EaCtern Oregon Ranches

Effects of the 1977 Droll' fa232425a5, Co' `5)-" t& EaCtern Oregon Ranches Oregon State University Extension Service

Highlights Highlights of survey findings indicate that the 1977 drought affected ranches in Eastern Oregon in the following ways: 80 percent of ranchers affected 3 million AUM's forage lost 210,000 tons feed purchased 862,000 AUM's forage leased 69,000 tons reduced hay sales 89,000 AUM's salvaged from grain crops 115,000 animals sold 41 million gallons of water hauled Other affects and adjustments include reduced rate of gain of cattle, delayed breeding, herd health problems, damaged grain crops, and water development and equipment investments.

CONTENTS Section Page Drought Impacts 3 Forage Production 3 Grain Production 5 Rate of Gain of Cattle 5 Other Impacts 6 Adjustments to Drou ght Impacts 6 Feed and Forage Purchases 6 Hay Sales 7 Grain Crop Salvage 8 Herd Dispersion 9 Water Hauling 10 Water Development or Equipment Investment 11 Incidence of Impacts and Adjustments 12 Appendix A 13

Effects of the 1977 Drought on Eastern Oregon Ranches Prepared by David Holst, Extension Agricultural Economics Assistant, and Ed Schmisseur, Agricultural and Resource Economist, Rangeland Management, Oregon State University. Impacts of the 1977 drought on eastern Oregon ranches and adjustments made in response to drought conditions are summarized in this report. Impacts and adjustments are specific to ranchers with 20 or more brood cows in all of the counties east of the Cascade Mountains (except Hood River) and in Jackson County. The area includes an estimated 2,148 ranchers with 20 or more brood cows. Because of the drought's varying severity, impacts and adjustments are also identified by major regions of the drought affected area. The study area and its major re g ions are identified in Figure 1. Impacts and adjustments described in this report were obtained from a mail questionnaire sent to 1,200 of the estimated 2,148 ranchers in the study area. Random methods were used to select study participants from lists provided by county extension agents. Questionnaires were mailed in July of 1978 resulting in the return of 502 usable responses. Impacts of the 1977 drought and adjustments made were estimated for all ranchers with 20 or more brood cows by study area, region, and selected herd size categories based on the data supplied by these respondents. It is assumed that non-respondents experienced similar effects. The estimated population of ranchers and the number of respondents are illustrated by study area and region in Table 1. A further breakdown of this information is summarized by herd size in Table A-1.

-2- Northeast High Desert Jackson County Figure 1. Study Area and Its Major Regions.

-3- Table 1. Estimated Population of Ranchers and Number of Respondents Region Estimated Population number of ranchers Number of Respondents Central 225 81 High Desert 445 149 Jackson County 181 26 North Central 595 128 Northeast 702 118 Study Area Total 2,148 502 Impacts and adjustments made in the study area and its regions are discussed in the next section. Detailed information by herd size and region appear in Tables A-2 through A-13. Drought Impacts Forage Production The 1977 drought reduced forage production in the study area by an estimated three million AVM's (animal unit months); see Table 2. These forage losses represented slightly over one million tons of forage or approximately the amount consumed by three million cows in one month. Decreased production represented 36 percent of the study area's normal production of forage. In other words, about 64 percent of a normal year's production of forage was available for utilization during the drought year.

-4- Table 2. Drought Induced Forage Production Losses Forage Sources Central Regions Study Area High Jackson North Total Desert County Central Northeast Dryland range (AUM's) 125,086 806,740 64,585 204,234 254,523 1,455,168 Irrigated pasture 42,395 324,255 23,002 12,505 (AUM's) Irrigated hay (tons) 1/ 20,006 169,942 4,848 19,715 Dryland hay (tons) 214,435 8,936 2,183 12,863 Grain aftermath 8,440 49,885 11,100 76,227 (AUM's) 76,792 478,949 56,477 270,988 11,162 39,579 13,444 149,096 Total AUM's lost 249,244 1,717,514 109,780 390,700 547,676 3,014,914 2/ One ton of hay is equivalent to three AUM's. The impact on forage production was most severe in the High Desert Region where normal production was reduced by 42 percent. Forage production in the Northeast Region was least affected. About 29 percent of the region's normal forage production was lost. Reduced dryland range production accounted for 48 percent of the total forage lost in the study area. Inadequate forage growth and limited livestock water were the main reasons cited by ranchers for this decreased production. Reduced production from irrigated hay and irrigated pasture accounted for 27 and 16 percent of the total production loss. Grain aftermath and dryland hay accounted for five and four percent of the total loss.

