UK-China Collaboration on Energy Storage Research Electrical energy storage using mechanical and thermal methods and integration with industrial processes ( 基于机械能和热能的储能方法及与工业过程集成 ) Yulong Ding ( 丁玉龙 ), Jun Yang ( 杨军 ) plus teams from University of Leeds (UK) and 中国科学院过程工程研究所 2 nd Sino-British Workshop on Energy Storage IPE, Beijing 25-26 May 2011
Contents Background and Scope Mechanical Methods Compressed Air Energy Storage (CAES) Thermal Methods - Cryogen Based Energy Storage (CES) Integration of Energy Storage with Industrial Processes An Example Concluding Remarks
Contents Background and Scope Mechanical Methods Compressed Air Energy Storage (CAES) Thermal Methods - Cryogen Based Energy Storage (CES) Integration of Energy Storage with Industrial Processes An Example Concluding Remarks
Background (1) China( 中国 ) UK ( 英国 ) Kolasinski K.W. (2006) Current Opinion in Solid State and Materials Science, 10, 129-131. Human Development Index a measure of quality of life developed by the UN Development Programme plotted against the per capita energy consumption of 103 of the world s most populous nations representing a total of 5.763 billion people
Background (2) We are consuming too much fossil fuels at a too faster rate! Hence lots of issues associated with energy and environment Marbán and Valdés-Solís, International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 2007, 32, 1625-1637
Background (3) Possible solutions: (I) The use of renewable energy a medium to long term measure
Background (4) Possible solutions: (II) Carbon Capture and Storage (CCS) a short to medium term measure Post-combustion capture Pre-combustion capture Oxy-fuel combustion capture
Background (5) Possible solutions: (III) turning of CO 2 into fuels using renewable energy a long term measure Jiang et al. (2010) Phil. Trans. Roy. Soc A, 368, 3343-3364
Demand (GW) Background (6) The Challenge - Large variations in energy demand & intermittence of most renewable resources 48 44 40 36 32 28 24 20 01:00 02:00 03:00 04:00 05:00 06:00 07:00 08:00 09:00 10:00 11:00 12:00 13:00 14:00 15:00 Time Summer weekday Summer weekend Winter weekday Winter weekend 16:00 17:00 18:00 19:00 20:00 21:00 22:00 23:00 24:00 Typical electrical demand profile of UK in 2009 Seasonal (electric lighting and heating in winter and air conditioning in summer) Weekly (most industry closes at weekends, lowering demand) Daily (early evening when people get home and switch on electrical devices) Hourly (public lighting / residential uses) Transient (fluctuations due to individual's actions, differences in power transmission efficiency)
Background (7) How to meet the challenge? Energy Storage
Scope (1) Energy storage: where to store electrical energy? The needs for different storage capacities & different technologies!
Scope (2) Mechanical and Thermal Methods
Scope (3) They may also be applicable for small scale applications! + Integration with power generation and CO2 Capture Y. Li et al. / Applied Thermal Engineering 30 (2010) 1985-1990
Scope (4) Space of CES & CAES CAES & CES
Contents Background and Scope Mechanical Methods Compressed Air Energy Storage (CAES) Thermal Methods - Cryogen Based Energy Storage (CES) Integration of Energy Storage with Industrial Processes An Example Concluding Remarks
Compressed Air Energy Storage (CAES) - I Consume 1/2 2/3 power generated by turbine Principle of CAES Off-peak time Peak time CAES works on the basis of conventional gas turbine generation. It decouples the compression and expansion cycles of a conventional gas turbine into two separate processes.
