Urban Groundwater Monitoring and Management 377 million live in urban areas Sushil Gupta Chairman, CGWB But what is happening underground?
Urbanization- Indian Context 31.16 % of the total population lives in urban areas, as per 2011 census. Rapid urbanization results in a large scale consumption of ground water. Its is expected that by 2021 approx 40% people would live in urban area where major economic activities would take place. Innovative urban planning contribute to economic development by strengthening urban infrastructure. Urban sector presently contributes about 62% 63% of the Indian GDP and expected to increase to 75% by 2021. Source-Planning Commission report
Urban water supply system in Indian cities There are 3 types of situation. Entire water supply from surface water Entire water supply from ground water. Mixed supply, a combination of both.
URBAN GROUNDWATER USE classification of settings and scenarios Delhi Chennai Kolkata
URBAN DEVELOPMENT one p person s solution becomes the others p problem The Integrating Element
GROUNDWATER & THE CITY -an evolving (often unsustainable) relationship
Impact of urbanization on ground water regime Fig. 1 Saline water intrusion Ground water abstraction results in : Progressive lowering of ground water level. Decrease in well yield. Changes in surface waterground water relationship. Infiltration from rivers. Saline water intrusion ( fig 1 ) Large scale lowering may cause compaction of sediments, mainly clays and silts causing subsidence.
Impact of Urbanization over Ground water Acid mine drainage Industrial wastes Reduction of recharge area due to roads, building and pavements. Deterioration of groundwater quality due to mixing of sewerage water through unlined open drains, leakage from cesspits and septic tanks. Acid mine drainage Contamination from industrial wastes Radioactive contamination
Impact of Urbanization over Ground water Water accumulation wastewater infiltration
Process of groundwater pollution Class I & Class II cities and Town 35 Metro cities 38254 MLD Waste water Generated 15644 MLD Waste water Generated Treatment Capacity only 8040 MLD Untreated water accumulation in nearby surface water body City Cesspools Ground Water pollution Source: CPCB report
Absolute Rise and Fall in Water Level (Pre Monsoon 2002 to Pre Monsoon 2011) in Urban Cities of India S No. State Urban City Rise (m) Fall (m) 1 Andhra Pradesh Hyderabad -3.32 2 Andhra Pradesh Vijayvada 088 0.88 3 Andhra Pradesh Vishakhapatnam 2.96 4 Bihar Patna -3.56 5 Gujarat Ahmadabad dbd 283 2.83 6 Gujarat Rajkot -6.34 7 Gujarat Surat 2.00 8 Gujarat Vd Vadodarad 668 6.68 9 Haryana Faridabad -15.12 10 Jharkhand Dhanbad 1.25 11 Jharkhand Janshedpur 591 5.91 12 Karnataka Bangalore 1.40 13 Kerala Kochi 0.38 14 Madhya Pradesh Indore 156 1.56 15 Madhya Pradesh Bhopal -0.40 16 Madhya Pradesh Jabalpur -2.90
Contd. S No. State Urban City Rise (m) Fall (m) 17 Maharashtra Greater Mumbai -6.77 18 Maharashtra Nagpur -2.38 19 Maharashtra Nashik 0.26 20 Maharashtra Pune -1.73 21 NCT Delhi Delhi -8.75 22 Punjab Amritsar -3.95 23 Punjab Ludhiana -13.15 24 Rajsthan Jaipur -16.35 25 Tamil Nadu Chennai 2.53 26 Tamil Nadu Coimbatore 4.01 27 Tamil Nadu Madurai -1.86 28 Uttar Pradesh Agra 329 3.29 29 Uttar Pradesh Allahabad -3.45 30 Uttar Pradesh Kanpur -2.60 31 Uttar Pradesh Lucknow -0.52 052 32 Uttar Pradesh Meerut -1.95 33 Uttar Pradesh Varanasi -4.77
