Emission Control Options - Overview Technical measures: Measures that reduce the emissions of pollutants by changing, upgrading or extending the technical process used for production or consumption of goods. Primary measures: Measures which reduce or inhibit the creation of pollutants, e.g. by substitution or treatment of fuels prior to burning, modification of boilers and burners, the substitution of substances in products etc. Secondary measures: Measures to remove pollutants from the exhaust air stream (end-of-pipe-technologies) Non-technical measures: Measures that influence the decisions about activities that are connected to emitting technical processes. Main Categories of Secondary Technical Measures for Removing Pollutants from the Flue Gas dust precipitators: dry processes: gravity- and centrifugal force precipitators fabric filters (tissue filters) electric precipitators (can be wet process as well) wet processes: gas precipitators: washing tower stream washers rotation vaporiser Venturi-washer Absorption/Adsorption bio washer incineration (thermic, catalytic) 1
Reduction of CO 2 emissions from transport Note: ACEA = European Automobile Manufacturers Association There are three main ways in which CO 2 emissions from transport can be reduced: Operational - reducing energy use and emissions per vehicle km (vkm) driven = technical primary. Strategic - optimisation of the vehicle use, reducing total vehicle km per passenger km (pkm) or per tonne km (tkm) = non-technical. Demand - reducing the overall demand (pkm or tkm) for travel = nontechnical. Source: AEA Technology Environment The following slides show two examples that demonstrate the large variety of emission reduction measures, that should be taken into account for preparing an air pollution strategy: CO2 emission reduction from cars VOC emission reduction from using paints 2
Cost of different options to reduce greenhouse gas emissions from transport sector in the EU Source: AEA Technology Environment Usage of alternative fuels Biofuels are considered to reduce CO 2 emissions on a life-cycle basis, since it is assumed that vehicle tailpipe CO 2 emissions are captured by the growing biomass feedstock. Capital costs are not much higher than for conventional fuel vehicles. Ethanol/ petroleum (bio-ethanol): Made from corn or cellulose, life cycle reduction of CO 2 10 % (US corn, Potatoes) to 50% (sugar beet, sugar cane) Bio-Diesel: Esterification of rape into rape-seed Methyl Ester - CO2 reduction ca 10% Methane (natural gas): CO2 reduction 10% 3
Usage of alternative fuels In Fuel Cell Electric Cars energy stored in gaseous or liquid fuel is transformed into electricity by electrochemical oxidation, producing water and some heat at the same time. Potential fuels and technologies are: Methanol: The methanol is produced initially from natural gas and is reformed to hydrogen on-board the vehicle. Hydrogen: The hydrogen can be produced by the electrolysis of water or from natural gas. Reductions of up to 100% CO 2 emission reduction are possible at the tailpipe if hydrogen is the fuel but this does not take into account CO 2 from other parts of the hydrogen cycle. Disadvantages of fuel cells include high costs (although these may fall in the future), and fuel handling and new infrastructure requirements. Total Lifecycle Emissions for Fuel Cell Vehicles For comparison: energy demand of cars sold in the EU 2002: 167 g / km Source: AEA Technology Environment 4
Social costs and main emission impacts of non-technical measures (Auto Oil II) Source: AEA Technology Environment NMVOC reduction potential for varnish use Conversion of production to different varnish systems Medium Solids Very high Solids High Solids Pulver paint systems UV paint systems Water-based paint systems 5
Emission abatement options Primary measures Substitution Avoidance/ reduction Secondary measures Thermal incineration Catalytic incineration Bio-filter Absorption Adsorption Permeation processes Condensation Combined processes Non-thermal processes Reduction potential - paint use Organisational measures for reducing paint use Reduction of paint use through Reduction of surfaces to be painted Reduction of pre-coatings in multi-layer coating Minimisation of paint layer reparation Avoidance of overcoating 6
Reduction potential - paint use Organisational measures for reducing paint use Increasing the degree of efficiency of painting through optimisation of instrument adjustment and operational conditions through Optimised positioning of painting object Optimised painting adjustment Optimised adjustment and handling of application equipment Optimised ambient conditions Survey of painting process Reduction potential - paint use Organisational measures for reducing paint use Reduction of paint and solvent use through other measures Constraining the accruement of scrap varnish Optimised colour changing process (so far to much thinner necessary) Reduction of cleaning efforts for coating equipment 7
Reduction potential - paint use Conversion to different coating systems (e.g. from high pressure compressed air spray guns to HVLP (High-Volume-Low-Pressure spray guns) for vehicle refinishing) increased degree of efficiency decreased overspray decreased solvent emissions decreased paint consumption cost saving 8