ESTABLISHMENT OF A DISEASE-FREE CITRUS NURSERY SYSTEM AND DEMONSTRATION OF INTEGRATED CROP HEALTH MANAGEMENT OF CITRUS ORCHARDS

ESTABLISHMENT OF A DISEASE-FREE CITRUS NURSERY SYSTEM AND DEMONSTRATION OF INTEGRATED CROP HEALTH MANAGEMENT OF CITRUS ORCHARDS Ha Minh Trung 1, Le Thi Thu Hong 2 and Ngo Vinh Vien 3 1 Vietnam Gardening Association (VACVINA), 15 Thank Cong-Ba Dinh, Hanoi 2 Southern Fruit Research Institute (SOFRI), 203 MyTho, Tien Giang and 3 National Institute of Plant Protection (NIPP) Vietnam ABSTRACT In Vietnam, greening and tristeza are the citrus diseases of high economic importance. Because both diseases are transmitted by planting material insect vectors, the setting up of a pathogen-free nursery system and the practice of integrated pest management are the most important components of citrus disease control in Vietnam. Through successful international cooperation with FFTC, CIRAD, ACIAR, JIRCAS, and other overseas R&D institutions, as well as the help of MARD, the National Institute for Plant Protection and the Southern Fruit Research Institute were able to initiate a national rehabilitation program that set up the pathogen-free citrus nursery network. The network, which included most of the major citrus-growing provinces, were subjected to an integrated program that sought the cultivation of healthy citrus seedlings; elimination of insect vectors and their host plants; and integrated crop management to protect healthy orchards from being re-infected. Key words: Greening, tristeza, citrus industry in Vietnam, pathogen-free citrus nursery, citrus disease control INTRODUCTION Vietnam stretches from north to south at 15 N latitude. This geographical diversity allows the country to grow any kind of fruit, be it tropical, subtropical, or even low-chill temperate. Citrus is one of the most important fruits of Vietnam. This fruit crop is grown at an altitude of at least 900 m above sea level in mountainous regions in the north, down to sea level in the Mekong River Delta. Citrus is grown in 107,380 ha with a total production of 731,203 t. Major citrus-growing areas are in the northeast (Ha Giang, Tuyen Quang, Phu Tho, Lang Son), north central coast (Nghe An, Ha Tinh), and the Mekong River Delta (Tien Giang, Vinh Long, Dong Thap, Can Tho, Ben Tre and Hau Giang). The Mekong River Delta is Vietnam s largest citrus-growing area with an acreage of 60,204 ha or 56.1% of the total area (Table 1). Greening and tristeza are major factors causing the decline of citrus production in Vietnam. A development program to rehabilitate the citrus industry was initiated by the National Institute for Plant Protection (NIPP) and Southern Fruit Research Institute (SOFRI) in the early 1990s. This program, strongly supported by MARD, received a fruitful cooperation with the international research community (FFTC, NTU, NCHU, CIRAD, ACIAR, AUF, and JIRCAS, among other institutions). This program included the following:! Survey on the distribution of greening, tristeza, and other virus diseases and its damages;! Establishment of a disease-free citrus nursery system; and! Demonstration of integrated orchard management. This paper presents some of the major activities that have been undertaken by SOFRI and NIPP during the program s implementation. 1

Table 1. Major citrus-growing areas in Vietnam No. Region Existing area Major local citrus species ha % 1 Northwest 1,200 1.3 Muong Pon orange, Thanh Ha orange, Cao Phong orange 2 Northeast 14,635 13.6 King mandarin, Cam Chanh orange, Bac Quang mandarin, Bac Son mandarin, Doan Hung pumelo 3 Red River Delta 9,058 8.4 Cam Canh or red mandarin, Dien pumelo, Cat Ba orange 4 North central coast 11,341 10.6 King mandarin, Xa Doai orange, Cam Bu orange, Song Con orange, Van Du orange, Phuc Trach pumelo, Thanh Tra pumelo, Tu Qui lime 5 South central coast 1,059 1.0-6 Central highland 601 0.6-7 Northeast south 8,895 8.3 Sweet pumelo La Cam, sweet pumelo Da Lang 8 Mekong River Delta 60,204 56.1 King mandarin, Xoan orange, Hong Mandarin, Duong mandarin, 5 roi pumelo, Da xanh pumelo, Long Co Co pumelo Total 107,380 100 Source: SOFRI, 2005 SURVEY ON GREENING AND TRISTEZA The first disease survey was conducted by FFTC and NIPP in 1992. The areas surveyed were Dong Nai and Khanh Hoa, Hoa Binh, Ha Tay, and Hanoi outskirts. The second survey was undertaken by CIRAD, SOFRI, and NIPP in Tien Giang, Vinh Long, Can Tho, Dong Nai, Hoa Binh, Ha Tay, and Hanoi outskirts. Citrus greening and tristeza were found in all surveyed areas. During the two surveys, molecular indexing technique was first used for disease diagnosis by Prof. Hong Ji Su (NTU) and Prof. Bove of the University of Bordeaux. Insect vectors and natural enemies were identified by Prof. Y.I.Chu (NTU) and Dr. M.Miyazaki from