2005 9 16 9 CHIN ESE JOURNAL OF APPL IED ECOLO GY, Sep 2005,16 (9) 1745 1750 3 1,2 1 3 3 1 ( 1, 100101 ; 2, 100039) 2002, ; ; 1001-9332 (2005) 09-1745 - 06 Q154 4 A Economic values of nitrogen transformation in rice f ield ecosystems XIAO Yu 1,2, XIE Gaodi 1,LU Chunxia 1 ( 1 Institute of Geographical Science and N atural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China ; 2 Graduate School of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100039, China) 2Chin J A ppl Ecol,2005,16 (9) :1745 1750 Based on the 2002 field experimental results in the Wusi Farm of Fengxian County in Shanghai and related stud2 ies,and by the methods of ecological economy and environmental economy,this article examined and estimated the nitrogen input and output,and the economic values of nitrogen transformation in rice field ecosystems The results indicated that the plot without N fertilization showed a deficit of nitrogen budget,while those with urea application showed a surplus The economic value of the plot without urea amendment was evaluated to be posi2 tive,while that of the plots with urea application was calculated to be negative The negative value of the plots with urea amendment resulted from the nitrogen losses through ammonia volatilization, nitrogen leaching and runoff,which had serious harmful impacts on environment and human society Therefore,only when some mea2 sures were taken to encourage and facilitate farmers to improve the efficiency of urea application and to mitigate the environment problems from N losses in the process of food production,the advantages of nitrogen transforma2 tion in rice fields could be promoted,and the sustainability of agriculture would become reality Key words Rice fields, Nitrogen transformation, Nitrogen budget, Economic value, Ecosystem services 1,,,,,,, 2 211 [2,13,20,23,26 ],,,,,,,, 3 (CX10 G2E01202205) ( KZCX3SW333 ) ( 30230090, 30370258) 3 3 2004-10 - 18,2005-02 - 28, [17,27 ], 2002 6 10
1746 16 20 60 70 2 N 2 O,,,0 20 cm 018, 12 14 g kg - 1, 3 (N) 6015 mg kg - 1, ( P) 2311 mg kg - 1, 311 ( K) 230 mg kg - 1,p H 7185 7192, 31111 1) : 511 g L - 1 212 [12 21211 ], [31,, ],, 1015 kg - 1 N ( ), 812 kg - 1 N ( ) [12 ] [ 6 ] 0 225 375 525 kg hm - 2 (, 1) ; 1, : Table 1 Nitrogen input of rice paddy ecosystems ( kg hm - 2 ) 1) : N 2 Treatment Fertilization Precipitation Biological Irrigation Seeding Sum of, ;2) nitrogen fixation N input : N 0 0 11153 30 54145 2125 98123 N 1 225 11153 30 54145 2125 323123,, N 3 375 11153 30 54145 2125 473123 1) : N 4 525 11153 30 54145 2125 623123,, 3 N 2 Treatment N 2 was not included for lacking data The same below ;2) :,, 2) :2002 ;3) N 2 O : 68415 mm, 11684 N 2 O,, mg L - 1 [29 ] [21 ],, ;4) : 715 kg hm - 2,,, 3) : ;5) :,, ; [10 ],, 21212 1) : 30 kg hm - 2 [30 ] N 0 20 N 1 2225 N 2 2300 N 3 2375 N 4 2525 kg hm - 2 4 4) :,, 3, 3, 54145 kg hm - 2 [29 ] 9734, 12715 kg hm - 2, 5) :, ;2) 2125 kg hm - 2 [12 ] : 3 3 31112 1) : 4, 120 24, h ( 2) ;3) : 50 cm 1,,, 2, ( 0105, mg L - 1 4 mg L - 1 ) ;4) :, [14, 5890 ]