The effects of the drought on forage production were widespread. Ninety percent of the ranchers utilizing dryland hay and/or range experienced production losses. Seventy-five percent of the ranchers utilizing grain aftermath and 66 percent of the ranchers with irrigated pasture and/or hay also experienced some losses. These percentages varied by region and herd size. Estimated drought impacts on selected forages and number of ranchers affected are presented by region and herd size in Tables A-2 through A-6. Grain Production Eighty-six percent of the 1,204 ranchers g rowing grain crops in the study area reported some drought damage to these crops. Sixty percent of the affected ranchers harvested these crops as grain. Thirty-five percent opted to salvage them as grain hay or by grazing. An estimated five percent did not harvest or salvage affected grain crops. The percentage of ranchers whose grain crops were affected varied from a high of 100 percent in Jackson County to a low of 76 percent in the High Desert Region. Estimated number of ranchers with drought affected grain crops and their resulting harvest strategies appear by region and herd size in Table A-7. No estimate of the reduced grain yield was obtained. Rate of Gain of Cattle Drought also caused a reduction in the rate of gain of cattle produced in the study area. About 1,450 out of the 2,148 ranchers in the study area reported a reduced rate of gain of cattle. The majority of these ranchers (76 percent) sold animals at lower than normal sellin g weights. Twenty-four percent fed cattle longer to maintain normal selling weights. A similar percent of ranchers

-6- in each region experienced this drought affect. No estimate of lost gains or added cost of feeding cattle longer was made. Other Impacts Miscellaneous impacts attributed to the drought included delayed breeding and herd health problems. In the study area, delayed breeding problems attributed to drought were reported by 12 percent of the ranchers. Some 15 ranchers quit the cattle business in the drought year. On the other hand, 10 ranchers said they financially benefitted from the drought. Miscellaneous impacts were not tabulated by region or herd size. Adjustments to Drought Impacts Feed and Forage Purchases Many ranchers purchased additional feeds and leased additional forage rights to replace forage lost to drought. As shown in Table 3, hay was the predominant feed purchased and irrigated pasture was the main forage leased. Hay was the predominant feed purchased in each region. Irrigated pasture was the main forage leased except in Jackson County and the North Central Region. In Jackson County, dryland range was the most prevalent forage leased, while in the North Central Region leasing of grain aftermath exceeded that of either range or irrigated pasture. Some 54 percent of the ranchers in the study area purchased additional feeds, while 24 percent leased additional grazing rights. These percentages varied by region and herd size. Estimated number of ranchers and quantities

Table 3. Additional Feed and Forages Purchased in Response to Drought Induced Forage Production Losses Feed or Forage Sources Feed purchased Regions High Jackson North Central Desert County Central Northeast Study Area Total Hay (tons) 23,390 81,761 10,419 24,919 43,657 184,146 Grain (tons) 788 8,646 78 1,410 2,677 13,599 Supplements (tons) 1,323 7,168 330 1,437 1,683 11,941 Forage leased Dryland range (AUM's) Irrigated pasture (AVM's) Grain aftermath (AUM's) 10,068 55,424 5,515 21,932 16,811 109,750 37,730 450,383 659 20,070 208,607 717,449 500 2,950 0 26,152 5,380 34,982 of feeds and forages purchased and leased are detailed by region and cow herd size in Tables A-8 and A-9. Hay Sales Hay sales were also reduced to offset forage production losses. In the study area, hay sales were reduced an estimated 69,400 tons. Reduced sales by region are presented in Table 4.

-8- Table 4. Reduced Hay Sales in Response to Drought Induced Forage Production Losses Region Reduced Hay Sales tons Central 6,001 High Desert 26,324 Jackson County 3,230 North Central 17,163 Northeast 16,682 Study Area Total 69,400 Seventy-five percent of the 533 ranchers normally selling hay in the study area reported a reduction in hay sales. This varied from 63 percent of the 73 ranchers, normally selling hay in Jackson County to 82 percent of the 153 ranchers normally selling hay in the Northeast Region. Estimated drought impacts on ranchers producing and selling hay are illustrated by region and herd size in Table A-10. Grain Crop Salvage In some cases, drought damaged grain crops were hayed and/or grazed to replace forage lost due to drought. In the study area, an estimated 18,200 tons of grain hay and 33,940 AVM's of grazing were obtained from drought damaged grain crops. Quantities of grain hay and grazing salvaged by region appear in Table 5.

- 9 - Table 5. Salvaged Hay and Grazing from Drought Damaged Grain Crops Tons Region Grain Hay AUM's Grazed Central 4,178 2,748 High Desert 9,132 25,939 Jackson County 0 0 North Central 2,831 4,771 Northeast 2,059 482 Study Area Total 18,200 33,940 It is estimated that 18 percent of the 1,034 ranchers in the study area with drought affected grain crops made grain hay out of these crops. Another 19 percent grazed standing grain crops. These affects varied by region. In the High Desert and Central Regions, about 75 percent of the ranchers salvaged drought affected grain crops. In Jackson County, grain crops were either harvested as grain or not harvested at all. Estimated numbers of ranchers harvesting drought affected grain crops as grain, grain hay, and grazing are reported by region and herd size in Table A-7. Herd Dispersion Many ranchers in the study area sold cattle because of the drou g ht. Additional animals sold because of drought appear by region in Table 6. Sale of brood cows was the predominant method of herd dispersion. In Jackson County

