc49 57. m 7/- V49 330 d 7/- Sc51 1.4 s (7/)- Ti51 5.76 m 3/- Sc5 8. s 3+ Ca51 10.0 s (3/-) n K50 47 ms (0-,1,-) n Ar49 Cl48 S47 P46 Ti54 Ti55 T Ca5 4.6 s V55 6.54 s (7/-) Sc53 K51 365 ms (1/+,3/+) n Ar50 Cl49 S48 3 V56 Sc54 Ca53 90 ms (3/-,5/-) n K5 105 ms n Ar51 Cl50 S49 V S C K 3 ( n A C 3

Different elements Different isotopes

The reactor s job is to turn U into fission products. 95% of reactor power comes from the fission events themselves. 5% comes from the later fission product decays. Stable isotopes Uranium & Plutonium The products include many different elements. Fission products Fission Different elements Different isotopes

While it s running, the reactor s neutrons can undergo side reactions that make more unstable elements in the fuel... and in other materials. Neutron capture on fuel Minor Actinides Stable isotopes Uranium & Plutonium Fission products Fission Different elements Different isotopes Neutron capture on water, air, reactor materials Induced radioactivity

Radiation damage Alpha decay: common in minor actinides (damages every 10th atom it passes.) Beta & gamma decay: fission products (damages every 3000th atom it passes.) Rn 18 Po + 4 He 14 C 14 N + e - + ν http://education.jlab.org

How much damage? One becquerel = 1 decay per second One curie = 37 billion decays per second. A measure of amount, as in There are 0 million curies of 137 Cs in the fuel pond One gray = absorbing 1 billion 38 U decays, or 10 billion 137 Cs decays, per gram of body mass One sievert = absorbing 0.05B 38 U decays, or 10B of 137 Cs, per gram of body mass A measure of dose = fraction of body s chemical bonds damaged. For fission products, gray = sievert

Radiation numeracy You are all getting irradiated right now. natural 40K natural Rn Natural backgrounds vary; 1.5-7 msv/y in your body: ~0. msv/yr. in the air: ~1 msv/yr. Moving to Denver? Add ~1 msv/yr. Are you a flight attendant? Add ~few msv/yr. Lesson: a few millisieverts dose is not worth worrying about at all. (but msv/h rate can add up.) Chernobyl Record R.F. Mould, IOP 000

Radiation and cancer Ionization DNA damage DNA damage changed cells changed cells cancer (rarely) (rarely) (rarely) Type of cancer Extra cases per 10000 people with 1000mSv doses Leukemia 3 Lesson: 1 Sv = 1000 msv is a risk you would go out of your way to avoid, like texting while driving. Breast 7 Thyroid 1.6 Lung 4 Stomach 5 Colon From John D. Boice, Natl. Cancer Institute in Health Effects from Exposure to Low-Level Ionizing Radiation, IOP 1996

Acute radiation sickness Lesson: >5 Sv = run for your life Extraordinarily rare. Slotin Incident : 1 Sv, victim died 9 d later Daghlian incident : 5 Sv, victim died 1 month later Goiania accident: 5 Sv/hr medical source got loose. 4 dead (all > 5 Sv), 15 hospitalized (all betwen 0.5 and 5 Sv). Chernobyl first-responders: dose rates of 10 Sv/hr in many areas; 30 dead, 00 hospitalized Many victims of Hiroshima and Nagasaki

Units in the news Last Defense at Troubled Reactors: 50 Japanese Workers Radiation Published: March 15, 011 close to the reactors was reported to reach 400 millisieverts per hour on Tuesday after a blast inside reactor No. and fire at reactor No. 4, but has since dropped back to as low as 0.6 millisieverts at the plant gate. Radiation levels on the edge of the plant compound briefly spiked at 817 microsieverts per hour but later fell to about a third that. we know 5000 msv = fatal so 400 msv/hr for would be fatal if you had 5000/400 = 1 hours 0.6 msv per hour 1000 msv = texting while driving 1000/0.6 = two months 8000 µsv/hr = 8 msv/hr

