Bereich für Bild OVERVIEW WATER SECTOR GHANA

Bereich für Bild OVERVIEW WATER SECTOR GHANA

AGENDA Country and water sector overview Water availability, coverage and groundwater Waste water and irrigation Management of the sector 2

Country and water sector overview Ghana at a glance Name: Republic of Ghana Capital: Accra GDP per capita: 1,384 $ Accra 3

Country and water sector overview Ghana at a glance Burkina Faso Ghana lies on shores of the Gulf of Guinea in West Africa Area: 238.537 km² Population: ca. 27 Mio. Ivory Coast Togo Accra 4

Country and water sector overview Ghana at a glance Climate: Tropical with two main seasons The wet and the dry season Annual rainfall varying from 800 mm to 2200 mm Ivory Coast Burkina Faso Accra Togo Highly variable between the wet and dry season as well as from one place to another In the northern part rivers and streams can dry up before the dry season is over Total actual renewable water resources are estimated to be 53.2 billion m 3 per year 5

Country and water sector overview Physical geography bodies of water Lake Volta: Water volume: 148 km 3 Surface of 8,500 km² one of the world s largest artificial lakes 1 Five main water basins: Volta River Basin (1) Pra River Basin (2) Ankobra River Basin (3) Tano River Basin (4) Bia River Basin (5) 5 4 3 2 6

Country and water sector overview Hydro power and water supply dams Four main dams: Akosombo Dam (1) Barakese Dam (2) 3 Bui Dam (3) Kpong Dam (4) There are 31 dams in Ghana according to the geo-referenced database of the Food and 2 1 4 Agriculture Organization of the United Nations 7

Country and water sector overview Electricity in Ghana % of total energy 7% 11% 82% Generation GWh % of total energy Hydro Generation 6609 81.7 Thermal Generation 613.14 7.6 Import (Thermal) 863.86 10.7 Renewable (Solar) 0.69 0.01 Hydro Generation Import (Thermal) Thermal Generation 8

Country and water sector overview Hydro power and water supply dams 3 Name Total capacity of reservoir [km 3 ] Installed capacity [MW] Akosombo Dam (1) 148 1038 Barekese Dam (2) 0.0353 0.4 Bui Dam (3) 12.57 400 Kpong Dam (4) 0.2 160 2 1 4 Impact of Akosombo and Kpong: Significant role in Ghana's economy and industrialization Aluminum Smelter VALCO Provides power to Togo, Benin, Burkina-Faso and Cote d Ivoire 9

Water availability, coverage and groundwater Availability The two main consumptive uses of water in Ghana Water supply (37 %) Irrigation and livestock watering (48 %) Surface water resources alone are sufficient to meet present and future consumptive water demand Water demand for 2020 has been projected to be 5 billion m 3 This is equivalent to about 12% of the total surface water resources In spite of the availability of water to meet demand, there are deficits in coverage 10

Water availability, coverage and groundwater Water Coverage (CWSA) Only 40% of urban residents had piped water in their homes with a similar number buying water from public taps or neighbours According to the Community Water and Sanitation Agency (CWSA) Urban water supply coverage is estimated at 59% While rural and small town coverage is about 54% Other data according to the Joint Monitoring Programme (JMP) 11

Water availability, coverage and groundwater Water and sanitation coverage (JMP) Data according to the Joint Monitoring Programme (JMP) Ghana Drinking water coverage estimates Urban (%) Rural (%) Total (%) 1990 2015 1990 2015 1990 2015 Piped onto premises 41 32 2 3 16 19 Other improved source 43 61 37 81 40 70 Other unimproved 8 7 11 8 9 7 Surface water 8 0 50 8 35 4 Ghana Sanitation coverage estimates Urban (%) Rural (%) Total (%) 1990 2015 1990 2015 1990 2015 Improved facilities 13 20 4 9 7 15 Shared facilities 46 73 20 45 29 60 Other unimproved 31 0 47 12 42 6 Open defecation 10 7 29 34 22 19 12

Water availability, coverage and groundwater Shortage of water These numbers of coverage belie the fact that there is widespread rationing and an acute shortage of water. It is estimated that only approximately 25 % of residents enjoy a 24 hour water supply in Accra About 30 % have an average of 12 hours service every day for five days a week Another 35 % have service for two days each week The remaining residents especially those on the outskirts of Accra are completely without access to piped water Statistics indicate that there is enough water in Ghana, but supply and distribution are grossly inadequate 13

Water availability, coverage and groundwater Groundwater It is estimated that over 95% of groundwater use in the country is for domestic purposes Groundwater sources (mainly boreholes and hand-dug wells) constitute 33% of the main sources of drinking water supply in Ghana Industrial uses of groundwater: Industrial use of groundwater in Ghana is small but the interest to do so is rising. A number of boreholes have been drilled purposely for the large scale commercial bottled water industries in the south of the country (2008) 14

Water availability, coverage and groundwater Surface water versus groundwater Many of the surface water sources, particularly those used by small towns and rural communities have serious health risks Quality of groundwater is better than that of surface water Groundwater sources have become the preferred means of supplying water Groundwater supply is usually less expensive to develop than surface water and it is more easily expanded at a future date by simply adding new boreholes 15

Water availability, coverage and groundwater Boreholes Current information on the total number of boreholes drilled in all the hydrogeologic Provinces in Ghana is not available. The approximate total number of listed boreholes drilled in all hydrogeologic provinces together as of 2001: 9292 7000 boreholes are in the sub-province Granatoid associated with the Birimian System 16

Waste water and irrigation Waste water Only 4 5 % of the population is linked with sewage systems and sewerage treatment plants About 10 % of urban wastewater emanating from domestic and municipal sources is disposed off through sewage networks connected to treatment plants 17

Waste water and irrigation Waste water Most untreated wastewater ends up in storm-water gutters, streams and other water bodies which are often used as sources for irrigation water (2002) It is estimated that urban wastewater generation in Ghana will increase from about 530, 346 m 3 /day in year 2000 to about 1,452,383 m 3 /day in year 2020 18

Waste water and irrigation Waste water About 20 % of households do not have toilet facilities Increases to about 70 % in the three northern regions, which are the poorest among the ten regions of Ghana About 22 % of households mainly from rural areas use pit latrines Wastewater is not available for use 19

Waste water and irrigation Waste water Wastewater treatment in the ten regions of Ghana is very abysmal, only less than 8 % of wastewaters (domestic) in Ghana undergo some form of treatment Tema is the only city with a comprehensive waterborne sewerage system In Accra, approximately 15 % of the city area, mainly the central area, is served by a piped waterborne sewerage network of about 30 km length 20

Management of the sector Ministry of Water Resources and Works and Housing (MWRWH) Parent ministry having the overall responsibility for the water supply sector Water Resources Commission (WRC) Leading institution involved in water resources management Water Directorate (WD) Guides and coordinates water programs 21

Management of the sector Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) Protects and monitors water sources from pollution Ghana Water Company Limited (GWCL) Responsible for potable water supply to all urban communities (fully owned by the state) 22

Management of the sector Community Water and Sanitation Agency (CWSA) Responsible of the provision of sustainable potable water and related sanitation services as well as hygiene promotion to rural communities and small towns Public Utilities Regulatory Commission (PURC) Responsible for reviewing and establishing tariffs and monitoring drinking water quality 23

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Waste water and irrigation Irrigation Total area under irrigation: 30,900 ha In many urban and peri-urban, especially, water-stressed areas, wastewater constitutes the only available surface water for irrigation in the dry season 25