Jeff Mosher National Water Research Institute jmosher@nwri-usa.org Drought Response Workshop Newport Beach, CA May 17, 2016
Our Goal: Water Resiliency and Reliability Reliable, drought-proof water supplies Use of local water supplies
Direct Potable Reuse Urban Water Use Wastewater Treatment Water Treatment Environmental Buffer Advanced Water Treatment 3
Direct Potable Reuse No environmental buffer! Advanced Treatment The Gap! Drinking Water Treatment Plant Water Consumers Source: Adam Olivieri and Jim Crook 4
Potable Reuse Water Quality and Human Health Risks Microbial risk (mostly acute) Virus Protozoa Pathogenic Bacteria Chemical risk (mostly chronic) Natural and synthetic compounds Regulated and Unregulated NDMA
DPR Key Questions Treatment requirements Need for criteria for pathogen and chemical control On-line monitoring Performance monitoring Treatment technologies Defining reliability Source control Managing the collection system Operations and operators Response time (respond to off-spec water) Public acceptance 6
Publication: Framework for DPR Published by WateReuse (2015) Sponsors: WateReuse, AWWA, and WEF Developed by an NWRI Expert Panel Available from www.watereuse.org 7
OVERVIEW: DIRECT POTABLE REUSE DPR with purified water DPR with finished water
KEY COMPONENTS OF A DPR PROGRAM: TECHNICAL, REGULATORY, AND PUBLIC OUTREACH
TECHNICAL, OPERATIONAL, AND MANAGEMENT BARRIERS
DESIGN OF WASTEWATER TREATMENT FOR ALTERNATIVE END POINT
MEASURES TO IMPROVE PERFORMANCE AND ENHANCE RELIABILITY OF EXISTING WWTPs
ADVANCED WATER TREATMENT What are the objectives of advanced water treatment? What are typical examples of treatment trains for advanced water treatment? What are the performance levels for advanced treatment processes, including determination of pathogen log reduction credit? What is the reliability of various treatment trains based on redundancy, robustness, and resilience? What happens to the flows when AWT plant must be taken off-line?
IPR: Treatments Proven Tertiary Water Micro/ Ultrafiltration (MF/UF) Reverse Osmosis (RO) Advanced Oxidation H 2 O 2 Ultraviolet Light (UV) Backwash Concentrate Advanced Treated Recycled Water (ATRW) 14
Alternative Approach for Potable Reuse Full Advanced Treatment MF RO UV/H 2 O 2 Alternative based on O 3 -BAC MF O 3 BAC UV Advantages of O 3 -BAC Excellent CEC removal Eliminates RO concentrate Reduces capital and O&M costs Source: Trussell Technologies Disadvantages of O 3 -BAC Disinfection byproducts No TDS reduction Higher product water TOC 15
Monitoring and Instrumentation Requirements Strategies for process control and monitoring Pathogen credit allocation for treatment processes Strategies for MCLs, Secondary MCLs, and CECs Pilot and/or demonstration Start-up and commissioning Long-term performance monitoring Critical Control Points 16
Critical Control Points
Is public attitude the biggest challenge to potable reuse?
Public Outreach: Key Activities Outreach Activity Provide a rationale for the need for DPR Identify public perception challenges to the DPR project Develop a DPR Communication Plan Develop and disseminate communications materials on the DPR project Connect with outreach staff at other AWTFs Prepare a participation program for source control Purpose Raise public confidence of the benefits and value of the DPR project to the community. Use to assist in the development of strategies to alleviate these concerns and improve public perception. Provide strategies to communicate about the DPR project to the public, elected officials, and others, with the goal of building public confidence in and support of the DPR project. Provide objective, accurate, and timely information to raise awareness of the DPR project and address public concerns. Gain practical information and lessons learned from the real-world experiences of other potable reuse public outreach efforts. Engage industrial and commercial dischargers, as well as the public, on means to eliminate or control the discharge of constituents into wastewater that can impact the production of ATW.
