Monitoring and evaluation of energy certification in practice with focus on central European states ANNEX I Country Reviews Draft, approved for Phase I 14 September 2008 Imprint Federal Ministry of Transport, Building and Urban Affairs (BMVBS) Invalidenstraße 44 10115 Berlin The Federal Office for Building and Regional Planning (BBR) Deichmanns Aue 31-37 53179 Bonn Carried out by ARGE Energieausweise Mitteleuropa Dr. Roland Kopetzky Ingo Therburg Prof. Dr. Fritz Schmidt National information from Rhônalpénergie-Environnement, France Emmanuel Jeanjean BBR-Online-Publikation Nr.
Energy certification in European countries 2 CONTENT 1. NATIONAL HIGHLIGHTS... 4 2. LEGAL FRAMEWORK... 4 2.1. National distinctions of legislation... 4 2.2. History of energy related requirements... 4 2.3. Overview on EPBD implementation... 4 2.4. Time schedule of implementation... 4 3. METHODOLOGIES... 5 3.1. New buildings... 5 3.2. Existing buildings... 5 3.3. Energy certificates... 6 3.3.1 New building... 6 3.3.2 Existing buildings... 6 3.3.3 Public building... 6 3.4. National software... 6 4. REQUIREMENTS... 6 4.1. New buildings... 6 4.1.1 Renewables, CHP, district heating/cooling... 7 4.2. Existing buildings... 7 4.2.1 Definition major renovation... 7 4.3. Energy certificates... 7 5. ENERGY PERFORMANCE CERTIFICATES... 8 5.1. General description... 8 5.2. New buildings... 8 5.3. Existing buildings... 8 5.4. Public buildings... 8 5.4.1 Definition of public buildings... 9 5.5. Additional aspects... 9 5.5.1 On site visit... 9 6. INDEPENDENT EXPERTS... 9 6.1. Training... 9 6.2. Accreditation... 9 6.3. Quality assurance... 10 6.4. Organisational aspects... 10 6.5. Number of experts available... 10 6.6. Transboundary certification... 10 7. DATA COLLECTION... 10 7.1. Availability and organisation of national data collection... 10 7.2. Access and use of the collected data... 10 8. EXPERIENCES, EVALUATION, COSTS... 10 8.1. General availability of experiences with EPBD implementation... 10 8.2. Existing studies, surveys and evaluations... 10 8.3. Number of energy performance certificates... 10 8.4. Effort and costs of energy performance assessment... 10 8.4.1 Time and costs... 10 8.4.2 Subsidies 11 9. ACCEPTANCE OF THE ENERGY PERFORMANCE CERTIFICATION... 11 10. PLANS FOR FUTURE DEVELOPMENT... 11 Annex I Country Review _080909.doc BBR-Online-Publication Nr. 23/2007
Energy certification in European countries 3 ANNEX 1... OVERVIEW RELEVANT LEGISLATION 12 1. Regarding EPC :... 12 2. Regarding EPBD implementation... 12 ANNEX 2 EXAMPLE ENERGY CERTIFICATES... 13 1. General description... 13 2. Energy Performance Certificate s models in France... 14 3. Energy certificate building and accommodation for RENT with individual heating... 15 4. Differences for residential buildings for sale :... 19 5. Existing non residential buildings for sale or new non residential buildings:... 20 6. The specificity of EPC for public building certificates :... 22 Annex I Country Review _080909.doc BBR-Online-Publication Nr. 23/2007
Energy certification in European countries 4 1. National Highlights Methodology Requirements Legislation No difference is made between the metered energy consumption and the calculated energy demand in the energy certificates. For building built before 1948 not methodology is defined, the energy certificate is always made from metered energy consumption. The reference values for the energy certification are the same for all building types (primary energy < 50 kwh/m²a class A and > 450 kwh/m²a G ), except: For non residential buildings two more classes are added at the end of the scale (H /I) Public buildings are divided into three buildings categories (permanent occupation, non permanent occupation and others). The range of reference values is from 100-1130 kwh/m²a (permanent), 50-750 kwh/m²a (non-permanent), 30-510 kwh/m²a (others). Different law texts and decrees describe the energy certificates calculation mode according the different situation of delivering : sold, rented or public building The indoor air temperature in cooled buildings is restricted to a minimum temperature of 26 C (ref. law) 2. Legal Framework 2.1. National distinctions of legislation Law : the first reference to energy certificates appears in the Program Law for Energy (Loi no 2005-781 du 13 juillet 2005) Decree (Décrets) : 2 decrees explain the principle of the energy certificates Orders (Arrêtés) : most of the text on energy certificates are Guidelines, they develop the calculation, dates of application 2.2. History of energy related requirements France introduced the first thermal regulation for new buildings in 1974 (Thermal Regulation RT). Maximum values for the heat losses (G-value) were determined. This regulation is revised more or less every 5 years. The last one (2005 Thermal regulation, RT 2005) went into effect on 1st September 2006. With the last revision, the requirements were changed from the G-values to the maximum consumption (C value). In the past, no requirements for existing buildings existed. Renovations could be carried out even on a worse level than it was before. Due to the EPBD implementation, in May 2007 a new regulation for existing buildings was introduced. 