Wind Energy for Educators The Kidwind Project St. Paul, MN joe@kidwind.org www.kidwind.org
KidWind Project www.kidwind.org
KidWind Project www.kidwind.org http://www.gwec.net/index.php?id=180&l=0%2findex.php%3fid%3d
Economic Benefit to Clean The nation that leads the world in 21st century clean energy will be the nation that leads in the 21st century global economy. U.S. President Barack Obama Energy Development KidWind Project www.kidwind.org
Jobs in Wind Power Mechanical Engineers, Electrical Engineers, Aerospace Engineers Site/Civil Engineers Turbine Technicians Development/Project Managers Business Expertise (financial) Legal Expertise Meteorologists to forecast wind Transportation Logistics Microelectronic/Computer Programmers Environmental Consultants (Biologists, etc.) Communications/Marketing/PR Etc... KidWind Project www.kidwind.org
Ph.D. Degrees in Physical Science and Engineering Number of degrees granted (in thousand) 30 25 20 15 10 5 0 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 Sources: Science and Engineering Doctorate Awards, NSF, 2001. Science and Engineering Indicators, NSB, 2002. Asian Citizens Year Sciences = Physics, chemistry, astronomy, earth, atmospheric, and ocean sciences Engineering = Aeronautical, astronautical, chemical, civil, electrical, industrial, material, metallurgical, and mechanical. U.S. Citizens
Why such growth costs! 1979: 40 cents/kwh Increased Turbine Size R&D Advances Manufacturing Improvements 2000: 4-6 cents/kwh NSP 107 MW Lake Benton wind farm 4 cents/kwh (unsubsidized) 2011: 4-5 cents/kwh
Lazard COE Analysis 2009 KidWind Project www.kidwind.org
Renewable Portfolio Standards WA: 15% x 2020* OR: 25% x 2025 (large utilities)* 5% - 10% x 2025 (smaller utilities) CA: 33% x 2020 NV: 25% x 2025* AZ: 15% x 2025 MT: 15% x 2015 UT: 20% by 2025* NM: 20% x 2020 (IOUs) 10% x 2020 (co-ops) www.dsireusa.org / February 2010 ND: 10% x 2015 SD: 10% x 2015 CO: 20% by 2020 (IOUs) 10% by 2020 (co-ops & large munis)* KS: 20% x 2020 MN: 25% x 2025 (Xcel: 30% x 2020) WI: Varies by utility; 10% x 2015 goal IA: 105 MW MO: 15% x 2021 MI: 10% + 1,100 MW x 2015* VT: (1) RE meets any increase in retail sales x 2012; (2) 20% RE & CHP x 2017 NY: 29% x 2015 OH: 25% x 2025 IL: 25% x 2025 WV: 25% x 2025* VA: 15% x 2025* NC: 12.5% x 2021 (IOUs) 10% x 2018 (co-ops & munis) DC ME: 30% x 2000 New RE: 10% x 2017 NH: 23.8% x 2025 MA: 15% x 2020 + 1% annual increase (Class I RE) RI: 16% x 2020 CT: 23% x 2020 PA: 18% x 2020 NJ: 22.5% x 2021 MD: 20% x 2022 DE: 20% x 2019* DC: 20% x 2020 TX: 5,880 MW x 2015 HI: 40% x 2030 State renewable portfolio standard State renewable portfolio goal Solar water heating eligible Minimum solar or customer-sited requirement * Extra credit for solar or customer-sited renewables Includes non-renewable alternative resources KidWind Project www.kidwind.org 29 states + DC have an RPS (6 states have goals)
KidWind Project www.kidwind.org
Other Reason to teach Elegant Power Source
It s all about balance, choice, consequence
Wind Power -History -Technology -Impacts - Wind in the Classroom
Early Windmill in Afghanistan (900AD)
Jacobs Turbine 1920-1960 WinCharger 1930s 40s
Smith-Putnam Turbine Vermont, 1940's
Modern Windmills
Rotor Orientation
Vertical Axis Turbines Advantages Omnidirectional Accepts wind from any angle Components can be mounted at ground level Ease of service Lighter weight towers Aesthetically pleasing (?) Disadvantages Rotors generally near ground where wind poorer Centrifugal force stresses blades Poor self-starting capabilities Requires support at top of turbine rotor Requires entire rotor to be removed to replace bearings ½ of rotor travels upwind Have never been commercially successful Cost per kilowatt-hour Overall poor performance and reliability
Horizontal Axis Wind Turbines Rotors are usually Up-wind of tower Some machines have down-wind rotors, but only commercially available ones are small turbines Proven, viable technology
KidWind Project www.kidwind.org
Wacky Designs out there
Large Wind Turbines
Blade Pitch Controller Gearbox Generator Low Speed Shaft High Speed Shaft Yaw Controller KidWind Project www.kidwind.org
Yawing Turning to face the Wind Active Yaw (Large Turbines) Automated computer system tells a motor to turn nacelle Passive Yaw (Small Wind) Wind forces alone direct rotor Tail vanes Downwind turbines
Maintenance KidWind Project www.kidwind.org
Off-Shore Wind Farms
Importance of the WIND RESOURCE
Why do windmills need to be high in the sky??
What s wrong with this picture? KidWind Project www.kidwind.org
Turbulence KidWind Project www.kidwind.org
Calculation of Wind Power Power in the Wind = ½ρAV 3 Power in the wind Effect of swept area, A Effect of wind speed, V Effect of air density, ρ R Swept Area: A = πr 2 Area of the circle swept by the rotor (m 2 ).
KidWind Project www.kidwind.org
Issues and Impacts of Wind Power
Positive Impacts No air pollution or greenhouse gas emissions CO2, NOx, SOx, Mercury No water consumption or pollution Diversifies national energy portfolio Economic Benefits Jobs Cost of energy Landowner revenue Contribution to local taxes
In the November-December Audubon Magazine, John Flicker, President of National Audubon Society, wrote a column stating that Audubon "strongly supports wind power as a clean alternative energy source," pointing to the link between global warming and the birds and other wildlife that scientist say it will kill.
Bat Impacts KidWind Project www.kidwind.org
Impacts of Wind Power: Sound Modern turbines are relatively quiet Rule of thumb stay about 3x hub-height away from houses VERY CONTROVERSIAL
Transmission Problems Where is the wind? Where are the population centers? Where are the wind farms? How do we get wind energy from the wind farms to the population centers?
Siting and NIMBY
Wind Energy in the Classroom
Standards/Skills Scientific Inquiry (Collecting & Presenting Data, Performing Experiments, Repeating Trials, Using Models) Use of Simple Tools & Equipment Motions and Forces Transfer of Energy (Forms of Energy) Science and Technology in Society Populations, resources, and environments Circuits/Electricity/Magnetism Weather Patterns Renewable Non Renewable Energy much more in STEM
Circuits, Wind Farms, Battery Charging, and Hybrid Systems KidWind Project www.kidwind.org
KidWind Project www.kidwind.org
KidWind Project www.kidwind.org
Questions???
The KidWind Project www.kidwind.org joe@kidwind.org