Methods for Assessing the Effects of Mixtures of Chemicals

SCOPE 30 IPCS JOINT SYMPOSIA 6 SGOMSEC 3 Methods for Assessing the Effects of Mixtures of Chemicals

Executive Committee of SCOPE President: Professor J. W. M. La Riviere, International Institute for Hydraulic and Environmental Engineering, Oude Delft 95, PO Box 3015, 2601 DA Delft, The Netherlands. Past-President: Professor R. O. Slatyer, Research School of Biological Sciences, Australian National University, P.O. Box 475, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia. Vice-President: Professor C. R. Krishna Murti, Commission for Continuing Studies on Effects on Life Systems of Toxic Gas Leakage at Bhopal, Cabinet Secretariat, Rashtrapati Bhavan, New Delhi 110001, India. Secretary-Genera/: Professor T. Rosswall, Department of Water in Environment and Society, University of Linkoping, S-581 83 Linkoping, Sweden. Treasurer: Sir Frederick Warner, FRS, Department of Chemistry, University of Essex, Wivenhoe Park, Colchester, Essex C04 3SQ, UK. Members Professor Paul Crutzen, Max-Planck Institut furchemie, Postfach 3060, D-6500 Mainz, F.R. Germany. Professor M. V. Ivanov, Institute of Microbiology, USSR Academy of Sciences, GSP-7 Prospekt 60 letija Oktjabrja 7-2, Moscow, USSR. Professor H. A. Mooney, Department of Biological Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA. Dr F. di Castri, CNRS, Centre L. Emberger, Route de Mende, BP 5051,34033 Montpellier Cedex, France. Professor J. Kostrowicki, Institute of Geography, Polish Academy of Sciences, Krakowskie Przedmiescie 30, 00927 Warsaw, Poland. Editor-in-Chief Professor R. E. Munn, IIASA, Schlossplatzl, A-2361, Laxenburg, Austria.

SCOPE 30 IPCS JOINT SYMPOSIA 6 SGOMSEC 3 Methods for Assessing the Effects of Mixtures of Chemicals Edited by Velimir B. Vouk National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA Gordon C. Butler National Research Council of Canada, Ottawa, Canada Arthur C. Upton Institute of Environmental Medicine, New York University Medical Center, New York, New York, USA Dennis V. Parke University of Surrey, Guildford, Surrey, UK and Susan C. Asher National Research Council of Canada, Ottawa, Canada Prepared by Scientific Group on Methodologies for the Safety Evaluation of Chemicals (SGOMSEC) Published on behalf of the Scientific Committee on Problems of the Environment (SCOPE) of the International Council of Scientific Unions (ICSU), and the International Program on Chemical Safety (IPCS) of the World Health Organization (WHO), the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) and the International Labour Organization (ILO) by JOHN WILEY & SONS Chichester' NewYork' Brisbane. Toronto' Singapore

Copyright ~ 1987 by the Scientific Committee on Problems of the Environment (SCOPE) All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced by any means, or transmitted, or translated into a machine language without the written permission of the copyright holder. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data: Methods for assessing the effects of mixtures of chemicals. (SGOMSEC; 3) (SCOPE; 30) (IPCS Joint Symposia 6) Based on a workshop held at the University of Surrey, Guildford, England, Aug. 15-19, 1983. Includes bibliographies and index. 1. Toxicity testing-congresses. 2. Chemicals- Environmental aspects-congresses. 3. Environmental monitoring-congresses. 4. Biological monitoring- Congresses. 5. Mixtures-Congresses. I. Vouk, Velimir. II. Scientific Group on Methodologies for the Safety Evaluation of Chemicals. III. International Council of Scientific Unions. Scientific Committee on Problems of the Environment. IV. Series: SGOMSEC (Series); 3. V. Series: SCOPE (Series) (Chichester, West Sussex); 30. RA1199.M46 1987 615.9'02 86-11006 ISBN 0 471 91123 2 British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data: Methods for assessing the effects of mixtures of chemicals.-(scope; 30)-(SGOMSEC; 3) (IPCS Joint Symposia 6) 1. Toxicology I. Vouk, Velimir B. II. Scientific Group on Methodologies for the Safety Evaluation of Chemicals III. International Council of Scientific Unions. Scientific Committee on Problems of the Environment IV. Series V. Series 574.5'222 QH545.C47 ISBN 0471911232 Printed and bound in Great Britain.

