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Requirements on the Cellulose Fibres from the Composite Industry Prof. Laboratory of Polymer and Composite Technology (LTC) Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL) The Marcus Wallenberg Prize Symposium September 24, 2013

Cellulose fibers in everyday life Traditional building Inexpensive filler Insulation packaging Composite reinforcement Functional barrier Tailored bio-medical

What cellulose-based fibers can offer High aspect ratio Low density Hollow/Porous Hydrophilic Nanostructure Versatile reactivity Mech.prop/weight Insulation Permeability Bio-compatible Biodegradable Recyclable

OUTLINE: Cellulose-based composites: Potential future application areas STRUCTURAL: Mechanical Performance Reinforcement (stiffness/strength) (energy dissipation) BACKGROUND PACKAGING: Protective Properties Cellular composites (density) Barrier properties (permeability) CONCLUSION BIO-MEDICAL: Biocompatibility Swelling properties (sorption) Highlights from ongoing research at EPFL-LTC

What cellulose-based fibers can offer to composites Reinforcement (stiffness/strength) (energy dissipation) Cellular composites (density) Barrier properties (permeability) Swelling properties (sorption) High aspect ratio Low density Hollow/Porous Hydrophilic Nanostructure Versatile reactivity Mech.prop/weight Insulation Permeability Bio-compatible Biodegradable Recyclable

From wood to cellulose nanofibrils Structure Wood cm Cellulose fiber MFC/NFC mm nm E-modulus Wood 0 Cellulose fiber Glass fiber MFC/NFC fiber 100 200 Carbon fiber Spec. E-modulus E/r 0 Wood Cellulose fiber Glass fiber 50 MFC/NFC fiber 100 Carbon fiber (GPa) (GPa cm 3 /g)

Fiber specifics 50μm Spec. Modulus, E/r Glass fiber Carbon fiber Cellulose fiber MFC/NFC fiber 30 110 25 90 Shape Configuration Potential Processing temperature Continuous Straight Uniform Continuous Straight Uniform Discontinuous Non straight Non uniform Discontinuous Non straight Non uniform 400-500 C 400-500 C 130-160 C 130-160 C Properties dead properties active properties

Composite Fibre system What natural fibres can offer in mechanical performance Natural composites Engineering composites Advanced composites 100 200 fibre E-modulus shape L/d configuration 0.5 1.0 volume fraction 1.0 2.0 3.0 density 10 50 100 E-modules 10 50 100 E/r

The place of natural fibres in the composite world Natural composites Engineering composites Advanced composites 10 50 100 E-modules 10 50 100 E/r

Stiffness Capacity Reasoning and approach: It s about feel & control STIFFNESS WEIGHT ENERGY STORAGE = PERFORMANCE FAST ENERGY RESTITUTION AND RELEASE => => Tailored damping => Nervous equipment? Macromechanical level External damping treatment Embedded and co-cured viscoelastic layers Submicron diameter carbon filaments Fibre orientation and coupling effects Hybrid laminates Changes in composite structure, e.g. fiber orientation, fiber length, etc. Micromechanical level Viscoelastic nature of matrix and/or fibre Fibre-matrix interphase Fibre aspect ratio Living and active fiber

Level of energy dissipating interfaces cm mm mm nm +200% Polymer matrix Zimmerman et al.,2004, Neagu et al., 2006, Natural fiber F.Duc, P.E. Bourban, C. Plummer, J.A. Månson of thermoset and thermoplastic flax fibre composites, Composites part A, submitted, 2013 NF

Foam materials

Foaming with MFC/NFC fibers Squeezes MFC/NFC inbetween the molten PLA particles Neat PLA +MFC Neat PLA 50 μm C. Plummer, C. Choo, C. Boissard, P.E. Bourban, J.A.Månson Morphological investigation of polylactide/microfibrillated cellulose composites Colloid and Polymer Science, 2013 MFC/NFC within the molten PLA particles Degradable bone inplants as stemcell scaffolds 50 μm M. Buhler, P.E. Bourban, J.A.Månson Cellular composites based on continuous fibres and bioresorbable polymers Composites Part A, 39, 1779-1786, 2008 C.Boissard, P.E. Bourban, C. Plummer, C. Neagu, J.A.Månson Cellular Biocomposites from Polylactide and microfibrillated cellulose Journal of Cellular Plastics 48(5) 445-458, 2012 C.Boissard, P.E. Bourban, P. Tingaut, T. Zimmerman, J.A.Månson Water of functionalized microfibrillated cellulose as foaming agent for elaboration of poly/lactic acid biocomposites J. of Reinforced Plastics and Composites, 30, 8, 709-719, 2001

MFC/NFC has a large potential for packaging

Fraction of MFC/NFC UV-cured nanocellulose composites for gas barrier films MFC/NFC network impregnated with UV curable resin 10 µm non porous nanocellulose film! With cost-effective roll-to-roll manufacturing Improved thermomechanical performance Enhanced barrier properties even in humid atmosphere Nanocomposite films are highly transparent Galland S., Leterrier Y., Nardi T., Plummer C.J.G., Månson J.A.E. and Berglund L.A., UV-cured cellulose nanofiber composites with moisture durable oxygen barrier properties. To be published.

Swelling ratio Elastic modulus Injectable composite hydrogels for the replacement of the nucleus pulposus. nucleus pulposu = jelly-like (hydrogel) substance in the middle of the spinal disc Injectable composite hydrogels: Tailored elastic modulus and swelling behavior by modified degree of substituion (DS) of the hydrophilicity of the MFC/NFC NFC increases elastic modulus of 3 to 8-fold. Swelling hindered by high concentrations of MFC/NFC Weight fraction MFC/NFC Modification of fibrils hydrophilicity (DS) to tailor the swelling - A. Borges, C. Eyholzer, F. Duc, P.E. Bourban, P. Tingaut,T. Zimmermann, D. Pioletti, J.A. Månson Nanofibrillated cellulose composite hydrogel for the replacement of the nucleus pulposus Acta Biomaterialia,7, 3412-3421, 2011 Weight fraction MFC/NFC - A. Borges, P.E. Bourban, D. Pioletti, J.A. Månson Curing kinetics and mechanical properties of a composite hydrogel for the replacement of the nucleus pulposus. Composites Science and Technology, 70,1847-1853, 2010

OUTLINE: Cellulose-based composites Ongoing research at EPFL-LTC Potential future application areas STRUCTURAL: Mechanical Performance Reinforcement (stiffness/strength) (energy dissipation) BACKGROUND PACKAGING: Protective Properties Cellular composites (density) Barrier properties (permeability) CONCLUSION BIO-MEDICAL: Biocompatibility Swelling properties (sorption)

Cellulose fibers in everyday life for the future Traditional building Inexpensive filler Insulation packaging Composite reinforcement Functional barrier Tailored bio-medical

Some final thoughts Traditional building Inexpensive filler Insulation packaging Composite reinforcement Functional barrier What I would like to see from the MFC/NFC in the future: - More uniform properties - Increased thermomechanical stability (durability) - Low environmental impact (LCA) from - extraction process - dispersion process! Tailored bio-medical - Traditional industry ready to re-invest - Commercial access to cost-effective MFC/NFC (!)