2.3. Overview on EPBD implementation In France, there is a series of legislative texts and regulations. The thermal regulations for existing and new buildings are now listed in the official legal texts. Official tools for their implementation are available (calculation methods for thermal regulation, EPC tools ). Local government bodies of Equipment are in charge with the control of the regulation application. A testing procedure is carried out in this respect (control of several new buildings taken at random). In order to develop future energy performance in new buildings constructions, Tax credits are anticipated. For example, social housing companies can qualify for property tax exoneration if their building reaches a certain performance. For all owners, exemptions can be granted to increase the occupation of the ground in the case of a respect of a performance level (< 50 kwh/m²a). And exemptions can be granted for all property owners in order to increase land use when a certain level of performance is met. 2.4. Time schedule of implementation Annex I Country Review _080909.doc BBR-Online-Publication Nr. 23/2007
Energy certification in European countries 5 In the last two years France introduced a lot of new laws and the implemented of the energy certification was carried out very quickly. Since beginning of 2008 for all types of buildings, the issuance of EPC/DEC are mandatory. One exception non residential buildings for rent. Requirements on new and existing buildings are (will be) in force Residential building Non Residential building New building 21.09.2007 21.09.2007 Existing building For sale 15.09.2006 15.09.2006 For rent 03.05.2007 03.05.2007 Public building 07.12.2007 Issuance of energy performance certificates is mandatory since Residential building Non Residential building New building 01.07.2007 01.07.2007 Existing building For sale 01.11.2006 01.11.2006 For rent 01.07.2007 01.07.2007 Public building 02.01.2008 3. Methodologies Article 3: Member States shall apply a methodology, at national or regional level, of calculation of the energy performance of buildings 3.1. New buildings RT 2005 (thermal regulation) is applied according to a calculation methodology based on hourly rate. The consumption of reference building consumption is calculated Cref, the project consumption (primary energy) (Cep) must be small than the reference : Cep < Cref. There are also minimum requirements for building components (U-values, lighting, heating system, ventilation system). Order : arrêté du 24 mai 2006 relatif aux caractéristiques thermiques des bâtiments nouveaux et des parties nouvelles de bâtiments 3.2. Existing buildings The introduction of rules for existing buildings is quite recent: decree of 3 may 2007. Beforehand there was no energy regulation specifically applicable to existing buildings or buildings under renovation. Two types of regulation is applied : - for big buildings (net area > 1000m2 and refurbishment works amount is bigger than 25% of the value of the building) : special study is required, same approach as thermal regulation for new buildings, - for all others building refurbishment works, values have to be respected for each part of the building (roof insulation, glazing, boiler performance ). Annex I Country Review _080909.doc BBR-Online-Publication Nr. 23/2007
Energy certification in European countries 6 3.3. Energy certificates 3.3.1 New building Always asset rating has to be used. Order : Arrêté du 21 septembre 2007 relatif au diagnostic de performance énergétique pour les bâtiments neufs en France métropolitaine This text only says for new building the EPC is calculated from the data contained in thermal study done for the building design. 3.3.2 Existing buildings Two methodologies for energy performance calculation are applied: Asset and operational rating. In principal both methodologies can be used, exepts the following situation: If the building is constructed before 1948, it can be assumed, that no information regarding building construction is available. Under these conditions U-Values can only be assessed. To avoid the assessment, this buildings has to be calculated on the base on metered energy (operational rating) If only parts of the energy consumption are available and the other parts has to be delivered through tenants. Due to data protection reasons, this buildings has to be calculated on the base of the energy demand calculation (asset rating) See synthesis of the methodologies used in annexe. 