NARC. Aside from greening and tristeza, other diseases were also found. These were exocortis, Phytophthora gummosis, and citrus canker found in the south and the north, as well as cristacortis, which was found only in the south. Citrus greening disease is of high economic importance. It has been found on Citrus sinensis, Citrus reticulata, Citrus grandis, Citrus arantifolia, and Citrus microcarpa. The life span, fruit yield, and quality of citrus in greening-infected orchards are remarkably reduced (Table 2). A similar situation was observed in the Mekong delta, southern Vietnam, where the average yield losses of sweet orange, King mandarin, and sweet mandarin were 15.67 t/ha, 13.49 t/ha, and 9.88 t/ha, respectively. The vein-clearing symptom caused by the citrus tristeza closterovirus (CTV) was found in all samples having positive reaction to the ELISA tests. This finding showed that the strain of CTV was a mild one. However stem pitting and dwarfing symptoms recently became more common. This finding showed that the CTV strain was more virulent, making tristeza a disease of economic importance. Diaphorina citri, the insect vector of citrus greening, was found in all surveyed spots. Their natural enemies, Tamarixia radiata and Diaphrencyrtus aligahensia, were available only in some surveyed citrus orchards. 2

Table 2. Damage caused by citrus greening in northern Vietnam Pre-greening period Greening period Reduction (%) (1960s) (1970-1980s) 1. Yield (t/ha) 20 9 55 Average Highest 50 20 40 2. Life span (year) 18 7 61 3. Export (t) 20,000 3,000 85 Source: DARD of Nghe An, August 2002 Table 3. Disease-free citrus nursery system Structure Function Management Laboratory For STG For obtaining pathogen-free planting materials State institution for foundation stocks and genetic resources Laboratory for For plant health control State institution molecular indexing For providing plant health certificate Insect-proof screen For maintaining pathogen-free citrus State institution house S1 foundation stock Insect-proof screen For propagating pathogen-free scions, State and provincial house S1 budwoods derived from foundation stock S0 institutions Insect-proof screen For propagating pathogen-free seedlings by Public and private house S2 using scions derived from parent trees S1 companies, cooperatives, farmers For distributing healthy plants to citrus growers Three aphid species were found as insect vectors of CTV. They were Aphis gossypii, Myzus persicae, and Toxoptera citricidus. None of their natural enemies were found. This was probably because the surveys were conducted in August (1992), rainy season, when the aphid population was usually low. Surveys on the disease occurrence and nursery management were also undertaken in the state citrus nursery Xuan Mai, 40 km north of Hanoi in 1992 as well as in some private nurseries in the province of Ben Tre in 1994. All the surveyed citrus nurseries had very poor management. Planting materials, mother trees, and root stocks were grown outdoors without any insect protection net. Seedlings were severely infected by greening, tristeza, bacterial canker, and other diseases. It must be noted that Xuan Mai and Ben Tre are the two biggest citrus nurseries providing seedlings for the citrus industry in Vietnam. ESTABLISHMENT OF A DISEASE-FREE NURSERY SYSTEM AND EXTENSION PROGRAM Greening, tristeza, and viral diseases of citrus are mostly transmitted by insect vectors and planting materials. Main components of the disease management program are as follows: 3

Table 4. Extension program for pathogen-free citrus nursery system in northern Vietnam. Province Insect-proof Mother Scion Production Training course screen house tree S0 propagation capacity parent trees Number Acreage S1 (m 2 ) Trainer Farmer Ha Giang 13 2,584 100 600 70,000 2 10 Tuyen Quang 5 900 100 200 15,000 1 5 Phu Tho 13 2,584 100 600 100,000 2 10 Nghe An 13 2,584 100 600 80,000 2 10 Ha Tinh 13 2,584 100 600 60,000 2 10 Total 52 12,236 500 2,600 315,000 9 45 *50 trainees/course! Cultivation of healthy citrus seedlings;! Elimination of insect vectors and their host plants; and! Integrated crop management to protect healthy orchards from being re-infected. Establishment of a disease-free nursery system is of primary importance in a greening management program. Molecular detection techniques for plant health control are an indispensable component of this system. Material and technical basis of the above system includes laboratories for micro grafting (STG) and molecular indexing, insect-proof greenhouses with metallic net for long-term use (10-12 years), and a network of temporary nurseries with plastic net for short-term use (2-3 years) (Table 3). NIPP and SOFRI staff members have received short-term training on micro