ISO STANDARDS ON WATER REUSE FOR IRRIGATION Valentina LAZAROVA SUEZ ENVIRONNEMENT Member of French ISO Mirror Committee, Member of International Water Academy and International Desalination Academy June 25th, 2015
Standardization: what are we talking about? A standard is a reference document approved by a recognized standardization institute (international, e.g. ISO, CEN or national, e.g. AFNOR, DIN ) It defines the characteristics and rules applicable voluntary activities It is developed by consensus of all stakeholders in a market or industry secr A standard allows define a common language between economic parties (producers, users and consumers) clarify and unify practices, and define the level of quality, safety, compatibility and acceptable environmental impact of products, services and practices It facilitates trade, both domestic and international and contributes harmonizing the market and unifying business practices Standard: voluntary Regulation (law, decree, directive): mandary application Lazarova: ISO Reuse Standard, June 25, 2015 2
Overview of standardization process ISO International level CEN European level National delegations 90% of standardization activities are international ANSI Unites States DIN Germany AFNOR France BSI United Kindom (Other National Standardization Institutes) Standardization authority Experts Businesses, consumers, NGOs, laboraries, public authorities; Research Centers, Trade Unions, moniring organizations; Public cusmers, local authorities, teachers Lazarova: ISO Reuse Standard, June 25, 2015 3
ISO 16075 (2015) Guidelines for treated wastewater use for irrigation Part 1. The basis of a reuse project for irrigation (FDIS validated) Part 2. Development of the project (FDIS validated) Part 3. Components of a reuse project for irrigation (FDIS validated) Part 4. Moniring (CD, committee draft) Lazarova: ISO Reuse Standard, June 25, 2015 4
Basic principles for development of the ISO Water Reuse Guidelines for Irrigation Safe water reuse practices (e.g., California 2000) Health-based approach (WHO 2006, Australia 2006) Regulation enforcement (e.g., water quality moniring should be practical and economically affordable) Australian National Water Reuse Regulations (2006) Israeli Regulations for agricultural irrigation (1978, 1999, 2005) WHO Guidelines for the safe use of wastewater in agriculture (2006) California Code of Regulations Title 22, Division 4, Chapter 3 Water Recycling Criteria (2000) Lazarova: ISO Reuse Standard, June 25, 2015 5
Water reuse regulations for unrestricted irrigation Escherichia Coli Fecal coliforms Total coliforms 10,000 Pollution of secondary effluents from 1000 1 000 000 /100 ml 1,000 100 10 1 250 2,2 15 1000 200 100 100 100 Bathing 10 10 France, 2014 California, 2000 Cyprus (no restriction) Cyprus (landscape) Greece Israel Italy, 2003 Spain, 2007 (crops eaten raw) Spain, 2007 (landscape) WHO 2006 Coliforms, cfu/100 ml 0 WHO water Spain, 2007 (private gardens) Lazarova: ISO Reuse Standard, June 25, 2015 6
Australian National Water Reuse Regulations Lazarova: ISO Reuse Standard, June 25, 2015 7
Australian Water Reuse Regulations Phase 1: Wastewater and Greywater (2006) Type of use Log reduction Treatment process Water quality Dual reticulation (ilet flushing, irrigation) 4,5 6 Filtration/ Disinfection, membranes, UV disinfection +cross connection <1/100 ml Municipal use (open spaces, golf courses) 3,5 5 Filtration/ Disinfection, membranes, UV disinfection <1/100 ml Municipal use (restricted access) 1 <6 Secondary + disinfection <100/ 100 ml Commercial food crops consumed raw 5 6 Filtration/ Disinfection, membranes, UV disinfection <1/100 ml Lazarova: ISO Reuse Standard, June 25, 2015 8
Australian Water Reuse Regulations Phase 1: Wastewater and Greywater (2006) Type of use Dual reticulation (ilet flushing, irrigation) Municipal use (open spaces, golf courses) Municipal use (restricted access) Commercial food crops consumed raw Log reduction 4,5 6 3,5 5 Theoretical 1 credit for process <6 performance 5 (multi-barrier 6 approach) Treatment process Filtration/ Disinfection, membranes, UV disinfection +cross connection Filtration/ Disinfection, membranes, UV disinfection Secondary + disinfection Filtration/ Disinfection, membranes, UV disinfection Water quality <1/100 ml <1/100 ml Similar California Treatment with advanced disinfection <100/ 100 ml <1/100 ml Lazarova: ISO Reuse Standard, June 25, 2015 9
