ASEAN Energy Indicators

ASEAN CENTRE FOR ENERGY

ASEAN CENTRE FOR ENERGY July 2014

PREFACE The ASEAN Centre for Energy (ACE), an intergovernmental organisation, was established by the ASEAN Member Governments beginning on 01 January 1999 with the Agreement signed by the ASEAN Ministers of Foreign Affairs. The ACE is guided by the ACE Governing Council (GC) composed of the Senior Officials on Energy of the ASEAN Member States (AMSs). The ASEAN Centre for Energy (ACE) has its function to serve as a catalyst for the economic growth and development of the ASEAN region by initiating, coordinating and facilitating national as well as joint and collective activities on energy. As stipulated in the APAEC 2010-2015 Program Area No. 6 Regional Energy Policy and Planning, ACE has been tasked to realize its key actions in which the development of ASEAN Energy Database and publication of ASEAN Energy Review and Statistics are the main parts in realizing Action No. 1.1: Continue, update and expand the ASEAN energy database and strengthen IT infrastructure, and Action No. 1.5: Publish ASEAN Energy Review and Energy Indicators, under Strategy No. 1: Enhancing energy policy and supply security information sharing network. This publication initiative also has been endorsed by the Senior Officials Meeting on Energy of the 30 th ASEAN Ministers on Energy Meeting (30 th SOME) held on 2-3 July 2012, and the Joint Ministerial Statement of the 30 th ASEAN Ministers on Energy Meeting (30 th AMEM) on 12 September 2012 in Phnom Penh, Cambodia. iii

In collaboration with ASEAN REPP-SSN Focal Points, ACE is pleased to present the which provides information on the energy profile in supply and demand sides, composition and trends in the period of 2002-2011 of the ASEAN region. In line with the above key issues, we hope that this publication can be used as a reference to support in conducting a cohesive and effective regional energy policies analysis and planning towards sustainable energy development which is an important deliverable of the APAEC 2010-2015. We would like to express our appreciation and thanks to all the parties involved in the preparation of this ASEAN Energy Indicators. ASEAN CENTRE FOR ENERGY (ACE) iv

TABLE OF CONTENT PREFACE... iii TABLE OF CONTENT... v INTRODUCTION... 1 TRENDS 2002-2011: OVERVIEW OF ENERGY SITUATION IN ASEAN... 2 TOTAL PRIMARY ENERGY SUPPLY INDICATORS... 4 Total Primary Energy Supply Per Capita... 4 Energy Intensity TPES/GDP... 5 Indigenous Production/TPES... 6 TOTAL FINAL ENERGY CONSUMPTION INDICATORS... 7 Total Final Energy Consumption Per Capita... 7 Energy Intensity TFEC/GDP... 7 Electricity Consumption Per Capita... 8 ENERGY INTENSITY COMPARISON BETWEEN TOTAL PRIMARY ENERGY SUPPLY AND TOTAL FINAL ENERGY CONSUMPTION... 9 INDICATORS... 10 GLOSSARY... 12 REFERENCES... 15 v

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INTRODUCTION In collaboration with ASEAN Regional Energy Policy and Planning Sub-Sector Network (REPP-SSN), ACE collected and compiled ASEAN energy data from ten (10) AMS s and updates and maintains the ASEAN Energy Statistics database for the period 1990-2011 in line with Annual Energy Questionnaires. It covers production, transformation and final consumption (end-use) for a range of primary and secondary energy products derived from conventional and non-conventional or renewable energy sources. The activities also include collection and dissemination of energy data, including basic data as well as aggregated tables, energy balance and electricity profiles. This ASEAN Energy Balance is a primary sources to establish the for the period of 2002-2011 of the ASEAN region which consists of ten (10) ASEAN Member States, namely Brunei Darussalam, Cambodia, Indonesia, Lao P.D.R., Malaysia, Myanmar, Philippines, Singapore, Thailand and Vietnam. This describes the past trends of total primary energy supply & final energy consumption and its associated energy intensity for the period of 2002-2011, which can be used for further in assessing energy efficiency trends and policies including future potential for energy savings. 1

