Earth s energy balance and the greenhouse effect Average incident solar radiation 342 W/m 2 Reflection to space by atmosphere, clouds, and earth surface 102 W/m 2 Infrared radiation emitted to space 240 W/m 2 Clouds Greenhouse gases Radiation absorbed and converted into heat... 240 W/m 2...causing emission of infrared radiation back to the atmosphere 390 W/m 2 Part of infrared radiation is absorbed by GHG and re-emitted causing warming Antropogenic greenhouse gases emission contribute to global warming by increasing the proportion of infrared radiations re-emitted to earth.
Observed changes in global average surface temperature Differences are relative to corresponding averages for the period 1961-1990 +0.6 +0.4 +0.2 0.0-0.2-0.4-0.6 1860 1880 1900 1920 1940 1960 1980 2000 10-year running mean Annual average air temperature Based on Brohan et al. (2008)
Evolution of sea ice surface area on the Arctic ocean Average sea ice in September 1979-2000 Sea ice coverage on 16 September 2007 Based on Spreen et al. (2007) and data from the National Snow and Ice Data Center
Evolution of carbon dioxide, methane and temperature over the last 420,000 years Carbon dioxide concentration (parts per million) 400 350 300 250 200 150 2009: 385 Methane concentration (parts per million) 0.9 0.8 0.7 0.6 0.5 0.4 0.3 2009: 1.6 +5 Temperature variation ( C) 0-5 -10-400,000-300,000-200,000-100,000 2009 Years Carbon dioxide Methane Temperature Note that the change in carbon dioxide from 290 ppm in 1900 to 385 ppm in 2009, and in methane from roughly 0.7 ppm in 1850 to about 1.6 ppm in 2009 are much much faster than any of the earlier changes, even those that appear very steep on the 400,000-year scale. On this scale, the warming since 1900 hardly appears. Note that the present when dates are given as before present or B.P. corresponds by convention to the year 1950. Source: Petit et al. (1999) - Ice core samples from the Vostok records.
Map of the world proportional to carbon dioxide emissions (1900-1999) Canada 2,3% United States 30,3% Europe 27,7% Former Soviet Union 13,7% China, India, Asia 12,2% Japan 3,7% Middle East 2,6% South and Central America 3,8% Africa 2,5% Australia 1,1% Source: World Ressource Insitute.
Greenhouse gas emissions by sectors Land use & deforestation 10.0% Other 0.6% Waste disposal & treatment 3.4% Power stations 21.3% with final use: Industry 38% Resid. & services 36% Transportation 26% Residential & services 10.3% Fossil fuel 11.3% (extraction, processing & distribution) Industry 16.8% Agriculture 12.5% Transportation 14.0% 9.1% 8.4% 0.3% 29.5% 12.9% 19.2% 20.6% Carbon Dioxide 72% Methane 18% Nitrous oxide 9% Other 1% 18.1% 0.9% 4.8% 6.6% 40.0% 26.0% 3.8% 2.3% 5.9% 29.6% 62.0% Methane Nitrous oxide Source: Emission Database for Global Atmospheric Research.
Evolution of industrial energy use 70 80 Primary energy demand (EJ) 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 1970 1980 1990 1995 Years Industrialised countries Economies in transition* Developing countries Asia-Pacific Latin America Africa Middle East * Industrialized countries of the former Soviet bloc, in transition to a market economy. Source: IPCC3 - TAR - Figure 3-11.
Evolution of energy efficiency Energy efficiency (ton oil equivalent/1000 $US) 4.0 3.5 3.0 2.5 2.0 1.5 1.0 0.5 0 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 Years 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 Years 0.5 0.4 0.3 0.2 0.1 0 USA United Kingdom France Russian Federation Japan Korea India China Because part of the upward infrared radiation from the surface is absorbed by atmospheric greenhouse gases (and clouds) and re-emitted downward, the surface is warmed to an average temperature of +15 C and emits 390 W/m2 of infrared radiation upward to the atmosphere. Anthropogenic emissions of greenhouse gases intensify the natural greenhouse warming by increasing the proportion of infrared radiation re-emitted to the Earth s surface. Source: World Resources Institute - OECD/IEA.
