JAPANESE ADAPTATION POLICY AND AMICAF (ANALYSIS AND MAPPING OF IMPACTS UNDER CLIMATE CHANGE FOR ADAPTATION AND FOOD SECURITY) PROJECT Hiroki SASAKI Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries, Japan 1
TABLE OF CONTENTS Japanese Adaptation Policy A new Japan-funded FAO project on climate change and food security 2
TRANSITIONAL CHANGE OF ANNUAL AVERAGE TEMPERATURE IN JAPAN (1898-2009) Temperature anomaly of annual average temperature in Japan is +0.56. On a long-term basis, it rises at the rate of approximately 1.13 13 in 100 years (statistics of 1898-2009). Many of the years that marked record-high temperature are concentrated in the 1990 s and on. Transitional change of annual average temperature in Japan (1898-2009) Temperature anomaly of annual average temperature in Japan Temperature ano omaly ( ) (Notes) Thick line (blue): 5-year interval change of average Straight line (red): Long-term trend of temperature anomaly Anomaly figures are of average of 30 years 1971-2000. Climate Change Monitoring Report 2009, Japan Meteorological Agency 3
GREENHOUSE GAS EMISSION FROM AGRICULTURE/FORESTRY/FISHERIES AND FOOD MANUFACTURING Breakdown of agriculture/forestry/fisheries and food manufacturing in the total greenhouse gas emission Transition of greenhouse gas emission from agriculture/forestry/fisheries CH 4 from other than agriculture N 2 O from agriculture (approx. 0.8%) (million t-co 2 ) CO2 from agriculture/forestry/fisheries N2O from agriculture/forestry/fisheries CH 4 from agriculture (approx. 1.2%) N 2 O from other than agriculture Other gases CH4 from agriculture/forestry/fisheries CO2 from food manufacturing CO 2 from nonenergy conversion sector CO 2 from energy conversion sector CO 2 from transport sector Total emission i in FY2008 1.282 billion t-co 2, of which the percentage of agriculture/forestry/fisheri es and food manufacturing was 4.1% (excluding emission from transportation and waste) CO 2 from industrial sector Forms of greenhouse gas emission from agriculture/forestry/fisheries CO2 from agriculture and forestry CO2 from fisheries CH4 from enteric fermentation of livestock CO 2 from other sectors CO 2 from domestic sector CO 2 from agriculture/fore stry/fisheries (approx. 0.9%) Emission in FY2008 37.23 million t-co 2, (Final figure) (100%) CH4 from rice farming CH4 from livestock excretion management CH4 from burning off the fields N2O from burning off the fields CO 2 from food manufacturing ac u (approx. 1.2%) N2O from agricultural soils N2O from livestock excretion management Data source:greenhouse Gas Inventory Office of Japan (http://www-gio.nies.go.jp/index-j.html) *All converted into CO 2 4
CURRENT STATUS OF GLOBAL WARMING ISSUES IN JAPAN(INFLUENCE OF GLOBAL WARMING ON AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTION) Damages on products Changes of suitable place for cultivation Wet-land rice Fruits Vegetables Case of apple Poor coloring Now 2060 s National average temperature rises 3 degrees White immature grains of wet-land rice Sunburned fruit of mandarin orange Puffiness of mandarin orange Growth of tomato Poor (flower, fruit) Normal Suitable place Higher than suitable Lower than suitable Entire Hokkaido will be suitable, while Kanto and further south will be excluded. Coloring disorder caused by warming 5
IMPLEMENTATION OF MEASURES TO ADAPT TO GLOBAL WARMING Awareness on impact of warming Agricultural research institute publicizes reports on impacts of global warming and incorporation of adaptation measures throughout the nation Technical Support System for Producing Areas Establish an examination committee and a support team consisting of specialists, and provide advice and guidance to producing areas where impacts of warming are evaluated as severe through local examination Establishment of an examination committee and a support team consisting of specialists Advice/Guidance Producing areas Support for adaptation measures Support for the private sector to develop vegetable species that are resistant to warming Support S t for incorporating fog coolers, etc. that t prevent disorders of agricultural products caused by high temperature Fog cooling 6
TECHNICAL SUPPORT SYSTEM FOR PRODUCING AREAS Analysis of impacts of global warming on agriculture and their adaptation measures Examination committee Identification of producing areas with severe impacts and their issues Collection and dissemination of information on global warming Establishment of support team Cooperation by item, issue or block disregarding prefectural borders Advice and guidance on strategy development at the prefectural level, etc. and local examination and technical guidance in cooperation with prefecture, etc. Registration Information on disorders and phenomenon Blocks, prefectures Search Information on adaptation measures Impacts of high temperature, etc. on growth, countermeasures, etc. Conference of Prefecture A (administration, dissemination, research) Development of prefectural strategy Advice and guidance Local examination, technical guidance Conference of Producing Area B (administration, dissemination, research) Development of the strategy of the producing area Producing area Producing area Producing area A Countermeasures against white immature grains of wet-land rice Establishment of validation fields (Accumulation of scientific data) Production area B Countermeasures against poor coloring of fruits 7
