Overview of Existing Experience in Hydrogen and Fuel Cells in Germany and Europe Recherches et perspectives industrielles sur la pile à combustible et l hydrogène Paris, 13 décembre 2001 Reinhold Wurster wurster@lbst.de L-B-Systemtechnik GmbH www.lbst.de Ottobrunn, Germany
Overview Political Trends, Goals and Programs Motivation for the Automotive Industry Applications - Fuel Cells and IC Engines Hydrogen Production and Infrastructure Regulations, Standardisation & Codes of Practice Hydrogen Implementation (TES and CEP) Hydrogen Demonstration Activities Public Awareness regarding Hydrogen
Political Trends, Goals and Programs
Political Trends, Goals and Programs in the European Union Proactive participation in the Kyoto Process Green Paper on security of energy supply European Parliament sets goal for doubling of Renewable Energy Sources: 12 % share of primary energy supply byl 2010 20% substitution of diesel and gasoline by alternative fuels by 2020 [8% biofuels? + 10% natural gas + 5% hydrogen] Steadily increased EU funding of Fuel Cell and Hydrogen RD&D in Framework Programs 5 and 6 Growing importance of tradeable Green Certificates for Renewable Energy on the EU-level as well as in individual member states
Motivation for the Automotive Industry
Motivation for the Automotive Industry Reduce CO 2 emissions ACEA self commitment (140 g CO 2 /km in 2008) EU reduction goals (120 g CO 2 /km in 2012) Reduce dependency on crude oil and energy imports Open the transport sector for the use of renewable energy sources Make cars more sustainable!
Applications - Fuel Cells and IC Engines
Fuel Cells for Vehicle Applications Main European automotive manufacturers are working on fuel cell propulsion Presently, the step from single prototypes to fleet demonstration activities is being undertaken GM/Opel PSA Nissan DaimlerChrysler DaimlerChrysler Irisbus MAN DaimlerChrysler
Stationary and Portable Fuel Cell Applications MTU Friedrichshafen - MCFC - 300 kw e FhG-ISE - PEMFC Vaillant/ PlugPower - PEMFC-CHP - 4.5 kw e Sulzer-Hexis - SOFC - 1 kw e
Hydrogen Internal Combustion Engines for Vehicle Applications Several automotive manufacturers are working on H 2 - ICE propulsion Presently, the step from single prototypes to fleet demonstration activities is being undertaken by some companies BMW MAN HaWa - Hamburg Hydrogen Systems Ford
Hydrogen Production and Infrastructure
Hydrogen Production Technologies Natural gas reforming Biomass gasification/ digestion Renewable electrolytic production Liquefaction or pressurization [Sources: Linde, Norsk Hydro, GHW, KTI, DM2]
Hydrogen Infrastructure Technologies vent flue LH 2 - dispenser CGH 2 - dispenser CGH 2 - high pressure storage supply connection valve & remote box LH 2 fuel station LH 2 dispenser standard filling upto 3.000 l/h CGH 2 dispenser standard filling up to 350 bar boil off gas compressor boil off gas heater ventgas; LH 2 - filling LH 2 storage tank LH 2 transfer pump capacity: 3.000 l/h cryogenic piston pump Liquid Hydrogen [Sources: Linde & BOC] Compressed Gaseous Hydrogen
Regulations, Standardisation & Codes of Practice
European Integrated Hydrogen Project [EIHP] The Consortium Commissariat à l Energie Atomique [http://www.eihp.org]
Reasons for Developing Harmonised Regulations for the Approval of Hydrogen Vehicles Each of the 15 EU member states has some 30 to 50 technical regulations, national standards or codes of practice which have to be applied also to hydrogen systems and components Each country outside the EU has a comparable set of legislation to be fulfilled All existing legal requirements differ from country to country This was one of the main reasons why in EIHP Phase 1 (1998-2000) a new draft of a regulation for the EU-wide approval of hydrogen fueled road vehicles was developed [Source: EIHP] Federal US laws, standards and codes of practice to be applied also to hydrogen road vehicles (not including state legislation or requirements established by one of the 3,500 fire marshalls)
