Preface p. xv Acknowledgments p. xvii History of Magnesia p. 1 History of Magnesia p. 1 Bibliography p. 4 Formation and Occurrence of Magnesite and Brucite p. 5 Introduction p. 5 Sedimentary Magnesite-Basis for Carbonate Deposition p. 7 Secondary Nodular Magnesite p. 8 Biogenic Carbonate p. 8 Serpentine Alteration by Hydrothermal Processes p. 10 Cryptocrystalline Magnesite Formation by Infiltration p. 11 Crystalline Magnesite-Replacement of Limestone and Dolomite p. 11 Brucite p. 12 Worldwide Occurrence of Magnesite and Brucite p. 12 United States and Canada p. 13 Brazil p. 17 Australia p. 17 China p. 22 North Korea p. 24 Nigeria p. 24 South Africa p. 24 India p. 24 Saudi Arabia p. 26 Iran p. 26 Greece p. 26 Turkey p. 27 Serbia and Bosnia p. 28 Austria p. 28 Russia p. 29 Slovakia p. 29 Spain p. 30 Physical and Chemical Properties of Magnesite p. 30 Chemical and Physical Properties of Brucite p. 33 Bibliography p. 35 References p. 35 Synthetic Magnesia p. 39 Introduction p. 39 Composition of Seawater and Brines p. 41 Seawater Chemistry p. 41 Brine Extraction p. 42
Sump Leaching Phase p. 42 Preparation Phase p. 43 Production Phase p. 44 Evaporite Production p. 44 Subsurface Brines p. 44 Process Description p. 45 Precipitation Reaction p. 45 Influence of Reaction Conditions on Mg(OH)[subscript 2] Particle Morphology p. 46 Dolime/Lime Requirements p. 47 Seawater Pretreatment p. 48 Precipitation Process p. 50 Settling and Compaction p. 51 Washing p. 52 Filtration p. 52 Brine Precipitation p. 54 Calcination p. 55 Grinding p. 55 Packaging p. 56 Sampling and Testing and In-Process Quality Control p. 56 Dolime p. 56 Seawater p. 57 Reactor p. 57 Settling/Thickener p. 57 Washing p. 58 Filtration p. 58 Calcining p. 58 Grinding p. 58 Finished Product p. 58 Aman Process p. 59 Pyrohydrolysis of Magnesium Chloride Hexahydrate p. 59 General Properties of Synthetic Magnesia p. 60 Bibliography p. 60 References p. 60 Mining and Processing Magnesite p. 63 Mining Operations p. 63 Overburden Removal p. 63 Drilling p. 63 Bench Height p. 64 Hole Diameter p. 64 Burden and Spacing p. 64 Subdrilling p. 65
Hole Stemming p. 66 Blast Hole Pattern p. 66 Blast Timing p. 67 Blasting Agents p. 68 Secondary Blasting p. 68 Chemical Contour and Muck Maps p. 68 Processing Magnesite p. 69 Ore Removal and Primary Crushing p. 70 Gyratory and Cone Crushers p. 71 Jaw Crushers p. 72 Roll Crushers p. 72 Size Separation p. 73 Screening p. 74 Pneumatic (Air) Classification p. 75 Hydroclones p. 76 Gravity Concentration p. 76 Float-Sink Separation p. 76 Froth Floatation p. 77 Floatation Reagents p. 79 Floatation Machines p. 80 Tertiary Crushing p. 81 Postcalcination Screening and Grinding p. 81 References p. 81 Calcination of Magnesium Hydroxide and Carbonate p. 83 Calcination of Magnesite p. 83 Energy Requirement for Calcination Process p. 85 Effect of Time and Temperature p. 85 Kinetics of Calcination p. 85 Stone Size p. 88 Calcination of Magnesium Hydroxide p. 88 Energy Requirement for Calcination Process p. 89 Decomposition Mechanism p. 90 Kinetics of Decomposition p. 93 Effect of Time and Temperature p. 94 References p. 96 Furnaces and Kilns p. 97 Introduction p. 97 Multiple-Hearth Furnaces p. 98 Single Progressive Rabble (Four Arms per Hearth) p. 101 Full Progressive Rabble (Four Arms per Hearth) p. 102 Back Rabble (Four Arms per Hearth) p. 102