Measures to adapt to global warming 1 Wet-land rice High temperature during ripening stage deteriorates the quality by white immature grains, etc. Fruits Coloring of grapes deteriorates by high temperature,, which damages the product value Development of Nikomaru, a species that ensures high quality appearance even in a high-temperature year (Name registered in 2005, suitable in a warm or mild place) Nikomaru Hinohikari Technology to improve poor coloring of grapes (Aki Queen) Girdling treatment improves coloring upon harvest, emphasizes the redness and makes the fruits sweeter. Normal grain 74 White immature grain 9 Others 17 Normal grain 39 White immature grain 49 Others 12 Quality comparison of Nikomaru and Hinohikari with the same sprouting season Breakdown of 100 grains into normal, white immature and others There are more normal grains in Nikomaru (2005 (high temperature), Nagasaki Agricultural and Forestry Experiment Station) Girdling treatment <Qualities of Nikomaru and Hinohikari> They performed the same or higher level as other species in most of the locations of the 4- year experiment which was conducted in Kinki-Kyushu areas, which proves stability against climate and conditions of cultivation. Girdling district Non-treatment district Source: Press release FY2005 Agricultural Crop Species, Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries>, National Agricultural Research Center for Kyushu Okinawa Region Source: FY2006 New Technology in Kinki, Chugoku and Shikoku Areas Coloring Improvement of grapes cultivated in warm places through combination of girdling and reduction of fruit load 8
Measures to adapt to global warming 2 Wheat As winter becomes warmer, wheat s panicle formation and jointing stages are accelerated, which increases the risk of frost damage Eggplant High temperature causes eggplants poor fruitification based on poor flower growth or pollen sterility. Development of a wheat species with little fluctuation in jointing stage even in a warm winter (Iwainodaichi) Development of a parthenogenesis species of eggplant which highly fruitifies even under conditions with high temperature (Anominori). (Name registered in 2002, suitable place from Kanto to South Kyushu) Applied for variety registration *Stems of Iwainodaichi (left) grow more slowly l than other species. *Therefore, there is almost no risk of frost damage. Iwainodaichi Chikugoizumi u Health rate and withering rate of panicle Iwainodaichi Hatsuhokomugi Norin #61 Health rate Withering rate Senryo #2# became stone eggplant because it didn t fatten because its pollen sterilized by high temperature. Fruits of Anominori Anominori is an innovative species that enables to fatten fruits naturally without pollination (parthenogenesis) and produce fruits without fruit set promotion. The appearance and taste are also excellent, and it is also possible to grow out of season with artificial heat. Source: FY2001 Kanto Tokai Hokuriku Agriculture, Information on Research Results Advance of the Wheat Crop Period Using Iwainodaichi in Aichi Prefecture Species development: National Agricultural Research Center for Kyushu and Okinawa Region Source: Press release Development of New Eggplant Species That Can Fruitify Without Pollination or Plant Hormone Treatment 9
A NEW JAPAN-FUNDED FAO PROJECT ON CLIMATE CHANGE AND FOOD SECURITY - PERSPECTIVES OF THE AMICAF PROJECT 10
OBJECTIVES To assist developing countries to address climate change assessment and adaptation, to improve food security through a comprehensive framework. This framework would bridge climate change impact assessment, food Insecurity vulnerability analysis and livelihood adaptation approaches. 11
PROJECT OVERVIEW Assessments of Climate Change Impacts and Mapping of Vulnerability to Food Insecurity under Climate Change to Strengthen Household Food Security with Livelihoods Adaptation Approaches (AMICAF) Total Approved Budget: US$ 2,557,731 Project operation: October 2011-September 2014 Participating countries: The Philippines and one APEC Economy in Latin America (TBD) 12
AMICAF Framework: Addressing the Linkage Between Climate Change and Food Security Institutional Analysis and Awareness Raising (Step4) Impacts of Climate Change on Agriculture (Step1) Food Insecurity Vulnerability Analysis at household level (Step2) Livelihood Adaptation to Climate Change (Step3) Global Guideline for Implementation in other countries (Global l delivery) 13