Reasons for Developing Harmonised Regulations for the Approval of Hydrogen Vehicles Some 47 directives have to be applied in order to receive an approval for a road vehicle in Europe. If a vehicle is successfully tested according to these 47 directives it has to be approved. The result is a Whole Vehicle Type Approval. If approval is sought for a hydrogen fuel cell vehicle, emissions, fuel consumption and engine power cannot be tested according to the existing directives. The reason is mainly the absence of a standardised reference fuel or the absence of a procedure for testing the engine power. Some other directives can be fulfilled formally, but from the technical point of view they should be revised for hydrogen vehicles. Some requirements regarding the safety of the hydrogen onboard storage systems are missing in the existing directives. [Source: EIHP]
Why Develop a New Draft Regulation for Hydrogen Vehicles? The path of Council Directive No 98/14/EC, article 8(2)c, to approve hydrogen fuelled vehicles: Excessive amount of time required Uncertainty of the outcome of the process up until the very end A draft regulation for hydrogen vehicles should be developed [Source: EIHP]
Two Pathways to Present a Proposal for a Regulation UN-ECE REGULATIONS EEC DIRECTIVES Secretary General of the UN EU Council and EU Parliament Economic Commission for Europe Inland Transport Committee ITC - European Commission - Working Party 29 (WP29) New Vehicles Construction Motor Vehicle Group - GRPE Group de Rapporteurs de Polution et des Emisions MVGE Motor Vehicle Emission Group [Source: EIHP]
Regulations and Standardization [Example: EIHP] Japan Platform for Global Harmonisation ECE, WP29 USA EU Australia Request for a harmonized regulation... Harmonized regulation in a global register A legal framework (Global Technical Regulation) must lead to planning reliability for car manufacturers and supply industries as soon as possible Draft Regulation Liquid Hydrogen (LH 2 ) Vehicle Draft Regulation Compressed Gaseous Hydrogen (CGH 2 ) Vehicle
EIHP - Main Goals to be Achieved Vehicles: Refuelling Interface: Refuelling Infrastructure: Regulations (uniform global requirements, i.e. equivalent requirements in all markets or preferably GTR) Standards (uniform global requirements - ISO) - one standardised interface and one identical refueling procedure Standards and code of practice (uniform global requirements - ISO) ULTIMATE GOAL OF EIHP2 Introduction of safe and economic, mass-produced hydrogen road vehicles and their associated refuelling infrastructure
Hydrogen Implementation TES and CEP
Transport Energy Strategy [Members] Source: TES Transport Energy Strategy
Transport Energy Strategy [Strategic Goals] International leadership in the field of alternative energy and propulsion systems within the next 10 years Strengthening business location Europe Reducing transport s dependency on oil and fossile resources Reducing emissions, especially CO 2 over the entire energy chain Positioning of TES as a European Initiative [Source: TES]
Strategy Building - Working Hypothesis Transport Energy Strategy - from a German initiative to a European platform 30 fleet filling stations in Germany by 2007 2000 filling stations in Germany, or 15%, by 2010 Continuous market penetration in Germany and Europe after 2010 [Source: TES]
