ISSUES AND CHALLENGES - STRATEGIES TO SUSTAIN RICE INDUSTRY THROUGH R&D Zainal Abidin Bin Hassan Rice and Industrial Crops Research Centre, MARDI, Serdang, Selangor
STATUS OF RICE INDUSTRY
BACKGROUND OF RICE INDUSTRY (2012) Total Planting Area Average Yield National Paddy Production 687,940 ha 4.207 t/ha 2.578 million tonne Padi Price / tan without subsidy RM 1,158 Total Population Consumption per capital Annual Rice Comsumption Annual Rice Production Annual Rice Import Self-Sufficiency Level (SSL) 70 % No. of Seed Producer 13 28.96 million Total Rice Grower 296,000 No. of Rice Miller 230 93 kg/person/year 2.692 million tonne 1.68 million tonne 1.01 million tonne (RM1,854 million) including 0.63 million tonne aromatic rice (RM1,096 million)
TOTAL PRODUCTION AND AVERAGE YIELD (2007-2011) Source: DOA (2012)
Average Yield Per Season (t/ha) MS 2008/ 09 OS 2009 MS 2009/10 OS 2010 MS 2010/11 OS 2011 MS 2011/12 OS 2012 Malaysia 3.845 4.247 3.370 4.043 3.856 4.367 3.883 4.532 Peninsular 4.198 4.313 4.165 4.035 4.089 4.430 4.189 4.608 Granary 4.609 4.683 4.541 4.538 4.639 4.907 4.631 5.146 Sabah/Sarawak 2.435 1.773 2.795 3.093 3.113 1.485 2.983 1.839 OS=Of Season MS-Main Season Source: Laporan Penyiasatan Pengeluaran Padi, Jabatan Pertanian Malaysia (2013)
PRODUCTION AND AVERAGE YIELD IN ALL RICE GRANARY (2007-2011)
AVERAGE YIELD ACCORDING TO GRANARY AREA (2007-2011) Source: DOA (2012)
Average Yield In Granary Area (Off Season 2012) Granary Area Average Yield (t/ha) MADA 5.3 KADA 3.7 IADA Kerian/Sg. Manik 4.5 IADA Pulau Pinang 5.8 IADA Ketara 5.5 IADA Barat Laut Selangor 6.2 IADA Seberang Perak 4.9 IADA Kemasin/Semerak 3.9 Source: Laporan Penyiasatan Pengeluaran Padi, Jabatan Pertanian Malaysia (2013)
ISSUES FACING IN RICE INDUSTRY Population growth and the need to increase rice self-sufficiency level (SSL) Decreasing of rice planted area Demand in high quality rice Requirement for environmental quality High production costs The need to increase productivity and income with low-cost environmentally friendly
ISSUES FACING IN RICE PRODUCTION o The average farm productivity is still low & unstable Quality seeds (varieties and certified) Biotic and abiotic stress (drought, floods, disease and pests) Weedy rice and weeds (agronomic practices) Climate change (adaptation and mitigation) Source and water management Post harvest losses of ~ 10 to 30%
RESEARCH ACHIEVEMENTS
GENE BANK MARDI has the largest collection of rice genetic resources in country > 12,000 accessions
DEVELOPMENT OF NEW RICE VARIETY NEEDS FOR INDUSTRY AND CONSUMER o HIGH YIELD VARIETY - increasing production capacity per unit area planted, better than existing varieties o HIGH QUALITY VARIETY - to satisfy the tastes of consumers and the reduction of import and quality fragrant rice o VARIETI RESISTANT TO DISEASE AND PEST - help towards reducing reliance on pesticides and disease in realizing the production capacity and the preservation of the environment rice field o SPECIALTY VARIETY (Specialty) - to meet consumers and industry needs The introduction of new rice varieties that are better than the existing innovation is to be implemented to improve the country's rice production
RELEASED RICE VARIETIES 1. MURNI 1972 2. MASRIA 1972 3. JAYA 1973 4. S. MALAYSIA 1 1974 5. S. MALAYSIA 2 1974 6. P. MALAYSIA 1 1974 7. SETANJUNG 1979 8. SEKENCANG 1979 9. SEKEMBANG 1979 10. KADARIA 1981 11. P.SIDING 1981 12. MANIK 1984 13. MUDA 1984 14. SEBERANG 1984 15. MAKMUR 1985 16. MR 84 1986 17. MR 81 1988 18. MR 103 1990 19. MR 106 1990 20. P. HITAM 9 1990 21. MR 123 1991 22. MR 127 1991 23. MR 159 1995 24. MR 167 1995 25. MR 185 1997 26. MR 211 1999 27. MRQ 50 1999 28. MR 219 2001 29. MR 220 2003 30. MRQ 74 2005 31. MR 232 2006 32. MR220CL1 2010 33. MR220CL2 2010 34. MR253 2011 35. MR263 2011 36. MRQ76 2012 37. MR269 2012 38. MRIA 1 2013 MR 219 and MR 220 planted more than 20 seasons in more than 90% of the planted area in the country