They meant millisieverts per hour NYTimes.com

Are low doses proportionally dangerous? Probably?? There is no case where a small extra risk was detectable. (Chernobyl area: thyroid cancer at 100 msv) added cancer rate added cancer rate?? 1mSv 100mSv 1Sv dose Sv???? years since dose Fukushima? Health effects of low-level exposure to ionizing radiation, ed. Hendee & Edwards, 1oP 1996

What s getting out? What s getting out? Minor Actinides Stable isotopes Uranium & Plutonium Fission products Different elements Different isotopes Induced radioactivity

Periodic Table of the Elements Chemistry Reference Sheet California Standards Test 1 3 4 5 6 7 1 1A H 1 Hydrogen 1.01 3 Li Lithium 6.94 Na 11 Sodium.99 19 K Potassium 39.10 37 Rb Rubidium 85.47 Cs 55 Cesium 13.91 87 Fr Francium (3) A Be 4 Beryllium 9.01 Mg 1 Magnesium 4.31 0 Ca Calcium 40.08 38 Sr Strontium 87.6 Ba 56 Barium 137.33 88 Ra Radium (6) 3 3B 1 Sc Scandium 44.96 39 Y Yttrium 88.91 La 57 Lanthanum 138.91 89 Ac Actinium (7) Induced radioactivity 4 4B Ti Titanium 47.87 40 Zr Zirconium 91. 7 Hf Hafnium 178.49 104 Rf Rutherfordium (61) 5 5B 3 V Vanadium 50.94 41 Nb Niobium 9.91 Ta 73 Tantalum 180.95 105 Db Dubnium (6) 11 Atomic number Na Element symbol Sodium Element name.99 Average atomic mass* 6 6B 4 Cr Chromium 5.00 4 Mo Molybdenum 95.94 W 74 Tungsten 183.84 106 Sg Seaborgium (66) 7 7B 5 Mn Manganese 54.94 43 Tc Technetium (98) Re 75 Rhenium 186.1 107 Bh Bohrium (64) Key 8 6 Fe Iron 55.85 44 Ru Ruthenium 101.07 Os 76 Osmium 190.3 108 Hs Hassium (69) 9 8B 7 Co Cobalt 58.93 45 Rh Rhodium 10.91 77 Ir Iridium 19. 109 Mt Meitnerium (68) 10 8 Ni Nickel 58.69 46 Pd Palladium 106.4 78 Pt Platinum 195.08 11 1B 9 Cu Copper 63.55 47 Ag Silver 107.87 Au 79 Gold 196.97 1 B 30 Zn Zinc 65.39 48 Cd Cadmium 11.41 Hg 80 Mercury 00.59 Fission products 13 3A B 5 Boron 10.81 13 Al Aluminum 6.98 31 Ga Gallium 69.7 49 In Indium 114.8 81 Tl Thallium 04.38 14 4A C 6 Carbon 1.01 14 Si Silicon 8.09 3 Ge Germanium 7.61 50 Sn Tin 118.71 Pb 8 Lead 07. 15 5A N 7 Nitrogen 14.01 15 P Phosphorus 30.97 33 As Arsenic 74.9 51 Sb Antimony 11.76 83 Bi Bismuth 08.98 16 6A O 8 Oxygen 16.00 16 S Sulfur 3.07 34 Se Selenium 78.96 5 Te Tellurium 17.60 Po 84 Polonium (09) 17 7A F 9 Fluorine 19.00 17 Cl Chlorine 35.45 35 Br Bromine 79.90 53 I Iodine 16.90 85 At Astatine (10) 18 8A He Helium 4.00 Ne 10 Neon 0.18 18 Ar Argon 39.95 36 Kr Krypton 83.80 54 Xe Xenon 131.9 Rn 86 Radon () * If this number is in parentheses, then it refers to the atomic mass of the most stable isotope. Ce 58 Cerium 140.1 Th 90 Thorium 3.04 59 Pr Praseodymium 140.91 Pa 91 Protactinium 31.04 Nd 60 Neodymium 144.4 9 U Uranium 38.03 Pm 61 Promethium (145) 93 Np Neptunium (37) Copyright 008 California Department of Education Sm 6 Samarium 150.36 Pu 94 Plutonium (44) Eu 63 Europium 151.96 Am 95 Americium (43) Gd 64 Gadolinium 157.5 Cm 96 Curium (47) Tb 65 Terbium 158.93 Bk 97 Berkelium (47) Dy 66 Dysprosium 16.50 98 Cf Californium (51) Ho 67 68 Er Tm 69 Yb 70 Lu minor Erbium actinides 71 Ytterbium Lutetium Holmium 164.93 Es 99 Einsteinium (5) 167.6 Fm 100 Fermium (57) Thulium 168.93 101 Md Mendelevium (58) 173.04 10 No Nobelium (59) 174.97 103 Lr Lawrencium (6)