Total lifecycle emissions of chemical industry products (2005) Disposal High global warming potential gases 12.1% Extraction 9.1% Disposal Carbon dioxide, methane 15.2% Production Direct energy emissions 18.2% Production Process emissions 21.2% Production Indirect energy emissions 24.2% Total greenhouse gas emissions of the chemical industry was 3,300 million tons of carbon dioxide equivalent in 2005. This figure does not include emissions savings enabled by products of the chemical industry. Source: ICCA Report
Chemical industry applications and the net abatement (final product savings in industry emissions) they allowed in 2005 Other 3.8% Piping 1.2% Low-temp. detergents 1.3% Synthetic textile 2.2% Energy production** 2.7% Marine antifouling 3.2% Transportation* 3.8% Insulation 39.9% Packaging 3.7% Lighting 11.6% Fertilizer & crop protection 26.6% Total net greenhouse gas emissions abatment allowed by chemical industry application was 6,010 million tons of carbon dioxide equivalent in 2005 (including fertilizer and crop protection). Without agriculture, the abatment is 4,000 million tons.these figures alos includes 850 million tons of carbon dioxide equivalent for which no realistic non-chemical alternative exist. * Transportation: automotive weight reduction (120 MtCO2e), improved engine efficiency (70 MtCO2e) and green tyre (40 MtCO2e). ** Energy production: wind power (60 MtCO2e), solar power (40 MtCO2e) and district heating (60MtCO2e). Source: ICCA Report.
Comparison of evolution of economic growth and carbon dioxide emissions 200 Variation compared to 1990 (%) 180 160 140 120 100 80 60 1990 1980 1990 2000 2006 Years Variations in Growth Domestic Product (EU27) or sales (chemical industry) Variations in emissions of carbon dioxide equivalent Chemical industry of EU27 All sectors of EU27 Chemical industry of EU27 All sectors of EU27 Evolution of carbon intensity for EU27 and chemical industry of EU27 100 Variation compared to 1990 (%) 80 60 40 20 0 1990 1980 1990 2000 2006 Years Sources: European Environment Agency and Eurostat
Greenhouse gas emissions savings enabled by chemical industry products in 2005 compared with those estimated in 2030 for differents scenarios Other 12.1% Energy production 2.7% Marine antifouling 3.2% Transportation 3.8% Insulation 39.9% Lighting 11.6% Fertilizer & crop protection 26.6% 2005 6,010 million tons of carbon dioxide equivalent Other 8.7% Marine antifouling 2.6% Biofuel 3.2% Transportation 3.2% Insulation 36.2% Energy production 7.8% Fertilizer & crop protection 16.2% Lighting 22.0% 2030 - Business as usual scenario 15,450 million tons of carbon dioxide equivalent 2.57 fold savings enabled in 2005 Marine antifouling 2.0% Transportation 2.5% Carbon capture & storage 3.1% Other 5.1% Biofuel 5.1% Insulation 34.6% Fertilizer & crop protection 12.7% Energy production 14.0% Lighting 20.9% 2030 - Abatment scenario 19,650 million tons of carbon dioxide equivalent 3.27 fold savings enabled in 2005 Graphic size is proportional to the savings enabled. Source : ICCA Report
Some examples of abatement scenario costs Abatement (million tons carbon dioxide equivalent) 6000 5000 4000 3000 2000 1000 improved vehicles efficiency better use of waste forest & grassland management solar power wind nuclear power carbon capture power & storage land restoration LED farmland biomass in lighting management power plants 0-100 -80-60 -40-20 0 20 40 60 Negative costs i.e. benefits / ton of carbon dioxide equivalent Source: ICCA Report