HIGH YIELDING VARIETIES OF MR 219 & MR 220 SIGNIFICANT: In the main season 2009/10 both varieties cover 97% of the rice planted area in Malaysia. Relevant: Until now MR 219 were grown for 20 seasons and MR 220 for 15 cycles (10 yea
VARIETY MR 253 Characteristic MR 253 MR 219 Agronomy Maturation (hari) Plant height (cm) Panicle length(cm) Grain Lenght (mm) wide (mm) 1,000 grain wt. (g) Milling Quality Milling recovery (%) Head rice (%) Amilose (%) Resistance P&D Leaf blast Panicle blast Bacterial leaf blight Sheath blight Tungro (PMV) Brown plant hopper 100-104 69.0-74.0 23.8 10.12 2.25 28.5 65.8 80.9 21.6 Tolerant Tolerant 105-112 83.0 87.0 24.5 10.04 2.27 27.10 65.0 72.0 20.1 Tolerant Yield Potential - 8.8 t/ha Suitable variety for peat soil, low ph
VARIETY MR 263 Characteristics MR 263 Agronomy Matang (day) Plant height (cm) Panicle lenght (cm) Grain Length (mm) wide (mm) 1,000 grain (g) Milling Quality Milling recovery (%) Head rice (%) Amilose (%) Resistance P&D Leaf Blast Panicle Blast Bacterial leaf Blight Sheath Blight Tungro Brown Plant hopper 97-103 59-71 23-26 10.13 2.99 24.6 27.0 65.6 67.2 82.9 84.9 19.97 Tolerant Tolerant Yield Potential 9.1 t/ha
VARIETY MR 269 Characteristics MR 269 Agronomy Maturation (day) Plant height (cm) Panicle lenght (cm) Grain Lenght (mm) wide (mm) 1,000 grain wt. (g) Milling Quality Milling recovery (%) Head rice (%) Amilose (%) Resistance P&D Leaf Blast Panicle Blast Bacterial Leaf Blight Shealth Blight 104-109 72-83 23-26 10.22 2.09 24.6 26.0 66.0 73.4 20.9 Resistant MR269. High yield variety and dan disease resistant
SOLVING THE PROBLEMS OF WILD RICE o o Crop loss due to infestations of weedy rice per year is estimated at RM 180 million (Manual Teknologi Kawalan Padi Angin, 2004). Approximately 10% of rice bowl area (40,000 ha) are experiencing serious problems weedy rice, involving about 20,000 farmers, where rice production is only around 3 t / ha / season, while production capacity in that area of not less than 6 t / ha (50% loss of yield)
o MR 220 CL1 dan MR 220 CL2 are two rice varieties developed in 2010 which tolerant to toxic herbicide imidazolinone (Onduty) o Transplanting these two rice varieties combined with imidazolinone herbicide spraying can overcome the problem of weedy rice and other weeds
MR 220 CL1 & CL2 & System Clearfield ) Infested rice field (%) 35 >50 Yield loss (t/ha) 3.2 4.3 % Loss 55 74 Income loss (RM/ha) 3,300 4,110 Yield potential at Seb. Prai MR 220 CL1 6591 kg/ha MR 220 CL2 6885 kg/ha MR220 5809 kg/ha Yield Potential at Seb. Perak MR 220 CL1 6760 kg/ha MR 220 CL2 7079 kg/ha
o Local quality rice, which alikes its imported basmati rice o Long grain after the rice is cooked o High GABA content: reduce stress o Low GI value, suitable for diabetics o Rice potentially sold more expensive than regular white rice will increase the income of farmers o Implemented under NKEA project, EPP9: Cultivation of fragrant rice in non-granary areas. Expectations of GNI in 2020 is estimated RM 134 million
o High quality local rice, which alikes Thailand fragrant rice (Jasmine) o Fragrant and soft o Fragrant rice is more expensive than regular white rice that will increase the income of farmers o Implemented under NKEA project, EPP9: Cultivation of fragrant rice in non-granary areas. Expectations of GNI in 2020 is estimated RM 134 million
Characteristics MRQ 76 Maswangi (MRQ 74) Maturation (day) Plant height (cm) Panicle lenght (cm) 117 78 22 125 65 25 Grain Lenght (mm) Wide (mm) 1,000 grain wt. (g) Milling Quality Milling recovery (%) Head rice (%) Amilose (%) Resistance P&D Blast Bacterial Leaf Blight Sheath Blight Yield 6.54 2.06 25.2 61.53 65.78 15.0 5.8 t/ha 6.53 1.83 22.86 67.71 64.73 27 5.5 t/ha
o Local Red rice o Suitable for the preparation of baby food and other nutritious food products o Production in contract farming with MARDI act as technical advisor o Increase the income of farmers in Sarawak involve in contract farming with Nestle