Full Progressive Rabble (Two Arms per Hearth) p. 102 Refractory Linings p. 102 Horizontal Rotary Kilns p. 103 External Water Coolers p. 105 Shaft Kilns p. 107 Ore Charging p. 107 Discharge p. 107 Modern Shaft Kiln p. 109 Double-Inclined Kiln p. 109 Multichamber Kiln p. 109 Annular Shaft Kiln p. 111 Parallel-Flow Regenerative Kiln p. 113 Postcalcination Processing p. 115 Introduction p. 115 Grinding p. 115 Ring-Roller Mills p. 116 Ball Mills p. 117 Bibliography p. 119 Reference p. 119 Physical and Chemical Properties of Magnesium Oxide p. 121 Introduction p. 121 Physical Properties of Magnesium Oxide p. 121 Chemical Properties of Magnesium Oxide p. 125 Dissolution of Magnesium Oxide p. 126 Surface Structures of MgO p. 127 Molecular Adsorption on MgO p. 129 Chemisorption of Various Molecules on MgO p. 129 Bibliography p. 130 References p. 131 Other Magnesia Products p. 133 Production of Hard-Burned Magnesia p. 133 Production of Dead-Burned Magnesia p. 133 Sintering p. 139 Sinter Aids p. 142 Production Methods p. 144 Fused Magnesia p. 144 Refractory-Grade Fused Magnesia p. 145 Magnesium Hydroxide Slurry p. 146 Production of Synthetic Magnesium Hydroxide Slurry p. 146 Hydration of Magnesium Oxide p. 148 Hydration Kinetics and Mechanisms p. 150
Testing and Quality Control of Magnesium Hydroxide Slurry p. 151 Purification by Carbonation of Magnesium Hydroxide Slurry p. 151 Precipitation of Magnesium Carbonate from Bicarbonate Solution p. 153 References p. 153 Water and Wastewater Applications for Magnesia Products p. 155 Introduction to Applications p. 155 Industrial Wastewater Treatment p. 155 Advantages of Magnesium Hydroxide in Wastewater Treatment p. 157 Safety p. 157 ph Control p. 157 Metals Removal p. 158 Sludge Volume and Dewatering p. 159 Treatment Methods p. 161 Handling Requirements p. 161 Environmental Impact p. 163 Adsorption of Dyes on Magnesium Hydroxide p. 163 Biological Wastewater Treatment p. 163 Aerobic Processes p. 164 Nitrification p. 164 Anaerobic Digestion p. 165 Bioflocculation and Solids Settling p. 166 Phosphorus Removal from Wastewater and Struvite Formation p. 167 Odor and Corrosion Control in Sanitary Collection Systems p. 168 Addition to Raw Sewage p. 170 Crown Spraying p. 172 Acid Mine Drainage p. 172 Silica Removal from Industrial Plant Water p. 173 Mechanism of Silica Removal p. 174 Factors Controlling the Removal of Silica p. 174 References p. 176 Magnesia in Polymer Applications p. 179 Magnesium Hydroxide as a Flame Retardant for Polymer Applications p. 179 Flame-Retardant Mechanisms p. 180 Properties Required of Magnesium Hydroxide for Flame-Retardant Applications p. 181 Surface Treatment p. 182 Stearic Acid p. 183 Silanes p. 184 Novel Applications for Magnesium Hydroxide as a Flame Retardant p. 184 Polymer Curing and Thickening p. 184 Sheet Molding Compound (SMC) p. 184 Synthetic Rubber p. 185