DPR in California Strong utility interest Water scarcity and current drought Communities with no groundwater basin or reservoir Increased flexibility, reliability, and local control Included in planning documents (recycled water master plans) State support Great success with IPR (existing regulations) State Water Plan and Recycled Water Policy Strong support by the Governors office Regulators are knowledgeable State Water Resources Control Board (Recycled Water Unit) Regional Water Quality Control Boards 21
DPR in California Legislation (SB 918 and SB 322) Modified Water Code Finalize groundwater replenishment regulations (completed June 2014) Develop Surface Water Augmentation regulations (Draft in Sept 2016; Final in Dec 2016) Required an Expert Panel to evaluate the feasibility of criteria for DPR 22
Expert Panel Charge Per California Water Code Section 13565(a)(1) Advise DDW on public health issues and scientific and technical matters regarding water recycling criteria for DPR. Assess additional areas of research needed to establish DPR regulatory criteria. Panel Organization Sponsored by the SWRCB Division of Drinking Water 23
Panel Members Co-Chair: Adam Olivieri, Dr.P.H., P.E., EOA, Inc. (CA) Co-Chair: James Crook, Ph.D., P.E., Environmental Engineering Consultant (MA) Michael Anderson, Ph.D., University of California, Riverside (CA) Richard Bull, Ph.D., MoBull Consulting (WA) Dr.-Ing. Jörg Drewes, Technische Universität München (Germany) Charles Haas, Ph.D., Drexel University (PA) Walter Jakubowski, M.S., WaltJay Consulting (WA) Perry McCarty, Sc.D., Stanford University (CA) Kara Nelson, Ph.D., University of California, Berkeley (CA) Joan Rose, Ph.D., Michigan State University (MI) David Sedlak, Ph.D., University of California, Berkeley (CA) Tim Wade, Ph.D., U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (NC) 24
DPR Advisory Group (California Bagley-Keene Act) Composition: Stakeholders Role: Advise Expert Panel during its investigation of the feasibility of developing DPR criteria Make recommendations to DDW on: Criteria for DPR that are protective of public health Other relevant topics, such as: Practical considerations for regulations that are protective of public health and achievable by project proponents Example: Operator training/certification Submit recommendations to DDW by June 30 25
Collaborative Effort Oversight Support State Board/ DDW DPR Advisory Group NWRI WateReuse DPR Research Initiative Panel Co-Chairs WRRF Project 15-01 EXPERT PANEL 26
Direct Potable Reuse No environmental buffer! Advanced Treatment The Gap! Drinking Water Treatment Plant Water Consumers Maintain functionally of environmental buffer (the Gap ): Additional treatment Additional monitoring requirements Source: Adam Olivieri and Jim Crook 27
Panel Approach Overarching Questions: Definition of DPR ( continuum ), including absence of an environmental buffer. The availability and reliability of recycled water treatment technologies. Multiple barriers and sequential treatment processes that may be appropriate at wastewater and water treatment facilities. Available information on health effects. Mechanisms to protect public health from off-spec water. Monitoring needed to ensure the protection of public health. Other scientific or technical issues that may be necessary, including the need for additional research. Source: DPR Expert Panel 28
Briefing Paper Topics 1. Bioanalytical Tools for Water Analyses (Bioassays) 2. Quantifying Treatment Facility Reliability 3. Analytical Approaches for Measuring Chemical Water Quality 4. Pathogen Monitoring Methods 5. Antibiotic Resistant Bacteria and Antibiotic Resistance Genes 6. Comparative Health Risks 7. Public Health Surveillance 29
DDW Milestones and Deadlines June 30 Sept 1 Oct Oct 15 Dec 31 Expert Panel Report Release of Public Review Draft of DDW s DPR Feasibility Report (based on Expect Panel Report) Public Workshops End of Public Review Period (minimum 45 days) Final Report to the Legislature 30
Support from WRRF #15-01 Objective: Summarize and synthesize key results of 34 research projects on DPR undertaken as part of WateReuse s California DPR Initiative. End product: Collection of nine synthesis documents addressing specific DPR research topics. Provide a better understanding of the state-of-the-science on DPR and identify remaining research needs. Organize into one cohesive summary document and provide to the Expert Panel to help complete its charge. Final draft August 2016 31
WRRF 15-01 Topics 1. Source Control Program Robert Emerick, Consultant 2. Evaluation of Potential DPR Treatment Trains Larry Schimmoller, Jim Lozier, and Ufuk Erdal, CH2M Hill 3. Pathogens (surrogates, credits) Phil Brandhuber, HDR 4. Pathogens (rapid/continuous monitoring) Channah Rock, University of Arizona Dan Gerrity, UNLV 5. CEC Removal and Risk Jean Debroux and Laura Kennedy, Kennedy/Jenks Megan Plumlee, OCWD 32
WRRF 15-01 Topics 6. Monitoring DPR Systems and the Critical Control Point Approach Andy Salveson, Carollo Engineers 7. Operations, Maintenance, and Operator Training/Certification Debbie Burris, DDB Engineering 8. Resilience in Potable Reuse Brian Pecson and Sarah Triolo, Trussell Technologies 9. Demonstration of Reliable, Redundant Treatment Performance Ben Stanford, Hazen and Sawyer 33
Future of DPR in California DPR Expert Panel outcomes Criteria will be feasible Develop formal regulations (or use existing regulations to permit DPR projects) Planning for water scarcity and drought IPR will continue to grow Including surface water augmentation Different configurations DPR planning will continue Pilot and demonstration projects Research and Pilot Projects Prop 1 funding WateReuse/WERF 34
Thank you for listening! Jeff Mosher National Water Research Institute Fountain Valley, CA jmosher@nwri-usa.org 35