Compressed Air Energy Storage (CAES) - II Type I: Conventional CAES EPRI data (2009)
Compressed Air Energy Storage (CAES) - III Type II: Adiabatic CAES EPRI data (2009)
Compressed Air Energy Storage (CAES) - IV Time evolution of CAES development Stal Laval filed the first patent of CAES Under constructions: Norton, Ohio, USA, 800MW; aquifer CAES system coupled with a wind farm, Iowa, USA Huntorf Plant in Bremen, Germany First of CAES The McIntosh project, USA 110MW, waste heat recovery Projects been announced : 4 135 MW plant in Texas, USA; Chubu Electric Project, Japan; Eskom Project, South Africa Energy power and Storage LLC (2008)
Compressed Air Energy Storage (CAES) - V Small scale CAES development 4kW system Piston engine 186L storage volume at a pressure > 250 bar Grid connected
Contents Background and Scope Mechanical Methods Compressed Air Energy Storage (CAES) Thermal Methods - Cryogen Based Energy Storage (CES) Integration of Energy Storage with Industrial Processes An Example Concluding Remarks
Cryogenic Energy Storage (CES) - I Principle of Cryogenic Energy Storage (CES) - using cryogen as the energy storage medium (thermal energy carrier) Small scale systems (~ 15 kw and 35 kw) tested Demonstration scale (~ 4MWh) is being tested by HPS 1. Ding et al. (2007) WO/2007/080394 Cryogenic engines 2. Chen et al. (2007) WO/2007/096656 Cryogenic energy storage
Cryogenic Energy Storage (CES) - II Principle of CES Cold Hot Reference temperature e.g. ambient
Cryogenic Energy Storage (CES) - III Development of CES E.M. SMITH 1977: Liquid air for electrical energy storage (I Mech E 1977) 1. Ding et al. (2007) WO/2007/080394 Cryogenic engines 2. Chen et al. (2007) WO/2007/096656 Cryogenic energy storage
Cryogenic Energy Storage (CES) IV Demonstration by Highview (500 kw 4 MWh) Small scale (5kW) system commercial units Test rig of HX segment Cryogenic engine Cryogenic energy storage 2010 2011 WO 2007/096656 2008 2009 Integration of CES, power generation and CO 2 capture WO/2007/080394 2007 2006 2005 Y. Li et al./ Int J Energy Res (2010). DOI: 10.1002/er.1753
Cryogenic Energy Storage (CES) - V Comparison with PHS and CAES Energy storage methods Energy density in kwh/kg Life time in years Round trip efficiency in % Capital cost in USD/kW Storage duration Location specific Technical maturity PHS 0.5-1.5 40-60 60-85 600-2000 Hours to months Yes Mature CAES 30-60 20-40 60-70 + 400-800 Hours to months Yes Developed CES 100-200 > 25 50-85 * 600-1500 Hours to months No Nearly Developed + With heat recovery; * Use of low grade waste heat (e.g. 350 o C) and waste heat does not cost
Contents Background and Scope Mechanical Methods Compressed Air Energy Storage (CAES) Thermal Methods - Cryogen Based Energy Storage (CES) Integration of Energy Storage with Industrial Processes An Example Concluding Remarks
Integration of energy storage and power generation with carbon capture (1): why integration? Power generation from fossil fuels with CO 2 abatement Post-combustion capture Pre-combustion capture ~ 10% efficiency reduction! Oxy-fuel combustion capture
Integration of energy storage and power generation with carbon capture (2) : a novel integrated system CH 4 1 C1 2 B 4 26 GT HT LT C2 G ~ 5 23 24 25 13 16 12 15 14 3 22 21 HE1 6 8 HE2 9 11 HE3 WS 7 CS 10 H 2 O CO 2 ASU 17 Air 18 P 20 19 ASU - Air separation (liquefaction) unit Ar, HT/LT - High/Low pressure turbines HE - Heat exchangers GT - Gas turbine B - Combustor C - Compressors Helium CH 4 O 2 N 2 WS - Water separator P - Cryogenic pump Helium/CO 2 CS - CO 2 separator G - Generator Helium/CO 2 /H 2 O Li et al. (2010) International Journal of Energy Research
Integration of energy storage and power generation with carbon capture (3) : technical benefits of the integrated system Helium cycle: Electricity generation efficiency > ~ 68% CO 2 capture ~ 100% (dry ice) Round trip efficiency for energy storage > ~ 65% Fuel consumption reduction ~ 50% Oxygen cycle: Electricity generation efficiency > ~ 70% CO 2 capture ~ 100% (dry ice) Round trip efficiency for energy storage > ~ 65% Fuel consumption reduction ~ 50% Efficiency includes CO 2 capture already!
Integration of energy storage and power generation with carbon capture (4) : Economical benefits of the integrated system
Contents Background and Scope Mechanical Methods Compressed Air Energy Storage (CAES) Thermal Methods - Cryogen Based Energy Storage (CES) Integration of Energy Storage with Industrial Processes An Example Concluding Remarks
Concluding remarks (I) Energy storage is a key to the use of renewable energy and dealing with peak demand as well as improving energy efficiency Current available energy storage technologies are at different stages of development and differ greatly in terms of scales, power density, energy density, capital & running costs, efficiencies, geological requirements and environmental impact Electrical energy storage based on mechanical and thermal methods has a great potential, and as a result offer both R&D and commercial opportunities. Integration of power generation, energy storage, carbon capture and industrial processes offers a very promising route to address costs and efficiency loss associated with the energy storage.
Concluding remarks (II) What I have not covered: heat and cold storage and heat transfer fluids for Heat storage for >~ 1000 o C Cold storage for < ~ -200 o C High thermal properties and stability at these temperatures For example the heat transfer fluids and storage materials are among main challenging issues and bottlenecks for solar thermal applications!
Concluding remarks (III) * Current global storage capacity: ~ 100 GW, projection of 900GW by 2020 is based on the data published by Sandia National Laboratories (www.sandia.gov/ess/publications/pubs.html)
Yulong Ding ( 丁玉龙 ), Jun Yang ( 杨军 ) plus teams from University of Leeds (UK) and 中国科学院过程工程研究所 2 nd Sino-British Workshop on Energy Storage IPE, Beijing 25-26 May 2011