Periodic Table of the Elements Chemistry Reference Sheet California Standards Test 1 3 4 5 6 7 1 1A H 1 Hydrogen 1.01 3 Li Lithium 6.94 11 water soluble Na Sodium.99 19 K Potassium 39.10 37 Rb Rubidium 85.47 Cs 55 Cesium 13.91 87 Fr Francium (3) A Be 4 Beryllium 9.01 1 Mg Magnesium 4.31 3 3B 0 1 Ca Sc Calcium Scandium 40.08 44.96 38 39 Sr Y Strontium Yttrium 87.6 88.91 56 57 Ba La Barium Lanthanum 137.33 138.91 88 89 Ra Ac Radium Actinium (6) (7) 4 4B Ti Titanium 47.87 40 Zr Zirconium 91. 7 Hf Hafnium 178.49 104 Rf Rutherfordium (61) 5 5B 3 V Vanadium 50.94 41 Nb Niobium 9.91 Ta 73 Tantalum 180.95 105 Db Dubnium (6) 11 Atomic number Na Element symbol Sodium Element name.99 Average atomic mass* 6 6B 4 Cr Chromium 5.00 4 Mo Molybdenum 95.94 W 74 Tungsten 183.84 106 Sg Seaborgium (66) 7 7B 5 Mn Manganese 54.94 43 Tc Technetium (98) Re 75 Rhenium 186.1 107 Bh Bohrium (64) Key 8 6 Fe Iron 55.85 44 Ru Ruthenium 101.07 Os 76 Osmium 190.3 108 Hs Hassium (69) 9 8B 7 Co Cobalt 58.93 45 Rh Rhodium 10.91 77 Ir Iridium 19. 109 Mt Meitnerium (68) 10 8 Ni Nickel 58.69 46 Pd Palladium 106.4 78 Pt Platinum 195.08 11 1B 9 Cu Copper 63.55 47 Ag Silver 107.87 Au 79 Inert metals Gold 196.97 1 B 30 Zn Zinc 65.39 48 Cd Cadmium 11.41 Hg 80 Mercury 00.59 13 3A B 5 Boron 10.81 13 Al Aluminum 6.98 31 Ga Gallium 69.7 49 In Indium 114.8 81 Tl Thallium 04.38 14 4A C 6 Carbon 1.01 14 Si Silicon 8.09 3 Ge Germanium 7.61 50 Sn Tin 118.71 Pb 8 Lead 07. 15 5A N 7 Nitrogen 14.01 15 P Phosphorus 30.97 33 As Arsenic 74.9 51 Sb Antimony 11.76 83 Bi Bismuth 08.98 16 6A O 8 Oxygen 16.00 16 S Sulfur 3.07 34 Se Selenium 78.96 5 Te Tellurium 17.60 Po 84 Polonium (09) 17 7A F 9 Fluorine 19.00 17 Cl Chlorine 35.45 35 Br Bromine 79.90 53 I Iodine 16.90 85 At Astatine (10) Gases 18 8A He Helium 4.00 Ne 10 Neon 0.18 18 Ar Argon 39.95 36 Kr Krypton 83.80 54 Xe Xenon 131.9 Rn 86 Radon () * If this number is in parentheses, then it refers to the atomic mass of the most stable isotope. Ce 58 Cerium 140.1 Th 90 Thorium 3.04 59 Pr Praseodymium 140.91 Pa 91 Protactinium 31.04 Nd 60 Neodymium 144.4 9 U Uranium 38.03 Pm 61 Promethium (145) 93 Np Neptunium (37) Copyright 008 California Department of Education Sm 6 Samarium 150.36 Pu 94 Plutonium (44) Eu 63 Europium 151.96 Am 95 Americium (43) Gd 64 Gadolinium 157.5 Cm 96 Curium (47) Tb 65 Terbium 158.93 Bk 97 Berkelium (47) Dy 66 Dysprosium 16.50 98 Cf Californium (51) Ho 67 Holmium 164.93 99 Es Einsteinium (5) 68 Er Erbium 167.6 Fm 100 Fermium (57) Tm 69 Thulium 168.93 101 Md Mendelevium (58) Yb 70 Ytterbium 173.04 10 No Nobelium (59) Lu 71 Lutetium 174.97 103 Lr Lawrencium (6)