TRENDS 2002-2011: OVERVIEW OF ENERGY SITUATION IN ASEAN Globally, crude oil and oil products (oil) continue to be the most important energy sources in ASEAN Member States (AMS), accounting for 41.3% of Total Primary Energy Supply (TPES) and 45.0% of Total Final Energy Consumption (TFEC) in 2011. The figure of TPES in 2011 was 620.37 Mtoe increased by 3.4% from 2010 figure which was 600.21 Mtoe. In the period of 2002 to 2011, TPES had an average growth rate of 7.5% per annum. (Annual Average Growth Rate=AAGR). The figure of TFEC in 2011 was 390.32 Mtoe reduced by 3.3% from 2010 figure which was 403.85 Mtoe. In 2002-11, TFEC had AAGR of 7.0%. Total Primary Energy Supply and Total Final Energy Consumption 2011 Source: ASEAN Energy Review and Statistics 2013, ACE 2

Total Primary Energy Supply and Total Final Energy Consumption per Energy Type 2002 and 2011 700.00 600.00 500.00 Thousands 400.00 300.00 200.00 100.00 0.00 100.00 2002 2011 2002 2011 TPES TFEC Coal Oil Gas Electricity Others/New and Renewable Source: ASEAN Energy Review and Statistics 2013, ACE The increase in oil consumption between 2002 and 2011 (about 6.8%) is mostly attributable to the increase in the transport sector, which accounts for 39.4% of total oil consumption. Consumption of combustible renewables energy grew rapidly (more than twice) on the global scale and reached 21.6% of TFEC in 2011. The usage of renewable energy was primarily for cooking and heating purposes in the household. Electricity consumption accounted for 13.5% of the ASEAN TFEC in 2011. This increase was mostly driven by increased ownership of electricity-consuming appliances and equipment in the other sector. ASEAN coal consumption also increased during the time, accounted for 10.3% of the ASEAN TFEC in 2011 with AAGR of 10.8%. 3

TOTAL PRIMARY ENERGY SUPPLY INDICATORS Total Primary Energy Supply Indicators 180.00 160.00 140.00 Index (2002 = 100) 120.00 100.00 80.00 60.00 40.00 20.00 0.00 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 TPES/Population [toe/capita] TPES/GDP, PPP [toe/million 2005 US$] TPES/GDP, MER [toe/million 2005 US$] Source: ASEAN Energy Review and Statistics 2013, ACE; World Development Indicators 2013, World Bank ASEAN Statistics, ASEAN Secretariat Total Primary Energy Supply Per Capita The average total primary energy supply per capita in ASEAN was 1.03 toe per capita in 2011. Several AMS have higher than average values, and in contrast, several AMS have lower values. 4

Energy Intensity TPES/GDP Energy intensity served into two types, that were Energy intensity in Market Exchange Rates (MER) defined by Total Primary Energy Supply/GDP MER in constant 2005 US$ and energy intensity in Purchasing Power Parity (PPP) defined by Total Primary Energy Supply/GDP PPP in constant 2005 US$. The energy intensity MER was 0.50 toe/million US$ in 2011, increase per annum by 2.0% from 2002. Energy intensity PPP was 0.21 toe/million US$ in 2011, increase per annum by 1.9% from 2002. 5

Indigenous Production/TPES Indigenous energy production in 2011 was 706.83 Mtoe, increased by 6.0% from 2010 figure which was 666.93 Mtoe. As observed from 2002 to 2011, indigenous production had an average growth rate of 6.0% per annum. The Indigenous Production/Total Primary Energy Supply was 129.8% in 2002 but has decreased to 113.9% in 2011. Indigenous Production/TPES in coal and gas are 39.3% and 34.5% respectively in 2011. Indigenous Production/ TPES in oil is only 20.8%. Indigenous Production/Total Primary Energy Supply by Energy 140.00 120.00 100.00 Percent 80.00 60.00 40.00 20.00 0.00 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 Indigenous Production/TPES Oil Indigenous Production/TPES New and Renewables Indigenous Production/TPES Coal Indigenous Production/TPES Gas Indigenous Production/TPES Source: ASEAN Energy Review and Statistics 2013, ACE 6

