Adriano Gambarini / WWF Brazil AMA ZON The reflection of our choices Hydropower and a Living Amazon Tarsicio Granizo, Head of Strategy on Protected Areas; Indigenous Territories and Policy March 2014 WWF LAI SET LAI, Meeting Santa Cruz, Bolivia Cláudio C. Maretti 2015 Apr. 13
The Amazon 100,000+ Km rivers Macedo & Castello 2015
The Amazon 250+ planned dams Macedo & Castello 2015
The Amazon deforestation 2001-2012 F LAI cessing); data Maryland Un., 2 for all countries trends, fronts, accesses and attractions (incl. by hydrop.)
Different Amazons basin, biome, political 6.7 9 countries million km2 (1.5 times EU-27) (including 1 overseas territory)
Ecuador Colombia Venezuela Guyana Suriname French Guiana Peru Brazil Bolivia Biome, grossly around 60% in Brazil more 30% in Andean- Amazon countries less 10% in Guianas
Hydropower? But might be needed, for the development not clean, but better than others (fossil fuels and nuclear) hydropower potential in the Amazon
Amazon: No. 1 in biodiversity! It is estimate that Amazon Biome holds around 10% of total biodiversity on Earth
Importance for climate processes Amazon: largest carbon stock! New IPCC Tier-1 Global Biomass Carbon Map for the Year 2000; Carbon Dioxide Information Analysis Center It is estimated that the Amazon jungle holds around 10% of total carbon stocked in terrestrial ecosystems
Valuable services Drives the atmospheric circulations in the tropics by absorbing energy and recycling half of the rain which falls on it. It also provides biodiversity resources (food, building houses, making tools and utensils). Marengo et alii, 2004 Among services essential for humanity are: hydrological cycles climate regulation carbon sequestration oxygen production soil conservation erosion control
We simply cannot forget the provision of ecosystem services by the Amazon Socially Economically Ecologically
Therefore How can we have a greener, socially more responsible, more sustainable hydropower in the Amazon?
Reduce the need for new dams energy efficiency (generation, transportation, consumption) diversification (solar, wind, biomass...) decentralisation (small villages; urban production...)
If really needed Consultations and rights of local communities and indigenous peoples Accommodate the different social and economic interests Infrastructure and energy should contribute to the local economy and social life
If really needed Plan hydropower exploration it in integration with biodiversity and ecosystem services Inventories and project proposals should not only look for the energy needs
If really needed Vulnerable areas to deforestation (km2) 10.000 9.000 8.000 7.000 6.000 5.000 4.000 3.000 2.000 1.000-10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110 120 130 140 150 160 170 180 190 200 Distance from hydropower plants (km) Assess cumulative social and ecological impacts considering other infrastructure and projects associated and the indirect impacts Potential deforestation (km2) 50.000 45.000 40.000 35.000 30.000 25.000 20.000 15.000 10.000 5.000-22.580 MPA, no hydropower plants 27.567 MPA, with hydropower plants 32.068 MPA, with hydropower plants and roads 35.233 EPA, no hydropower plants 43.842 EPA, with hydropower plants 46.331 EPA, with hydropower plants and roads Apply truly the mitigation hierarchy not too late Mantainance of Protected Areas Exclusion of Protected Areas
More recently Santo Antônio and Jirau (Madeira river), and Belo Monte (Xingu river) Bad case of Tocantins
If really needed Work at the basin level - for assessing cumulative impacts and - allowing flexibility in negotiations Meso-scale river basins - 1000 100,000 sq Km - such as Tapajós (Brazil), Marañon (Peru), Madeira (Bolivia), Trombetas, Negro (Brazil) Mcclain & Naiman (BioScience)
If really needed Follow national and regional, an Amazon-wide vision Macedo & Castello 2015
All together, difficult but possible Tapajós basin case 44 dams assessed through DDS integrating biodiversity in the hydropower planning
All together, difficult but possible Tapajós basin case Vulnerability for Deforestation Scenarios of deforestation (in the basin; including indirect impacts)
All together, difficult but possible Tapajós basin case Scenarios of deforestation
All together, difficult but possible Tapajós basin case 2014-2023 Brazilian National Energy plan have cancelled or put on hold most damaging dams to protected areas and indigenous territories Missing public transparent debates, particularly with local communities
We present our contributions But we know we do not hold the truth alone and we are not the most important decision makers we propose to work together, for jointly define proposals to improve (governmental) policies and voluntary standards
In the recent decades Progressive importance of the Amazon and climate change Even for the economy, as the drought in Brazil Water, food and energy security, for all, foverver
The most vulnerable Not you or me the indigenous peoples and local communities in the Amazon Poor communities in the favelas in the slopes of Rio in the dry outskirts of Lima
Amazon 1 new spp every 3 days in the last 14 years (no insect or microorganism) Potamotrygon tatianae Apistogramma cinilabra Tometes camunani