SCOPE 1: SCOPE 2: SCOPE 3: SCOPE 4: Global Environmental Monitoring 1971, 68 pp (out of print) Man-Made Lakes as Modified Ecosystems, 1972, 76pp (out of print) Global Environmental Monitoring Systems (GEMS): Action Plan for Phase 1, 1973, 132pp (out of print) Environmental Sciences in Developing Countries, 1974,72 pp (out of print) Environment and Development, proceedings of SCOPEjUNEP Symposium on Environmental Sciences in Developing Countries, Nairobi, February 11-23, 1974,418pp. SCOPE 5: Environmental Impact Assessment: Principles and Procedures, Second Edition, 1979, 208pp SCOPE 6: Environmental Pollutants: Selected Analytical Methods, 1975, 277 pp (available from Butterworth & Co. (Publishers) Ltd, Sevenoaks, Kent, UK). (out of print) SCOPE 7: Nitrogen, Phosphorus, and Sulphur: Global Cycles, 1975, 192pp (available from Dr Thomas Rosswall, Swedish Natural Science Research Council, Stockholm, Sweden) (out of print) SCOPE 8: SCOPE 9: Risk Assessment of Environmental Hazard, 1978, 132pp Simulation Modelling of Environmental Problems, 1978, 128pp (out of print) SCOPE 10: SCOPE 11: SCOPE 12: SCOPE 13: SCOPE 14: SCOPE 15: SCOPE 16: SCOPE 17: Environmental Issues, 1977, 242 pp Shelter Provision in Developing Countries, 1978, 112pp Principles of Ecotoxicology, 1978, 372pp The Global Carbon Cycle, 1979,491 pp Saharan Dust: Mobilization, Transport, Deposition, 1979,320 pp Environmental Risk Assessment, 1980, 176pp Carbon Cycle Modelling, 1981, 404 pp Some Perspectives of the Major Biogeochemical Cycles, 1981 SCOPE 18: 175pp The Role of Fire in Northern Circumpolar Ecosystems, 1983, 344 pp SCOPE 19: SCOPE 20: The Global Biogeochemical Sulphur Cycle, 1983, 495 pp Methods for Assessing the Effects of Chemicals on Reproductive Functions, 1983, 568pp

VI SCOPE 21: The Major BiogeochemicalCycles and Their Interactions, 1983, 554 pp SCOPE 22: SCOPE 23: SCOPE 24: SCOPE 25: SCOPE 26: SCOPE 27: SCOPE 28: SCOPE 29: SCOPE 30: Effects of Pollutants at the Ecosystem Level, 1984, 443 pp The Role of Terrestrial Vegetation in the Global Carbon Cycle: Measurement by Remote Sensing, 1984, 272 pp Noise Pollution, 1986 Appraisal of Tests to Predict the Environmental Chemicals, 1985, 400pp Behaviour of Methods for Estimating Risks of Chemical Injury: Human and Non-human Biota, 1985, 712pp Climate Impact Assessment: Studies of the Interaction of Climate and Society, 1985, 649 pp Environmental Consequences of Nuclear War Volume I Physical, 1985, 342pp Volume II Ecological and Agricultural Effects, 1985, 523pp The Greenhouse Effect, Climatic Change and Ecosystems Methods for Assessing the Effects of Mixtures of Chemicals Funds to meet SCOPE expenses are provided by contributions from SCOPE National Committees, an annual subvention from ICSU (and through ICSU, from UNESCO), an annual subvention from the French Ministere de l'environnement et du Cadre de Vie, contracts with UN Bodies, particularly UNEP, and grants from Foundations and industrial enterprises.

International Council of Scientific Unions (ICSU) Scientific Committee on Problems of the Environment(SCOPE) SCOPE is one of a number of committees established by a non-governmental group of scientific organizations, the International Council of Scientific Unions (ICSU). The membership of ICSU includes representatives from 68 National Academies of Science, 18 International Unions, and 12 other bodies called Scientific Associates. To cover multidisciplinary activities which include the interests of several unions, ICSU has established 10 scientific committees, of which SCOPE is one. Currently, representatives of 34 member countries and 15 Unions and Scientific Committees participate in the work of SCOPE, which directs particular attention to the needs of developing countries. SCOPE was established in 1969 in response to the environmental concerns emerging at that time; ICSU recognized that many of these concerns required scientific inputs spanning several disciplines and ICSU Unions. SCOPE's first task was to prepare a report on Global Environmental Monitoring (SCOPE 1, 1971)for the UN Stockholm Conference on the Human Environment. The mandate of SCOPE is to assemble, review, and assess the information available on human-induced environmental changes and the effects of these changes on humans; to assess and evaluate the methodologies of measurement of environmental parameters; to provide an intelligence service on current research; and by the recruitment of the best available scientific information and constructive thinking to establish itself as a corpus of informed advice for the benefit of centres of fundamental research and of organizations and agencies operationally engaged in studies of the environment. SCOPE is governed by a General Assembly, which meets every three years. Between such meetings its activities are directed by the Executive Committee. Executive Secretary: V. Plocq Secretariat: 51 BId de Montmorency 75016 PARIS R. E. Munn Editor-in-Chief SCOPE Publications VB