TOTAL FINAL ENERGY CONSUMPTION INDICATORS Total Final Energy Consumption Indicators 180.00 160.00 140.00 Index (2002 = 100) 120.00 100.00 80.00 60.00 40.00 20.00 0.00 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 TFEC/population [toe/capita] TFEC/GDP, PPP [toe/million 2005US$] TFEC/GDP, MER [toe/million 2005US$] Electricity cons./pop [kwh/capita] Source: ASEAN Energy Review and Statistics 2013, ACE World Development Indicators, World Bank ASEAN Statistics, ASEAN Secretariat Total Final Energy Consumption Per Capita The average total final energy consumption per capita in ASEAN was 0.65 toe per capita in 2011. Several AMS have higher than average values, and in contrast, several AMS have lower values. Energy Intensity TFEC/GDP Energy intensity served into two types, that were Energy intensity in Market Exchange Rates (MER) defined by Total Final Energy Consumption/GDP MER in constant 2005 US$ and energy intensity in Purchasing Power Parity (PPP) defined by Total Final Energy Consumption/GDP PPP in 7

constant 2005 US$. The energy intensity MER was 0.31 toe/million US$ in 2011, increase per annum by 1.5% from 2002. Energy intensity PPP was 0.13 toe/million US$ in 2011, increase per annum by 1.4% from 2002. Electricity Consumption Per Capita Electricity consumption per capita of ASEAN was 677.9 kwh/capita in 2002 and has increased to 1,015.8 kwh/ capita in 2011. In the period of 2002 to 2011, electricity consumption per capita had an average growth rate of 4.6% per annum. 8

ENERGY INTENSITY COMPARISON BETWEEN TOTAL PRIMARY ENERGY SUPPLY AND TOTAL FINAL ENERGY CONSUMPTION 140 120 Index (2002=100) 100 80 60 40 20 0 MER PPP MER PPP TPES/GDP TFEC/GDP 2002 2005 2011 In the period of 2002 to 2005 shows that the energy intensity increased for both total energy supply and total energy consumption intensity. TPES/GDP, MER was increased by 2.0% per annum and for TPES/GDP, PPP has increased by 1.9% per annum until 2005. Meanwhile, TFEC/GDP, MER was increased by 1.5% per annum and for TFEC/GDP, PPP has increased by 1.4% per annum until 2005. In a contrary, in the period of 2005 to 2011 shows that the energy intensity was decreased for both total energy supply and total energy consumption intensity. TPES/GDP, MER and TPES/GDP, PPP was decreased by 0.9% per annum until 2011. Meanwhile, TFEC/GDP, MER and TFEC/GDP, PPP was decreased by 0.3% per annum until 2011. Reductions in energy intensity could occur because in 2005 the AMS are already implements the energy efficiency. 9

INDICATORS Year Population GDP MER GDP PPP [million] [billion 2005 USD] [billion 2005 USD] Energy Production Net Imports TPES Electricity Cons. [Mtoe] [Mtoe] [Mtoe] [TWh] [toe/capita] 2002 533.53 773.78 1,854.72 419.66 128.83 323.21 361.67 2003 541.68 817.20 1,962.53 448.14 130.96 346.99 385.77 2004 549.68 870.42 2,090.83 513.11 157.33 417.74 390.46 2005 558.91 920.45 2,214.73 537.66 274.30 484.69 409.06 2006 567.20 976.14 2,350.48 562.33 274.24 493.49 433.69 2007 575.31 1,040.42 2,506.75 567.72 289.48 491.74 462.91 2008 582.36 1,085.54 2,618.61 609.59 300.72 548.30 485.41 2009 589.57 1,099.91 2,659.72 641.57 318.38 574.84 540.55 2010 597.18 1,188.39 2,861.98 666.93 334.43 600.21 598.26 2011 604.80 1,243.01 2,995.67 706.83 342.90 620.37 614.37 10