Bibliography p. 186 References p. 186 Environmental Applications p. 189 Flue Gas Desulfurization p. 189 Regenerative Process p. 189 Process Description p. 190 Once-Through Process p. 192 Kawasaki Process p. 192 Dravo Thiosorbic Process with Magnesium Hydroxide Recovery p. 194 Sorbtech Process p. 194 Remediation Applications p. 194 Nuclear Waste Disposal p. 196 Hazardous Spill Cleanup p. 196 Antibacterial Activity of Magnesium Oxide Powder p. 197 Carbon Dioxide Sequestration Using Brucite p. 197 Bibliography p. 198 References p. 198 Role of Magnesium in Animal, Plant, and Human Nutrition p. 201 Role of Magnesium in Plant Nutrition p. 201 Uptake of Magnesium from the Soil p. 202 Functions of Magnesium in Plant Growth p. 202 Magnesium Fertilizers p. 203 Magnesium in Animal Nutrition p. 203 Ruminant Animals p. 204 Magnesium Oxide Requirements for Animal Nutrition p. 205 Factors Affecting Magnesium Utilization p. 205 Magnesium Bioavailability p. 206 Preventing Grass Tetany by Magnesium Fertilization p. 207 Preventing Grass Tetany by Oral Supplementation p. 207 Magnesium Requirements of Swine p. 207 Magnesium Requirements of Poultry p. 208 Magnesium in Dairy Ration Buffers p. 208 Magnesium in Human Health and Nutrition p. 209 Health Benefits of Magnesium p. 209 Bibliography p. 210 References p. 211 Magnesium Salts and Magnesium Metal p. 215 Magnesium Acetate p. 215 Magnesium Alkyls p. 215 Magnesium Chloride p. 216 Magnesium Nitrate p. 217
Magnesium Sulfate p. 217 Magnesium Soaps p. 218 Magnesium Overbase Sulfonates p. 218 Magnesium Peroxide p. 219 Magnesium Metal Production p. 220 Thermal Processes p. 220 Electrolytic Production p. 221 Bibliography p. 221 Pulp Applications p. 223 Sulfite Pulping p. 223 Magnefite Pulping Process p. 223 Pulping Liquor Preparation p. 225 Pulping Process p. 226 Chemical Recovery p. 226 Pulp Bleaching p. 226 Oxygen Bleaching and Delignification p. 227 Hydrogen Peroxide Bleaching p. 228 Deinking p. 229 Bibliography p. 229 References p. 230 Magnesia Cements p. 231 Introduction p. 231 Magnesium Oxychloride Cement p. 231 Phase Formation p. 232 Water Resistance of MOC Cement p. 233 Magnesium Oxysulfate (MOS) Cement p. 234 Thermal Insulative and Fire Resistance Properties of Sorel Cement p. 234 Thermal Insulation p. 234 Fire Resistance p. 235 Magnesium Phosphate Cement p. 235 Reaction Mechanism p. 235 Magnesium Phosphate Cement Derived from Ammonium Dihydrogen Phosphate p. 236 Magnesium Phosphate Cement Derived from Diammonium Phosphate p. 237 Magnesium Phosphate Cement Derived from Ammonium Polyphosphate p. 237 Magnesium Phosphate Cement Derived from Potassium Dihydrogen Phosphate p. 238 Bibliography p. 238 References p. 238 Miscellaneous Magnesia Applications p. 241 Sugar Manufacture p. 241 Clarification and Filtration p. 243 Reduction in Scaling p. 243
Additional Benefits p. 243 Chrome Tanning of Leather p. 244 Magnesia as a Catalyst Support p. 245 Example of Magnesium Oxide as Catalyst p. 245 Fuel Additives p. 246 High-Temperature Corrosion p. 247 Low-Temperature Corrosion p. 248 Types of Additives for High-Temperature Corrosion p. 249 Types of Additives for Low-Temperature Corrosion p. 249 Well-Drilling Fluids p. 250 Nanoparticulate Magnesia p. 251 Synthesis of Nanoparticulate Magnesia p. 251 Chemical and Catalytic Properties of Nanocrystals p. 251 Transformer Steel Coating p. 254 Bibliography p. 254 References p. 254 Appendix p. 257 Index p. 263 Table of Contents provided by Blackwell's Book Services and R.R. Bowker. Used with permission.