Amazon 1 new spp every 3 days in the last 14 years (no insect or microorganism) Callicebus miltoni Callicebus caquetensis
What do you want to leave to your grandchildren? My granddaughter
We make our choices! Thanks! WWF Living Amazon Initiative work of WWF - regional team, offices, global programmes and collaborators cláudio@wwf.org.br - @ClaudioMaretti - http://wwf.panda.org/amazon/ https://www.facebook.com/wwflivingamazoninitiative - https://www.youtube.com/user/livingamazon
Extras Not presented
Amazon countries basin, biome Country % of Basin % of Biome Bolivia 10.60 6.60 Brazil 67.00 60.10 Colombia 5.10 7.30 Ecuador 1.90 1.80 French Guiana 0.00 1.20 Guyana 0.20 3.20 Peru 14.30 11.80 Suriname 0.00 2.10 Venezuela 0.80 5.90 Guyana; 3,2 French Guiana; 0 Ecuador; 1,8 Suriname; 2,1 Colombia; 7,3 Venezuela; 5,9 Peru; 11,8 % of Biome Bolivia; 6,6 Brazil; 60,1 Guyana; 0,2 Ecuador; 1,9 Colombia; 5,1 Bolivia Brazil Colombia Ecuador French Guiana Guyana Peru French Guiana; 0 Suriname Venezuela Suriname; 0,0 Venezuela; 0,8 Peru; 14,3 % of Basin Bolivia; 10,6 Brazil; 67,0 Bolivia Brazil Colombia Ecuador French Guiana Guyana Peru Suriname Venezuela
Dialogues Governments authorities Finance and private sectors Civil society Indigenous peoples and local communities Academia Energy (hydropower, oil and gas) Transportation Agriculture Mining Forestry Security agenda (water, natural hazards, food, energy, health, land, natural resources )
Threats: Fragmentation of rivers and basins Mark Edwards / WWF Canon Adriano Gambarini / WWF Brazil Increasing conversion of free flowing rivers into artificial lakes (or fragmentation of freshwater ecosystems due to dams) Accelerated lost of biodiversity (some ecoregions under strong conversion
Threats: Fragmentation of rivers and basins Belo Monte Mark Edwards / WWF Canon Madeira Adriano Gambarini / WWF Brazil Increasing conversion of free flowing rivers into artificial lakes (or Some fragmentation dams already existing of freshwater (older ones) or ecosystems in construction in due the new to dams) cycle (Madeira, Belo Monte ) Accelerated lost of biodiversity (some ecoregions under strong conversion
Threats: Fragmentation of rivers and basins Belo Monte Tapajós Mark Edwards / WWF Canon Madeira Adriano Gambarini / WWF Brazil Marañon Increasing conversion of free flowing rivers into artificial lakes (or Some fragmentation dams already existing of freshwater (older ones) or ecosystems in construction in due the new to dams) cycle (Madeira, Belo Monte ) Accelerated Upcoming concessions lost in of river biodiversity basins (Tapajós, (some Marañon...) ecoregions under strong conversion
Threats: Fragmentation of rivers and basins Colombia? Ecuador? Negro? Guianas? Trombetas? Belo Monte Peru? Tapajós Marañon Mark Edwards / WWF Canon Madeira Adriano Gambarini / WWF Brazil Increasing conversion of free flowing rivers into artificial lakes (or Some fragmentation dams already existing of freshwater (older ones) or ecosystems in construction in due the new to dams) cycle (Madeira, Belo Monte ) Accelerated Upcoming concessions lost in of river biodiversity basins (Tapajós, (some Marañon...) ecoregions under strong conversion Future hydropower frontier (Trombetas, Negro, Ecuador, Guianas, Madeira, Colombia, Peru...) to face! (hydropower planning, avoid priority conservation areas, reducing social impacts...),
The Amazon deforestation 2001-2012 Yet concentrated, but no longer only one (Brazilian) deforestation arc (front coming from south and east)
Deforestation 2001-2012 2.500.000 TOTAL DEFORESATION in the AMAZON BIOME 2.000.000 Annual deforestation (Hectares) 1.500.000 1.000.000 500.000 0 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012
Deforestation 2001-2012 25.000 Brazil Other countries 20.000 Deforestatiom (km2) 15.000 10.000 5.000 0 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012
Deforestation 2001-2012 rate by country 1,00% Deforestation rate by country 0,90% 0,80% 0,70% 0,60% 0,50% 0,40% 0,30% 0,20% Brasil Bolivia Colombia Ecuador Guyana Guyane Francesa Perú Suriname Venezuela Exponencial (Brasil ) Exponencial (Bolivia) 0,10% 0,00% 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012
Deforestation 2001-2012 rate by country (without Brazil and Bolivia) Deforestation rate by country 0,35% 0,30% 0,25% Colombia 0,20% 0,15% 0,10% Ecuador Guyana Guyane Francesa Perú Suriname Venezuela 0,05% 0,00% 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012
Protected areas and indigenous territories
Ecological representation of terrestrial ecoregions in PAs and ITs
Ecological representation of terrestrial ecoregions in PAs (only)
Ecological representation of aquascapes in PAs and ITs
Ecological representation of aquascapes in PAs (only)
Partnering National Protected Areas Systems Implementation of (pan)-amazon Vision on protected areas 9 governments, including Amazon PAs vulnerability to climate changes and their roles in adaptation strategies.
Strategy for Holistic Management of Amazon Indigenous Territories World Parks Congress Nov. 2014 Amazon Indigenous REDD+ at UNFCCC CoP-20 By COICA (Amazon Indigenous Coordination), with WWF Living Amazon Initiative and partners