3.3.3 Public building Energy certificates for public buildings are always based on metered energy consumption (operational rating). The mean consumption of the last 3 years is used in this case. 3.4. National software A national software is available for asset rating for existing buildings : 3cl-DPE. Methodologies can be used as long as they respect the regulation specifying the content of the methods (Order of 15th September 2006 relating to Methods and Procedures) 2 other methods have been approved by the Order of 9th November 2006: Comfie-DPE, DEL6-DPE. For new buildings, data providing from Th-CE calculation methodology can be used directly. Comfie-DPE, DEL6-DPE and Th-CE are time based on a hourly rate. When using an asset calculation methodology, the main methodology used is simplified : 3CL DPE. This method has been developed under the responsibility of the ministry. With a detailed description of the building: orientation, position, floors surface, walls, windows, isolation level (thickness and building material properties), nature of equipment (heating, domestic hot water, cooling), type of ventilation default values are used to find out the linked loss of energy and thus to agree on the building primary energy need based on heat or cooling production. Also climate zone and altitude are taken into accounts. 4. Requirements Article 4: Member States shall take the necessary measures to ensure that minimum energy performance requirements for buildings are set, based on the methodology referred to in Article 3. 4.1. New buildings Article 5: Member States shall take the necessary measures to ensure that new buildings meet the minimum energy performance require-ments referred to in Article 4. Annex I Country Review _080909.doc BBR-Online-Publication Nr. 23/2007
Energy certification in European countries 7 RT 2005 (thermal regulation) is applied according to a calculation methodology based on hourly rate. RT 2005 is a logical evolution of RT 2000, the EU directive did not introduce anything from this point of view. 4.1.1 Renewables, CHP, district heating/cooling Article 5: For new buildings with a total useful floor area over 1 000 m2, Member States shall ensure that the technical, environmental and economic feasibility of alternative systems such as: decentralised energy supply systems based on renewable energy, CHP, district or block heating or cooling, if available, heat pumps, under certain conditions, is considered and is taken into account before construction starts. Since the the 1rst January 2008 for any new building larger than 1000m2 a feasibility study must be realised. This study must contain the economic and technical feasibility of different energy solutions fort he building feeding. The aim if this measure is to encourage renewables and efficient systems. The owner can choose the energy sources he wants guided by this study considering energetic, economic and environmental criteria. Reference texts : decree n 2007-363 19 March 2007 and 18 December 2007 order. 4.2. Existing buildings Article 6: Member States shall take the necessary measures to ensure that when buildings with a total useful floor area over 1 000 m2 undergo major renovation, their energy performance is upgraded in order to meet minimum requirements in so far as this is technically, functionally and economically feasible. Since the 1rst April 2008, for renovated building larger than 1000m2 with a renovation works cost higher than 25% of the building value, a feasibility study must be realised. This study must contain the economic and technical feasibility of different energy solutions fort he building feeding. The aim if this measure is to encourage renewables and efficient systems. The owner can choose the energy sources he wants guided by this study considering energetic, economic and environmental criteria. Reference texts : decree n 2007-363 19 March 2007 and 18 December 2007 order. 4.2.1 Definition major renovation Major renovation : this is the case when the cost of the renovation works are higher than 25% of the value of the building. Building costs are decided by national order (ex : 20 December 2007, cost for residential : 1287 /m2 ; for non residential : 1100 /m2). 4.3. Energy certificates New building Residential building Non Residential building Annex I Country Review _080909.doc BBR-Online-Publication Nr. 23/2007
Energy certification in European countries 8 Existing building Public building 5. Energy performance certificates Article 7/1: Member States shall ensure that, when buildings are constructed, sold or rented out, an energy performance certificate is made available to the owner or by the owner to the prospective buyer or tenant, as the case might be. 5.1. General description The same certificate is used for asset and operational rating. The reference values are also the same for asset and operational rating. In any case the EPC must contain : - building identification, net area - energy sources used and description of the main thermic, energetic and geometric characteristics, a list of the main equipments - by use the annual mean of final energy consumed, if the segmentation is not