grafting and indexing techniques from FFTC and CIRAD. A funding support from MARD, FFTC, RDF, and CIRAD was provided to establish micro grafting and disease detection laboratories as well as initial insect-proof screen houses in SOFRI (1995) and NIPP (1997). The valuable support and fruitful international cooperation have enabled Vietnam to create a first material-technical base for a national pathogen-free citrus nursery system. At present, 230 pathogen-free mother trees (S0) from 35 varieties are maintained in SOFRI. The NIPP foundation stocks consist of mother trees from 40 varieties. Pathogen-free citrus nurseries in SOFRI and NIPP have served as the network extension core of the disease-free nursery system in Vietnam. EXTENSION PROGRAM FOR DISEASE NURSERY SYSTEM To promote the rehabilitation of the citrus industry, MARD released decisions No. 4838 and No. 3574 to extend disease-free nurseries to provinces with commercial citrus production. NIPP established disease-free citrus nursery systems in Ha Giang, Tuyen Quang, Phu Tho, Nghe An, and Ha Tinh provinces. A state budget was provided for setting up this system (Table 4). In 2003-2004, these provincial pathogenfree nurseries distributed 510,000 healthy seedlings to citrus growers. Nine training-oftrainer and 45 farmer-training courses, with about 5,600 trainees, were organized. Technology transfer of pathogen-free citrus nursery management and STG to the provinces Dong Thap, Tien Giang, Can Tho, Vinh Long, Ha Tinh, and Nghe An was undertaken by SOFRI from 1999 to 2002. A network of pathogen-free citrus nurseries was also set up in this province. A set of certified mother trees S1 of 12 major and common varieties was provided by SOFRI to the provincial nurseries. So far, the national pathogen-free citrus nursery system has distributed about one million healthy seedlings to citrus growers. Of the total number of seedlings, 278,800 and 180,000 were produced by SOFRI and NIPP, respectively. The number was enough to set up a new citrus plantation of 2,000 ha at a planting rate of 500 seedlings/ha. This output, 4

however, could not meet the demand for a full rehabilitation of the citrus industry by 2010. There is an urgent need to set up a local network of disease-free nursery systems to provide citrus growers with enough quantity of healthy seedlings. This local network includes simple net house nurseries established in major citrus-growing areas of each province. This net house will obtain healthy scion S2 derivate from the central and/or provincial disease-free citrus nurseries. ESTABLISHMENT OF DEMONSTRATION ORCHARDS This activity aimed to show citrus growers how to properly grow their young healthy seedlings so that they do not get re-infected when they are planted in the field. Orchard management was based on an integrated crop health approach. It includes layout and design, proper soil and water management, good training and pruning, as well as integrated pest management with emphasis on control against insect vectors of citrus greening and CTV. Two demonstration orchards were set up by FFTC, NIPP, and SOFRI in 1999-2000. The first demonstration orchard, with an acreage of 3 ha, was located in Bavi, Hatay province. The orchard has 702 orange trees belonging to four important local varieties. Its soil type is ferralistic hill soil. The orchard is drained by ditches and is provided with a drip irrigation system. Grass has been planted along the ditches and in between rows of trees to protect the orchard from erosion. The second orchard was set up in Thoi Son, Tien Giang province in the south. The pumelo variety is planted in lowland soil with a very high water table. Drainage is very important because the orchard is in a waterlogged plain. Ditches were dug between the rows of trees and filled with the trunks and leaves of longan trees, mixed with soil. A layer of coconut fiber or stones was laid over the longan trunks before the soil was replaced. This porous fill provides good drainage at a relatively low cost. Because the drains are underground they do not interfere with orchard operations. Imidacloprid (Confider) was applied to prevent the invasion of insect vectors. Both demonstration orchards showed good performance of plant growth and IPM control. The low-cost technology is well suited to the small-scale citrus production in Vietnam. Demonstration orchards with the use of integrated crop health management system was successfully extended to major citrus-growing areas in Vietnam such as Nghe An, Ha Giang, Tuyen Quang, Tien Giang, Ba Ria, and Vung Tau. Outputs obtained from the research and development activities presented in this report were a worthy contribution to the rehabilitation of citrus production of Vietnam. CONCLUSION Greening