Case Studies
CHENNAI METROPOLITAN AREA
Kolkata
GROUND WATER SCENARIO IN AHMEDABAD GANDHINAGAR (TWIN CITY) Ahmedabad - Gandhinagar - Twin City with surrounding urban areas Gujarat Gandhinagar City Ahmedabad City Gandhinagar
CGWB piezometers in Ahmedabad & Gandhinagar area shows continuous decline of deep water level since last two decades
Fence diagram of the Guwahati area
Spatial distribution of Fe and F in greater Guwahati area
85-05' 85-10' W N S E DANAPUR FENCE DIAGRAM PATNA URBAN AREA CGWB, MER, PATNA 25 35' 0 2.5 5 Km Scale KHAGA AUL PHULW WARI SHARIF AN NISABAD MITHAPUR KADA AMKUAN GANGA R. KHAJEKALAN BEG GAMPUR PIR DAMARIA 25 35' 0 DEPTH IN METE ER 60 120 180 LEGEND Clay with silt and Kankar (supports dugwells, Phreatic aquifer) Clay Fine to Medium sand 240 Medium to Coarse sand Coarse sand+gravel 85-05' 85-10'
0 Water Level (m bg gl) 3 6 9 12 15 YEAR
CHANDIGARH
WATER SUPPLY REPLENISHABLE GW RESOURCES 2030 ham BY AND LARGE UNUTILIZED CHD WATER SUPPLY BYE LAWS TWIN PROBLEM: HEAVY DECLINE IN DEEPER AQUIFERS WATER LEVELS IN THE SHALLOW AQUIFER VERY SHALLOW IN THE SOUTHERN SECTORS WATER LOGGING DEWATERING 1420 HAM( 8.6 MGD = 39mld ) CAN BE AUGMENTED PUMPING TO BE CONCENTRATED IN THE SOUTHERN SECTORS : 39 TO 55
NCT OF DELHI 162 monitoring stations
GROUNDWATER QUALITY -DELHI The quality of ground water is fresh down to 30 m. to 70 m., below which the water is brackish to saline. Fresh/Saline water interface is deep (approximately 70 m bgl) in Palla area and in Jagatpur & Sonia Vihar areas ground water is brackish/saline even at shallower depths of 20 to 25 m.
GROUNDWATER QUALITY -DELHI Salinity of ground water is measured in terms of EC. The EC values of ground water of New Delhi ranges from 237μS/cm at TRANSCO Wazirabad in North East district to 16700μS/cm at 25 0 C at Kair in district South west.
GROUNDWATER QUALITY -DELHI The nitrate (NO 3 ) concentration in groundwater ranges from trace at few places to 1500mg/l at Tikrii Kalan in West district. In about 73.4% of the samples, Nitrate is more than the safe drinking water limit of 45 mg/l
GROUNDWATER QUALITY -DELHI Fluoride is present in almost all samples and its concentration generally varies from 0.07 mg/l at Katlupur in district North West to 7.24 mg/l at Khaira Kalan also in district North West. In about 14.5% of the samples, fluoride is more than the safe drinking water limit of 1.5mg/l.
GROUNDWATER QUALITY -DELHI Limit: 0.01 mg/l Limit: 0.05 mg/l
GROUNDWATER QUALITY -DELHI Limit : 0.05 mg/l (may relax upto : 1.5 mg/l) Limit : 0.1 mg/l
Sample data of DWLR with telemetry Installed at Shram Shakti Bhawan, Delhi
GROUND WATER MANAGEMENT AND DEVELOPMENT STRATEGY Utilizing Potential Aquifers underlying Yamuna Flood Plains 65 MGD Four Potential areas: Palla-Hiranki Sector Akshardham Mandir- Mayur Vihar Sector DND Flyover Sector Kalindi Kunj-Jaitpur Sector Rain Water Harvesting and artificial recharge to ground water Development of Groundwater resources of NCR 740 MGD Three potential areas : Yamuna Flood Plains of NCR Areas along Upper Ganga Canal in NCR Ganga Flood Plains of NCR Development of Brackish Water Aquifers 80 MGD Waste water reuse/recycle Efficient use
Rainwater Harvesting and Artificial Recharge structures in Delhi city Influence of water management on aquifers in urban areas: Shift to surface water Shut down tubewells which help recovery of ground water level.