possible per use it can be done par energy source - by use the annual mean of primary energy consumed, if the segmentation is not possible per use it can be done par energy source - annual costs of energy - representation on two different scales of the total primary energy consumed and the total CO2 emission linked - the part of renewable energy produced on site - specific recommendations for management of the building and his equipments, and recommendations for renovation works leading to a reduction of energy consumption 5.2. New buildings For new buildings asset rating is always used. For new buildings the certificate is calculated from the thermal study of the building integrating (surrequirements) 5.3. Existing buildings EPC are carried out with 2 methods, it depends on the context. The main characteristic is the age of the buildings: if their construction is prior to 1948 then the metered energy consumption (operational rating) is always authorised. The use of calculation methods is compulsory in the following cases: Individual residential houses Flats using central heating Whole Residential building New building For existing tertiary buildings, we always use the metered energy consumption (operational rating) 5.4. Public buildings Energy certificates for public buildings are always based on metered energy consumption (operational rating). Annex I Country Review _080909.doc BBR-Online-Publication Nr. 23/2007
Energy certification in European countries 9 For public buildings, 3 types of buildings have been defined with different classification threshold : - buildings with intermittent occupation (Education, administration ) - buildings with permanent occupation (hospitals, police station ) - buildings with irregular occupation (Sport centre, theatre, concert hall ) 5.4.1 Definition of public buildings Article 7/3 Member States shall take measures to ensure that for buildings with a total useful floor area over 1 000 m2 occupied by public authorities and by institutions providing public services to a large number of persons and therefore frequently visited by these persons an energy certificate, not older than 10 years, is placed in a prominent place clearly visible to the public. Public buildings submitted to the EPC are buildings : - owned or rented by a public authority, - open to the public, with a minimum capacity of 300 persons, - bigger than 1000m2. 5.5. Additional aspects 5.5.1 On site visit The site visit is compulsory. However, in the case of residential buildings with central heating, it is possible to visit one flat only and deliver certificates for all the other flats. 6. Independent experts Article 10 Member States shall ensure that the certification of buildings, the drafting of the accompanying recommendations and the inspection of boilers and air-conditioning systems are carried out in an independent manner by qualified and/or accredited experts, whether operating as sole traders or employed by public or private enterprise bodies 6.1. Training Training is not compulsory but it is recommended. Quite a few companies who didn t benefit from training are now promoting them. On the contrary, certification is compulsory and is structured by the Order of 16th October 2006 defining certification criteria of consultants skills delivering the EPC and defining accreditation criteria of certification companies. Training sessions normally take 3 days and cover Theoretical and practical aspects. 6.2. Accreditation The certification is a theoretical and practical exam looking to validate the EPC issuers skills. These skills are: Theoretical: - the typology of constructions and constructive systems, construction products, technical equipments, construction materials and their thermal properties, building thermal characteristics, possibilities for energy improvements, legal and regulations texts on the subject, implementation of renewable energies, some knowledge in legal aspects, building technical and legal terminology. Practical : The candidate can carry out the EPC using an adapted method, can explain the results, can evaluate a building consumption via at least one method. And the candidate is able to propose adapted recommendations, knows how to write reports in French. The certification takes one day. Annex I Country Review _080909.doc BBR-Online-Publication Nr. 23/2007