Basic principles for development of the ISO Water Reuse Guidelines for Irrigation How achieve adequate health protection and prevent potential adverse environmental impacts? Multi-barrier approach: guidance for water quality, treatment level, irrigation practices and other protection measures Definition of 5 water quality levels depending on health risks related public access, type of irrigated crops, irrigation technologies Recommended good practices and additional measures avoid negative impacts on soil, crops, groundwater and surface water Lazarova: ISO Reuse Standard, June 25, 2015 10
Key criteria influencing the choice of water quality for irrigation Public health protection Microbiological parameters short-term health risk due infection Chemical compounds long-term health risk due xicity Environmental and agronomic impacts Adverse impacts on the environment 1) on aquifers 2) on soils 3) on flora and fauna Adverse agronomic impacts 1) on crop production 2) on soil properties Other concerns Technical challenges 1) irrigation systems 2) treatment trains 3) srage&distribution Political or economic pressure Public perception 1) aesthetics 2) safety of use Lazarova: ISO Reuse Standard, June 25, 2015 11
ISO 16075-2 (2015) Part 2/Table 1. Suggested treated wastewater quality according chemical, physical and biological parameters Cat A B C D E Very high quality treated wastewater High quality treated wastewater Good quality treated wastewater Medium quality treated wastewater Extensively treated wastewater BOD TSS Turbidity Type of treated wastewater Thermolerant coliforms Intestinal Nemade mg L -1 mg L -1 NTU no./100 ml Egg L -1 Ave Max Ave Max Ave Max 95%ile Max Ave Max 5 mg/ L 10 mg/ L 20 mg/ L 60 mg/ L 20 mg/ L 10 20 35 100 35 5 10 30 90 10 25 50 140 2 5 - - - - - - - - - - 10 or below the detection limit 100 - - 200 1000 - - 1000 10000 1 - - - 1 5 - - 1 5 Potential uses without barriers Unrestricted urban irrigation and agricultural irrigation of food crops consumed raw Restricted urban irrigation and agricultural irrigation of processed food crops, Agricultural irrigation of non-food crops, Restricted irrigation of industrial and seeded crops Restricted irrigation of industrial and seeded crops Potential corresponding treatment Secondary, contact filtration or membrane filtration and disinfection Secondary, filtration and disinfection Secondary and disinfection Secondary or High rate clarification with coagulation, flocculation stabilization ponds and wetlands Lazarova: ISO Reuse Standard, June 25, 2015 12
ISO 16075-2 (2015) Part 2/Table 2. Suggested types and accredited number of barriers (adapted from WHO 2006 and USEPA 2012) Type of barrier Drip irrigation Spray and sprinkler irrigation Additional disinfection in field Sun resistant cover sheet Pathogen die-off Produce washing before selling the cusmers Application Irrigation of food crops Drip irrigation of low-growing crops such as 25 cm or more above from the ground Drip irrigation of crops such as 50 cm or more above from the ground Subsurface drip irrigation where water does not ascend by capillary action the ground surface Pathogen reduction (log units) Number of barriers 2 1 4 2 6 3 Sprinkler and Micro sprinkler irrigation of low-growing crops such as 25 cm or more from the ground 2 1 Sprinkler and Micro sprinkler irrigation of crops such as 50 cm or more from the ground 4 2 Low level disinfection 2 1 High level disinfection 4 2 In drip irrigation, where the sheet separates the irrigation from the vegetables Die-off support through irrigation cessation or interruption before harvest Washing salad crops, vegetables, fruits with drinking water 2-4 1 0.5-2 per day (1) 1-2 (1) 1 1 Produce disinfection before selling the cusmers Washing salad crops, vegetables, fruits with a weak disinfectant solution and rinsing with drinking water 2 1 Produce peeling Peeling of fruits and root crops 2 1 Produce cooking Immersion in boiling water or under high temperature until the product is cooked Lazarova: ISO Reuse Standard, June 25, 2015 13 6-7 3
ISO 16075-2 (2015) Part 3. Components of water reuse projects for irrigation Examples of recommendations Lazarova: ISO Reuse Standard, June 25, 2015 14
Defining good practices for safe and beneficial water reuse Wastewater Barrier pathogens Wastewater Treatment Critical step for health protection Barrier pathogens Srage Protection measure Application, type of irrigation Crop Restriction Protection measure Harvesting Measures Protection measure Human Exposure Control Protection measure Lazarova: ISO Reuse Standard, June 25, 2015 15