9 : 1747, 615 2) : kgn hm - 2, 2193 m 3 [19 ( ] [19 ], 25 m 2 ),, 112 %, [28 ( 2) ] :N 3, [16, 1012 kg ] hm - 2 43 % ( 30 % 55 %) ; N 1 3) : N 4 2 %( 2) [5 ] 40 cm,,, N H 3 ;, p H [29, ] [9, 7185 7192, ], 31113 660 mm,, [11 ( 2) ] (N 0 ) 41179 kg hm - 2 ; (N 0 ), ( 1), 360 kg hm - 2, 375 kg hm - 2 (N 3 ), 54115 [24 ] kg hm - 2, 1/ 7 4) N 2 O :,, N 2 O ( 2),, [25 ],, N H + 4,, NO - [30 2, N 2 O, ], [14 ] [4 5) : ], 2 Table 2 Nitrogen output of rice field ecosystems Ways of N output N 0 N 1 N 3 N 4 Biomass(kg hm - 2 ) 5985 7098 10962 12285 N output by harvest Stalk N content ( %) 0164 1106 0198 1108 N uptake (kg hm - 2 ) 38130 75124 107143 132168 Biomass(kg hm - 2 ) 7542 10616 10329 9585 Seed N content ( %) 1103 112 1125 1131 N uptake (kg hm - 2 ) 77168 127139 129112 125157 Sum of N uptake (kg hm - 2 ) 115198 202163 236155 258125 N concentration of surface water in field(mg L - 1 ) 2193 2196 3136 3151 N loss by drainage Depth of draining water (mm) 121188 121188 121188 121188 N loss by drainage (kg hm - 2 ) 3157 3161 4109 4127 Depth of leaching water (mm) 660 660 660 660 N loss by leaching N concentration of leaching water (mg L - 1 ) 2114 2142 2170 3127 N loss by leaching(kg hm - 2 ) 14112 15199 17184 21160 N 2 O N 2 O flux(mg m - 2 h - 1 ) 0101 0102 0103 0107 N 2 O emission N 2 O N 2 O emission(kg hm - 2 ) 0115 0121 0130 0167 Ratio of NH 3 volatilization to N fertilization ( %) - 41 43 45 NH 3 volatilization N loss by NH 3 volatilization (kg hm - 2 ) 615 92125 161125 236125 Sum of N output (kg hm - 2 ) 140132 314169 420102 521104
1748 16 1 Fig 1 Balance of nitrogen budget of rice paddy ecosystems 312 31211, [18 ] ; [12 ],2004 1 5 1 53718 t - 1, 46 % 3134 kg - 1 3 = 5195 Protein content = pure N 1USD = 81282 yuan ( 20041816 ) ; A :, wheat ;B : Hard red winter wheat N 4 ( 4), N 0, ( 3) 3 Table 3 Economic values of nitrogen input in rice field ecosystem ( yuan hm - 2 ) Treatment Fertilization Precipitation Biological nitrogen fixation Irrigation Seeding Sum of N input N 0 0 38153 100129 182103 7152 328137 N 1 752118 38153 100129 182103 7152 1080155 N 3 1253163 38153 100129 182103 7152 1582100 N 4 1755108 38153 100129 182103 7152 2083145 21168 kg - 1, 4 Table 4 Economic values of nitrogen output of rice field ecosystems ( yuan hm - 2 ) Treatment N 0 N 1 N 3 N 4 N output by harvest 1804177 2998172 3135127 3163134 Stalk 127105 251105 357166 444136 Seed 1677172 2747167 2777161 2718198 N loss by leaching - 1257140-1330128 - 1454182-1952105 N 2 O N 2 O emission - 29164-41195 - 60138-135101 N loss by drainage - 282132-285150 - 324111-338129 NH 3 volatilization - 514148-7301159 - 12762194-18699119 Sum of N output - 279107-5960160 - 11466198-17961120 5 2004 6 Table 5 Marginal price of wheat protein in June of 2004 Region 3 Variety of Marginal price of Marginal price the wheat wheat protein of N of wheat (USD kg - 1 ) (yuan kg - 1 ) Great Lake Area A 014 19171 Mexico Bay A 0172 35148 B 0135 17125 A 0137 18123 Northwest part of the Pacific B 0136 17174 Average - 0144 21168 5195 [22 ] ; Hard red spring, 375 kg hm - 2,,, 2) : [2, ] ;, [7 ] Berntsen [2 ] 913 g - 1 ( 31212 1) ) 619 g - 1 ( ), :, 225 kg hm - 2 811 g - 1, 81180 kg - 1 ( 1 = 2 ; 1010988,20041816), Berntsen, ( 4),,, 2004 6 ( U nited States Wheat Associ2, N 4 ates) 3, ( 4), 3) N 2 O :, N 2 O ( 5), [3 ]
9 : 1749 N 2 O ( GWP) 320 [8 ], CO 2,, (11245 kg - 1 ) ( 012609 kg - 1 ) [15 ], N 2 O N 2 O ( 4) 4) :, Turner [23 ] 11518 SEK kg - 1, 3013 SEK kg - 1, 73105 SEK kg - 1, 79115 kg - 1 (1 SEK = 1108346,20041816), ecosystems 4,,, ; ( 4) 5) :,,, [2,23 ],,, Turner [23 ] ; 79115 kg - 1, ( 4), 31213, (N 0 ), 136125 hm - 2,,, [1 3 ( ) ], ( 2) N 4,,,,, 2 Fig 2 Integrated economic values of nitrogen transformation by rice field - 15 718145 hm - 2,,,,, [27, ],
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