TPES/pop. [toe/capita] TPES/GDP MER [toe/million 2005 USD] TPES/GDP PPP [toe/million 2005 USD] Electricity cons./pop. TFEC TFEC/pop. [KWh/capita] [Mtoe] [toe/capita] TFEC/GDP MER [toe/million 2005 USD] TFEC/GDP PPP [toe/million 2005 USD] 0.61 0.42 0.17 677.88 213.03 0.40 0.28 0.11 0.64 0.42 0.18 712.16 217.23 0.40 0.27 0.11 0.76 0.48 0.20 710.34 289.85 0.53 0.33 0.14 0.87 0.53 0.22 731.90 293.85 0.53 0.32 0.13 0.87 0.51 0.21 764.62 299.54 0.53 0.31 0.13 0.85 0.47 0.20 804.63 321.29 0.56 0.31 0.13 0.94 0.51 0.21 833.52 344.51 0.59 0.32 0.13 0.98 0.52 0.22 916.86 353.74 0.60 0.32 0.13 1.01 0.51 0.21 1001.82 403.85 0.68 0.34 0.14 1.03 0.50 0.21 1015.82 390.32 0.65 0.31 0.13 11

GLOSSARY Others/ New and Renewables Indigenous Production Total primary energy supply (TPES) Total final energy consumption (TFEC) Others include solar, wind, and tide/wave/ ocean energy. For solar, wind and tide/ wave/ocean energy, the quantities entering electricity generation are equal to the electrical energy generated. Direct use of solar heat is also included. Electricity is accounted for at the same heat value as electricity in final consumption (i.e. 1 GWh = 0.000086 MTOE). Heat includes heat that is produced for sale and is accounted for in the transformation sector. Indigenous Production is the production of primary energy, i.e. hard coal, lignite, peat, crude oil, NGLs, natural gas, biofuels and waste, nuclear, hydro, geothermal, solar and the heat from heat pumps that is extracted from the ambient environment. Indigenous Production is calculated after removal of impurities (e.g. sulphur from natural gas). Total primary energy supply (TPES) is made up of production + imports exports international marine bunkers international aviation bunkers ± stock changes. Total final energy consumption (TFEC) is the sum of consumption by the different end use sectors. Backflows from the petrochemical industry are not included in final consumption. 12

Transport Other (sector) Combustible renewables Gross Domestic Product (GDP) Transport includes all fuels used for transport [ISIC Division 49 to 51]. It includes transport in industry and covers domestic aviation, road, rail, pipeline transport, domestic navigation and non-specified transport. Fuel used for ocean, coastal and inland fishing (included under fishing) and military consumption (included in other non-specified) are excluded from transport. Other covers residential, commercial and public services [ISIC Division 33, 36-39, 45-47, 52, 53, 55, 58-66, 68-75, 77-82, 84 (excluding Class 8422), 85-88, 90-99], agriculture/forestry [ISIC Divisions 01 and 02], fishing [ISIC Division 03] and non-specified consumption. Comprise biomass and animal products (wood, vegetal waste, ethanol, animal materials/wastes, etc), municipal waste and industrial waste. Is a measure of economic activity, defined as the market value of all final goods and services produced within a country (output approach). In this publication, GDP figures are given for calendar year, expressed in 2005 US$. The conversion from national currency to US$ is done using either market exchange rates (MER) or purchasing power parities (PPP). Households Cover all energy-using activities om apartments and houses, including space and water heating, cooking, lighting and the use of appliances. It does not include personal transport. 13

Energy Intensity Is the amount of energy used per unit of activity. Average Annual Growth Rate (AAGR) Average Annual Growth Rate (AAGR) is a business and investing specific term for the geometric mean that provides a constant rate of return over the time period. AAGR is not an accounting term, but it is often used to describe some element of the business, for example revenue, units delivered, registered users, etc. AAGR dampens the effect of volatility of periodic returns that can render arithmetic means irrelevant. It is particularly useful to compare growth rates from different data sets. Formula:, 1,, 14

REFERENCES 1. Annual Energy Questionnaires of ASEAN Member States, namely Brunei Darussalam, Cambodia, Indonesia, Lao P.D.R., Malaysia, Myanmar, Philippines, Singapore, Thailand and Vietnam. 2002-11. 2. International Energy Agency. 2013. Key World Energy Statistics. IEA/OECD, France. 3. The Energy Data and Modelling Center, The Institute of Energy Economics, Japan. 2013. APEC Energy Statistics 2013. APEC Secretariat. 4. World Bank. 2013. World Development Indicators 2013. http://data.worldbank.org/country 5. ASEAN Secretariat. 2014. ASEAN Statistics. ASEAN Secretariat, Indonesia. 15

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