Healthy reactor: In Zircalloy casing: fuel + fission products + actinides In cooling water: activation products In steam: activation products In environment: practically nothing

Meltdown: In Zircalloy casing: fuel + fission products + actinides In cooling water: fission products like Cs, I, Tc In steam: fission products like Xe, Kr, Rn In environment: practically nothing

Three-Mile Island Meltdown + emergency venting: In Zircalloy casing: fuel + fission products + actinides In cooling water: fission products like Cs, I, Tc In steam: fission products like Xe, Kr, Rn In environment: practically Xe, Kr, nothing Rn

Fukushima Daiishi Meltdown + containment failure: In Zircalloy casing: fuel + fission products + actinides In cooling water: fission products like Cs, I, Tc In steam: fission products like Xe, Kr, Rn In environment: Xe, Kr, Xe, Rn, Kr, Cs, Rn I, Tc

Meltdown + fuel fire??? In Zircalloy casing: fuel + fission products + actinides In environment: fuel + fission products + actinides Briefly happened at Fukushima spent-fuel pools? (reports vary?) This is very bad but still not as bad as Chernobyl http://mitnse.com

Chernobyl no real containment vessel Core filled with graphite (fuel for huge fire) Reactor fissioning during explosions and fire (Fukushima reactors have now been off for 5 days)

wikipedia

Saving graces at Fukushima Reactor survived earthquake intact (!!!!!) Shut down properly First hour of containment saved factor of 5x First day: factor 0x Evacuation Biggest fire risk is 100- day-old spent fuel, i.e. 100x less radioactive than Chernobyl material

Nuclides to watch Nuclide Half-life Effect at Chernobyl 131 Iodine 8 days quick ~0.5 msv dose to everyone in Eastern Europe 137 Cesium 30 years Additional ~1 msv over 30y 90 Strontium 30 years 41 Plutonium 9 years Lower amount than Cs, but accumulates in bone Large doses near reactor site; easier to decontaminate Cooper, Randle, and Sokhi, Wiley 003

In case of fire... soot Nuclide Half-life 95 Zirconium 60 days 99 Molybdenum 3 days 103 Ruthenium 40 days 141 Cerium 30 days 140 Barium 14 days Worst concern to first responders. Weather may move soot plumes around (Chernobyl: bad plumes to 60km) This is what the stay indoors advisories are talking about. Soot in your driveway doesn t dose you; soot on your clothes does. Can be cleaned from streets/buildings. Agriculture, fisheries have to wait it out (or remove top 10cm soil)

Conclusions The worst general-public effects of Chernobyl were stress/fear; HUGE education/communication failure You have the information: count the millisieverts and decide how to respond My feeling: the worst-case radiation hazards from Fukushima are mitigatable and local (early evacuation + controls on 131 I in food) My feeling: the global radiation hazard is nil. The best way to reduce worldwide low-level radiation releases is... stop burning coal Save your energy for those affected by the tsunami and 50 plant workers at Fukushima