Energy certification in European countries 10 6.3. Quality assurance The EPC issuer s skills are controlled the second year via an exam comprising the analysis of 10 EPC carried out. 6.4. Organisational aspects Real estate certificates providers were already working on asbestos, lead, on measurement There are the same companies providing energy performance certificates. Thus, their activity has quite developed. Several thermal consulting companies are also able to deliver certificates on whole public buildings or complex buildings. The French Committee of Accreditation (COFRAC) delivers official approval to certification companies to assess and certify EPC providers. COFRAC existed previously, and was commissioned by the government to deliver these accreditations. Certification companies also existed previously and have developed their activity in this context. 6.5. Number of experts available In 2006: 6000 professionals in real estate certifications, in activity. 6.6. Transboundary certification Not available. It seems quite difficult considering the specificities of the application of the European directive in each country or in European regions. 7. Data Collection 7.1. Availability and organisation of national data collection Data collection is planned for public buildings, but is not operational yet. The National Environment and Energy Management Agency (ADEME) should be in charge of this collection. 7.2. Access and use of the collected data 8. Experiences, evaluation, costs 8.1. General availability of experiences with EPBD implementation Not available 8.2. Not available Existing studies, surveys and evaluations 8.3. Number of energy performance certificates In 2008 we can estimate the number of certificates issued between 2.6 and 3 millions. 8.4. Effort and costs of energy performance assessment 8.4.1 Time and costs 2 to 3 hours are required. The price is very flexible. Annex I Country Review _080909.doc BBR-Online-Publication Nr. 23/2007
Energy certification in European countries 11 The average price for flats with individual heating and for individual houses is 200 euros. It depends on the method used, on the surface and the need to visit the site or not as extrapolation is possible for a flat in a residential building and central heating (see above). It can goes up to 500 euros for a large building. 8.4.2 Subsidies There are no subsidies for EPC issuing, as it is compulsory. However, if it is a voluntary approach by coowners for example, they can have a subsidy to have a complete diagnosis including a performance energy certificate. 9. Acceptance of the energy performance certification Topic of phase 3 (July September 2008) 10. Plans for future development Annex I Country Review _080909.doc BBR-Online-Publication Nr. 23/2007
Energy certification in European countries 12 Annex 1 Overview relevant legislation 1. Regarding EPC : The general order of the legislation is : Law : the first reference to energy certificates appears in the Program Law for Energy (Loi no 2005-781 du 13 juillet 2005) Decree (Décrets) : 2 decrees explain the principle of the energy certificates Orders (Arrêtés) : most of the text on energy certificates are Guidelines, they develop the calculation, dates of application Decree of 14th Sept 2006 relating to the energy performance certificate and the condition of the gas installation in several buildings (defining the EPC) Order of 15th Sept 2006 relating to the energy performance certificate for existing buildings for sale (clarifying the EPC of buildings for sales Housing and Tertiary sectors) Order of 15th Sept 2006 relating to methods and procedures applicable to the EPC for existing buildings for sale in France Order of 16th October 2006 defining certification criteria of consultants skills delivering the EPC and defining accreditation criteria of certification companies Order of 9th November 2006 giving approval for several calculation methods used for the EPC Order of 3rd May 2007 relating to the EPC for existing buildings proposed for accommodations to let Order of 21st September 2007 relating to EPC for new buildings Order of 7th December 2007 relating to the EPC display in public buildings Order of 18th December 2007 modifying the order dated 15th Sept 2006 relating to EPC for existing buildings for sale (and précising the coefficients CO2/kWh of district heating and cooling networks of France). 2. Regarding EPBD implementation Decree of 19 March 2006 relating to feasibility studies for energy supply, thermal characteristics and energy performance of existing buildings and display of energy performance certificates. Energy supply study for new buildings: 1st January 2008 Energy supply study for renovated buildings over 1000m2 (with major refurbishment):1st April 2008 Obligation of energy performance for renovated buildings over 1000m2 (with major refurbishment): 1st April 2008 Obligation of energy performance for removed equipments or new equipment installed in existing buildings: 1st November 2007 Limiting the use of cooling when the temperature is below 26 C: 1st July 2007 Display of the energy performance certificate in public buildings: 2nd January 2008 Decree of 3 may 2007 relating to thermal characteristic and energy performance of existing buildings. Decree of 18 December 2007 relating to feasibility studies for energy supply for new buildings, for new parts of buildings and for several existing renovated buildings Annex I Country Review _080909.doc BBR-Online-Publication Nr. 23/2007