Strategic goals Clean Energy Partnership Berlin (CEP) Trend-setting way for the use of regenewably produced fuels Claim to wide use of renewable energy in traffic Positioning of Hydrogen as renewable source of energy for the future Showing perspectives for climate protection and saving of fossil resources Positioning as contribution to national strategy for sustainability Demonstration of leading position of the TES-members in the field of alternative energy- and propulsion systems Trend-setting way to sustainable mobility in co-operation [Source: CEP] between federal government and economy
Operative goals Clean Energy Partnership Berlin (CEP) Gaining experiences in renewable production, storage and provision of Hydrogen in liquid and gaseous form with different solutions - Methanol as a precaution Integration of H 2 -technology into existing public filling stations for the first time Testing of both forms of Hydrogen in vehicles with internal combustion engine and vehicles with fuel cells Realization and testing of further technical development Suggestions for elimination of technical and administrative barriers Evaluation of possible cost reductions, environmental effects, attractiveness for the customers and acceptance by the society [Source: CEP] Approval and communication of sustainable energyand vehicle systems as an every day solution
Contents of CEP Berlin Electrolysis LH 2 CGH 2 Methanol [Source: CEP]
Project Organisation CEP Berlin State: 01OCT01 CEP Berlin Members: Steering Committee: BMVBW (Moderation), BMWi, BMU, dena, Aral, BMW, DC, GHW, GM, Linde, MAN Core Functions: - strategic orientation of CEP (coordinated with Green Cabinett and TES - Securing of appropriated project resources - Project controlling Project Communication (H. Scheunemann, DC) Towards Government a.public Coordination with Project Partners Project Part Infrastructure (Project Coord.: Aral) Filling Station Aral E.ON GHW Linde Verbund certif. Wind Electricity Electrolyser Liquid Hydrogen certif. Hydro-Electricity BMW DC GM MAN Project Support (NN) Documentation, Budget Administration, Acceptance Analyses Project Part Mobility (Project Coord.: NN) Vehicle Application Customer Support Common Workshop? Projektorga CEP Berlin Wei 2001-08-28 [Source: CEP]
Strategic Advantages of H 2 as a Vehicle Fuel No other vehicle fuel can be produced from as many feedstocks as hydrogen: fossil sources (natural gas, crude oil, coal) waste (biogenic and non-biogenic waste) renewable sources (biomass, hydro, wind, solar, geothermal, maritime) Hydrogen has an exactly defined fuel quality for ICE and PEMFC. In a coordinated approach, hydrogen refueling infrastructure build-up will not be a technical nor an economic issue! Consequence: This allows a very robust and flexible introduction and implementation strategy for hydrogen as a versatile vehicle fuel with a very high probability to avoid market niches and to enter real mass markets (other than biofuels which will remain limited to niches)
Hydrogen Demonstration Activities
SWB Plant in Bavaria 1987-1999 [Source: SWB]
Euro-Québec Hydro-Hydrogen Pilot Project EQHHPP 1989-2000 MAN LH 2 ICE City Bus LH 2 Transport Storage Tanks LH 2 Storage Tanks and Refueling Equipment for all EQHHPP Buses [Source: LBST + EQHHPP Partners 1999] BMW LH 2 Vehicle Tank Testing LH 2 - Supplied PAFC Cogeneration Plant
LH 2 Bus Demonstration Bavaria 1996-1998 LH 2 ICE City Bus Demonstration in Erlangen [Sources: MAN, ESTW, Linde]
PEMFC Bus Demonstration Bavaria 10/00-04/01 [Sources: VAG, MAN, Linde, LBST] CGH 2 PEMFC City Bus Demonstration in Erlangen, Nürnberg and Fürth - OCT2000/ APR2001
LH 2 Refueling Station Layout safety and protection distances Onsite delivery of LH 2 in cryocontainers, onsite stoarge in cryocontainer, conditioning and LH 2 dispensing to LH 2 fueled vehicles. Integrated into a conventional standard filling station layout. German legal approval requirements for safety zoning assumed. [Sources: H2T/ LBST - 1999]