is the most common and destructive disease of citrus orchards in Vietnam. Recently, tristeza also became a disease of high economic importance. Because both diseases are transmitted by planting materials (e.g., budwood, marcot) and insect vectors, the setting up of a pathogen-free nursery system and practicing IPM are the most important components in Vietnam s citrus disease control. Thanks to the fruitful international cooperation with FFTC, CIRAD, ACIAR, JIRCAS, and other overseas R&D institutions, as well as the help of MARD, the National Institute for Plant Protection and Southern Fruit Research Institute was able to set up the pathogen-free citrus nursery network. The network includes most of the major citrusgrowing provinces with a production capacity of more than one million healthy seedlings per year. With their use of integrated crop health management system, the demonstration orchards in Ba Vi, Hatay, and Thoi Son, Tien Giang, performed well and were successful in extending the system to some commercial citrus-producing provinces such as Nghe An, Ha Giang, Tien Giang, Hau Giang, and Ba Ria, Vung Tau. The low-cost technologies of this system are well suited to the small-scale production in Vietnam. To ensure the proper operation of a pathogen-free nursery network and the improvement of orchard management, we propose the following:! Upgrade the knowledge and capacity of local staff involved in the pathogen-free citrus nursery network; 5

! Improve the material and technical bases of pathogen-free citrus nurseries and detection laboratories; and! Strengthen the international cooperation for improving the indexing techniques; elucidating disease ecology and pathogen diversity; and detecting some potential dangerous diseases such as tatter leaf. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS We extend our heartfelt gratitude to FFTC, RDF, CIRAD, ACIAR, NCHU, and JIRCAS for their fruitful cooperation and valuable support. REFERENCES Hong, Ji Su. n.d. Epidemiological review on citrus greening and viral diseases of citrus and banana with special reference to disease-free nursery system. In: Proceedings of the Regional Workshop on Disease Management of Banana and Citrus through the Use of Disease-free Planting Materials; Davao City, Philippines; 14-16 October 1998. Hong, Ji Su. IPM of citrus cultivation with pathogen-free seedlings. Hong, Ji Su. 2003. Major diseases of citrus in Asia. In: pp. 56-73; 75-78, Health management in citrus production, a manual for Asian farmers. Taipei, Taiwan: Food and Fertilizer Technology Center for the Asian and Pacific Region. Bove, J.M; N.M. Chau; H.M. Trung; J. Bourdeau; M. Garnier. 1995.Huang Long Binh in Vietnam: detection of Liberobacter asiaticum by DNA hybridization of 16 Sribosomal DNA. In: pp. 258-266, Proceedings of the 13th Conference of the 10CV.California, USA. Hong, L.T.T.; H.M. Trung. 1997. Result of survey on citrus tristeza in the Mekong Delta. Journal of Science, Technology and Economic Management. 259p. (In Vietnamese) Hong, L.T.T. Management of citrus disease-free seedlings in southern Vietnam. In: pp. 118-126, Proceedings of Workshop on Disease Management of Banana and Citrus through the Use of Disease-free Planting Materials; Davao City, Philippines; 14-16 October 1998. Ha Minh Trung; Ngo Vinh Vien; Do Thanh Lam; Phan Van Lam. Fruit virus diseases in Vietnam. In: Proceedings of International Symposium on Integrated Management of Insect-borne Virus Diseases of Tropical Fruits; Pingtung, Taiwan; 11-16 December 1995. 6p. Ha Minh Trung; Ngo Vinh Vien; Ngo Dinh Phu. Management of citrus disease-free seedlings in Northern Vietnam. In: pp 127-130, Proceedings of Workshop on Disease Management of Banana and Citrus through the Use of Disease-free Planting Materials; Davao City, Philippines; 14 16 October 1998. Ha Minh Trung. Survey on citrus greening and its control by IPM in Vietnam. In: pp. 26-35, Proceedings of the Workshop on Rehabilitation of Citrus Industry in the Asian Pacific Region; Kuala Lumpur; 1991. Le T.T. Hong. Brief on the assessment of R&D solutions of citrus Huang Long Binh in south of Vietnam. In: Proceedings of Workshop on Invasion History and Current Situation of Citrus Hoang Long Bin in Southern Vietnam; My Tho; 14-16 September 2005. Ha Minh Trung ; Ngo Vinh Vien; Mai Thi Lien et al. Disease-free seedling propagation system and its extension program for establishing healthy citrus orchards in Vietnam. In: Proceedings in International Workshop on Rehabilitation of Citrus Industry in Tropical Asian countries; Vinh City; Vietnam. 4-9 November 2002. Frederic Gatineau. 2004. Report on research activities in cooperative program between CIRAD and SOFRI for development of citrus Hoang Long Binh control strategy in southern Vietnam. 6