Subsidy Fertilizer Formulation i) Federal Government Subsidy Scheme (SBPKP) a) Padi 1 17.5 N: 15.5 P: 10 K b) Padi 2 17 N: 20 P: 10 K ii) Additional NPK Fertilizer Scheme (started 2008/2009) 17 N: 3 P: 25 K: 2MgO
MECHANIZATION CROP ESTABLISHMENT & CROP CARE Row seeder Transplanter High clearence machine for chemical spraying
TECHNOLOGY FOR SOFT/DEEP SOIL 2-half track) Full track 4-half track)
PEST MANAGEMENT Strategy: Resistant variety Chemicals (environment friendly) Integrated Pest Management
Using of Resistant Variety Priority: Cheap, Easy & Compatible with practice healthy environment All of rice varieties that will be released must be resistance to disease that caused by Pyricularia oryzae. Resistance to bacterial leaf blight (BLB), brown planthopper (Nilaparvata lugens) and red disease virus (PMV or Tungro) as well.
Impact of MARDI technologies - Strategies in Sustaining the Rice Industry
Improvement In National Rice Production o Rice is food security crop. Target Self Sufficiency Level (SSL) exceeding 70% require an increase in the rice production o In 2020, requiring an average yield of 5 t / ha, with the assumption that there is no increase in the planted area of rice cultivation. In 2050, the average yield should reach 9.8-10 t/ha.
Increasing of the rice production can only be achieved through three methods o Expansion of rice cultivation area. Difficult to implement due to constraints of suitable soil fertility and competition with industrial and domestic needs o Increase cropping intensity from about 150% at present to 200-250 %, or o Increase productivity of crops per season
Average Yield (t/ha) and the Rate of Annual Productivity of Rice (% /year) Yield (t/ha) 4.5 4 3.5 3 2.5 2 2.4% 0.44% 5.01% 0% 1.5 1 0.5 0 1961 1963 1965 1967 1969 1971 1973 1975 1977 1979 1981 1983 1985 1987 1989 1991 1993 1995 1997 1999 2001 2003 2005 2007 2009 2011
Productivity of Rice Production <1967 : Static 1967-1975 : The surge exceeding 4% / year 1976-1999 : The increase in incremental ~ 0.4% / year > 1999 : The increase in incremental ~ 2.4% / year o It is hard to get a jump with the use of current technology or approach. o However there is also possible to reduce the gap between the potential outcomes of a variety of actual on-farm productivity through R & D and continous technology transfer activities (TOT). o New large spike in need of new technology approaches such as hybrid rice cultivation, and so on
Enhance the Development of Local Hybrid Rice Hybrid accession HY004H Hybrid accession HY010H Two CMS accessions have been developed from breeding hybrid program
Mitigation of Climate Change Water competition Increase in temperature Flood Drought Increase in pests and diseases incident Increase in an average daily temperature by 1 0 C can reduce the yield around 10% High night temperature will reduce CHO reserve which can lead to empty grain Simulation study (DSSAT Model) at MADA: increase 2% in temperature will reduce yield from 8 t/ha to 7 t/ha Early maturation variety ~ 100 days, to reduce the risk of drought condition Drought tolerant variety Production system which require less water aerobic rice
Aerobic Rice Production Related Research Using Less Water More Rice
CONCLUSION MARDI technologies in rice cultivation has successfully contributed in sustaining rice self-sufficiency level around 70% despite the country high population growth rate has constantly increased. However, in order to continue maintaining this 70% of SSL level, it becomes more challenging in future, requiring continuously R&D activities and strong support from government policy makers Structured and formal cooperation with international R&D institutions, higher education, the private sector, other local research agencies and implementing agencies such as the Department of Agriculture must be improved in order to ensure the sustainability of rice industry.
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