Munich Airport Hydrogen Refueling Station H 2 Vehicle Demonstration at Munich Airport [Source: H2MUC 1999]
Munich Airport Hydrogen Project LH 2 Robot Refueling [Sources: LBST 1999, BMW 2000, Linde 2000]
Munich Airport Hydrogen Refueling Station H2MUC Refuelling Station at Munich Airport [Source: H2MUC 1999] Discussion between French and German Hydrogen Engineers [Source: LBST 1999]
Munich Airport Hydrogen Project - Phase II Energy supply Hydrogen production Hydrogen storage Hydrogen consumption Power converter AC/DC Electrolysis 450 kw el ~ H 2 -cleaning = and drying H 2 O 2 2.000 Nm 3, 30 bar hydridstorage H 2 (Quality 5.0) 125 Nm 3 /h 30 350 bar Tubular storage 350 bar, V = 8 m 3 Manual refilling station PEM-fuel cell fork lift? MAN-low floor bus with advanced H 2 -ICE GH 2 40 bar Operation at the Munich airport apron area: 3 articulated buses with advanced hydrogen ICE Natural Gas H 2 2.5 bar 125Nm³/h Pipeline 1.2 km Steamreformer H 2 -vaporizer Manual refilling station 2 PEMFC buses 350 bar hydrogen storage LH 2 LH 2 -storage 12.000 l LH 2 -pump 120 l LH 2 /h [Source: H2MUC] Roboticrefilling station VIP-cars (BMW LH 2 -ICE)
Demonstration Projects Hamburg CGH2 Van Demonstration (ICE + PEMFC) European LH 2 PEMFC Bus for Berlin, Lisbon and Copenhagen by MAN Iceland Hydrogen Project 2000-2040 CUTE Clean Urban Transport for Europe 10 European Cities 2002-2005 [EvoBus] Italian Hybrid- FC-Bus with IFC PEMFC by Irisbus Torino Articulated FC- Bus by Irisbus for Berlin BVG (Project Idea)
BVG - Universal Cryogenic Refueling Station Abgaskamin LH 2 -Tank * Ventil- und Steuerblock LH 2 Tankstelle LH 2 - Zapfsäule LH 2 bis 3.000 l/h 100 PRENZLAUER BERG MICHELANGELOSTR. 3017 3017 B-V 3017 1086 100 CGH 2 -Tank * PRENZLAUER BERG MICHELANGELOSTR. B-V 1086 1086 CGH 2 - Dispenser CGH 2 Versorgungsanschluß Zapfsäule Standardbetankung Zapfsäule Standardbetankung bis 350 bar CGH 2 - High Pressure Storage Boil-Off-Gas Verdichter Boil-Off-Gas Anwärmer CGH 2 - Hochdruckverdampfer High Pressure Compressor Station Methanol CH 3 OH Natural Gas CH 4 Rückgasleitung; LH 2 -Betankung Reforming LH 2 - Speichertank + Water Vapour H 2 O BVG is the - Electrolysis+ Berlin Public Liquefaction Gaseous O 2 Transport Operator [Source: BVG] Water LH 2 -Transferpumpe Förderleistung: 3.000 l/h * Tank capacity for a daily operating range of 400km Partner: TotalFinaElf kryogene Druckerhöhungspumpe bvg Unternehmensbereich Omnibus, Source: Linde State: 14.09.2001 22-01-24
BVG PEMFC Bus Demonstration Project 180 kw e PEMFC System by Proton Motor Fuel Cell GmbH [Source: BVG]
Selection of CGH 2 Refueling Stations Worldwide BC Hydro 70 MPa Refueling Station, Vancouver, BC, Canada Honda - FuelMaker 35 MPa Refueling Station, Los Angeles, CA, USA California FC Partnership 35 MPa LCGH2-Refueling Station, Sacramento, USA Osaka Gas- 35 MPa Refueling Station with Onsite NG-Reforming, Osaka, Japan 35 MPa Refueling Station with Electrolyser, Takamatsu, Japan Sunline Transit 35 MPa Refueling Station with Electrolyser, Thousand Palms, CA, USA
Stationary Demonstration Projects FC Fleet Demonstration Tests (Vaillant, Sulzer-Hexis) FC Network France Vaillant PEMFC-Domestic CHP Fleet Test 2002-2003 Sulzer-Hexis SOFC-Domestic CHP Fleet Test 1998-2001 [Sources: Vaillant, Sulzer-Hexis]
Public Awareness regarding Hydrogen
Public Awareness - Promotion Activities BMW Clean Energy World Tour Berlin: May 11, 2000 Dubai: February 1, 2001 Los Angeles: July 12, 2001 GM Press Event, Brussels, June 2000 GM Presentation in Beijing October 2000 Endurance Testing at GM Proving Grounds in Arizona - May 2001
Important Internet Sites by LBST http://www.hydrogen.org/index-e.html HyWeb information - Hydrogen Cars: http://www.h2cars.de European Integrated Hydrogen Project: http://www.eihp.org Hydrogen Project at Munich Airport: http://www.hyweb.de/h2muc/introe.html