Energy certification in European countries 13 Annex 2 Example energy certificates 1. General description The example certificate should lock as follows : 1. Table/overview on your different types of certificates Synthesis of the methodologies used : INDIVIDUAL HOUSES COLLECTIVE BUILDINGS FOR PRINCIPAL DWELLINGS FOR SALE THE OWNER OF THE PROPOSED SALE IS NOT THE OWNER OF THE ENTIRE BUILDING. OR THE OWNER CARRIES OUT A CO-OWNERSHIP GLOBALLY PROPOSED FOR SALE Asset rating Allowed Allowed Operational rating Built before Built after January 1948 January 1948 Collective heating system Not allowed except if an estimation on the entire building is made Individual heating system Built before January 1948 Built after January 1948 Built before January 1948 Built after January 1948 Allowed Allowed Allowed Allowed Allowed Not Allowed Allowed Allowed Not Allowed Allowed Not allowed except in the case of a collective heating system FOR RENT Asset rating Not Allowed Allowed Operational rating INDIVIDUAL HOUSES Built before Built after January 1948 January 1948 Collective heating system Not allowed except if an estimation on the entire building is made COLLECTIVE BUILDINGS FOR PRINCIPAL DWELLINGS THE EPC RELIES ON THE BUILDING CONSUMPTION Individual heating system Built before January 1948 Built after January 1948 THE EPC RELIES ON THE BUILDING ENTIRE CONSUMPTION ALREADY DETERMINATED BY A PREVIOUS EPC Built before January 1948 Built after January 1948 Allowed Allowed Not Allowed Allowed Allowed Not Allowed Allowed Allowed Not Allowed Allowed Not Allowed 2. Description of the differences of you different types of certificates 3. Example of one energy certificate (translated) 4. Only if the differences between the certificates are very significant (for ex. EPC/DEC) than add further certificates Annex I Country Review _080909.doc BBR-Online-Publication Nr. 23/2007
Energy certification in European countries 14 2. Energy Performance Certificate s models in France In France, a lot of different certificates have been defined according to different conditions: Type of building, residential, tertiary or public buildings Event linked to the delivery: sold, rented, new or displaying in public buildings. The presentations of all the certificates contain some slight specificities, but are based on the same principle: The model is 4 pages Page 1 : data regarding the building (address, owner, surface...), energy consumption and costs, two scales one for primary energy and one CO2. Page 2 : description of the building elements and heating or cooling equipments, and explanation on the certificate content, Page 3 : recommendations regarding energy management (more or less always the same in every kind of certificates), Page 4 : recommendations regarding works advised (insulation, change of boiler ). Annex I Country Review _080909.doc BBR-Online-Publication Nr. 23/2007
Energy certification in European countries 15 3. Energy certificate building and accommodation for RENT with individual heating Annex I Country Review _080909.doc BBR-Online-Publication Nr. 23/2007
Energy certification in European countries 16 Annex I Country Review _080909.doc BBR-Online-Publication Nr. 23/2007
Energy certification in European countries 17 Annex I Country Review _080909.doc BBR-Online-Publication Nr. 23/2007
Energy certification in European countries 18 Annex I Country Review _080909.doc BBR-Online-Publication Nr. 23/2007
Energy certification in European countries 19 4. Differences for residential buildings for sale : Page 4 : works recommendations are detailed (new consumption after works, investment for works, pay-back time...) in case of houses or apartments with individual heating system. In case of collective heating system the recommendation are less detailed. In the case of residential buildings for rent, the certificate is the same, but the recommendations are not so detailed as they are for sale. Annex I Country Review _080909.doc BBR-Online-Publication Nr. 23/2007
Energy certification in European countries 20 5. Existing non residential buildings for sale or new non residential buildings: The main difference is the number of level on the certificate (9 classes : A to I) instead of 7 A to H. Annex I Country Review _080909.doc BBR-Online-Publication Nr. 23/2007
Energy certification in European countries 21 In the case of new buildings the first page is detailed by energy uses. Annex I Country Review _080909.doc BBR-Online-Publication Nr. 23/2007
Energy certification in European countries 22 6. The specificity of EPC for public building certificates : Two presentation are possible for the first page : Energy consumption by end-uses (if possible) or by type of energy. The classes values are different regarding the type of buildings : 1 Permanent occupation 2 Non permanent occupation 3 Other types Annex I Country Review _080909.doc BBR-Online-Publication Nr. 23/2007
Energy certification in European countries 23 Annex I Country Review _080909.doc BBR-Online-Publication Nr. 23/2007