-1 0- Table 6. Additional Animals Sold in Response to the Drought Type of Animal Regions High Jackson North Central Desert County Central Northeast Study Area Total Cows 6,884 22,640 1,682 8,277 14,933 54,416 Replacement heifers 1,660 10,526 716 2,449 3,729 19,080 Weaners or stockers 2,474 25,443 3,821 3,641 6,198 41,577 and the High Desert Region, however, the sale of weaners and stockers surpassed the number of brood cows sold. A majority of the ranchers cited limited forage and livestock water as the main reasons for herd dispersion. An estimated 1,003 ranchers, or 47 percent of the ranchers in the study area, sold additional cattle because of the drought. The percentage of ranchers selling additional animals ranged from 53 percent in the North Central and High Desert Regions to 35 percent in Jackson County. Estimated number of ranchers selling additional animals and number sold are illustrated by region and herd size in Table A-11. Water Hauling Some 41.2 million gallons of water were hauled in the study area because drought limited livestock water supplies. Water was hauled some 469,630 miles and required an additional 77,481 hours of labor. Total gallons, miles, and labor hours associated with water hauling are shown by region in Table 7.

Table 7. Gallons of Water, Miles, and Labor Hours Required to Supply Livestock Water Because of Drought Gallons Region (million) Miles Labor Hours Central 5.4 70,068 14,067 High Desert 23.8 227,515 33,593 Jackson County 0.2 28,577 2,165 North Central 7.1 61,977 11,278 Northeast 4.7 81,493 16,378 Study Area Total 41.2 467,630 77,481 An estimated 19 percent of the ranchers in the study area hauled water to livestock because of drought. This percentage varied from a high of 31 percent in the Central Region to a low of 8 percent in Jackson County. Estimated number of ranchers hauling water because of drought are reported by region and herd size in Table A-12. Ranchers in the study area averaged about nine trips per week over an eight-week period. About 1,500 gallons of water were hauled per trip. A roundtrip averaged about 17 miles and required about three hours of labor. The number of ranchers hauling water and various water hauling statistics appear by region and herd size in Table A-13. Water Development or Equipment Investments Numerous ranchers invested in water hauling equipment or water development projects to provide water to livestock during the drought. Some 42 percent

-12- of the ranchers in the study area and a similar percent of ranchers in each region made these investments. Most investments were for spring or pond development, additional storage facilities, additional pipelines, and wells. No estimate of the number or size of these investments was obtained. Incidence of Impacts and Adjustments The 1977 drought adversely affected forage and grain production, rate of gain of cattle, and herd health and breeding problems of at least 80 percent of the ranchers in the study area. The incidence of occurrence of these affects varied by region. The North Central and High Desert Regions appeared to have the largest percentage of ranchers reporting one or more drought affects, while Jackson County appeared to have the smallest percentage. The High Desert Region experienced the greatest reduction in forage production. At least 55 percent of the ranchers in the study area reported making one or more adjustments in their operation because of drought. Adjustments included feed and forage purchases, reduced hay sales, grain crop salvage, herd dispersion, water hauling, and water development or equipment investment. The High Desert Region appeared to have the largest percentage of ranchers making adjustments. Jackson County appeared to have the smallest percentage of ranchers adjusting to drought.

-13- APPENDIX Drou g ht Impacts and Adjustments Made by Herd Size and Region Tables A-1 through A-13

-14- Table A-1. Estimated Population of Ranchers and Number of Survey Respondents by Region and Cow Herd Size Cow Herd Size Region 1,000 & 20-99 100-199 200-499 500-999 above Total ventral number of ranchers 69 53 65 30 8 225 number of respondents 22 21 22 12. 4 81 Nigh Desert number of ranchers 82 58 146 104 55 445 number of respondents 27 21 47 33 21 149 Jackson County number of ranchers 128 24 29 0 0 181 number of respondents 16 4 6 0 0 26 North Central number of ranchers 349 122 96 15 13 595 number of respondents 52 34 33 4 5 128 Northeast number of ranchers 193 184 265 52 8 702 number of respondents 25 26 50 14 3 118 Study Area Total number of ranchers 821 441 601 201 84 2,148 number of respondents 142 106 158 63 33 502

-15- Table A-2. Estimated Drought Impact on Dryland Range by Region and Cow Herd Size Region Cow Herd Size 1,000 & 20-99 100-199 200-499 500-999 above Total or Average Central number of ranchers 69 53 65 30 8 225 ranchers with rangeland 45 44 65 30 8 192 ranchers affected 45 42 58 26 8 179 production realized (% of normal) 45.5 48.8 64.3 66.0 69.4 64.5 AUM's lost 8,479 10,467 45,895 28,059 32,186 125,086 _ Hiah Desert number of ranchers 82 58 146 104 55 445 ranchers with rangeland 44 52 140 101 55 392 ranchers affected 43 47 130 89 55 364 production realized (% of normal) 34.3 56.8 54.2 53.5 52.9 53.3 AUM's lost 7,782 20,889 152,523 284,269 341,277 806,740 Jackson County number of ranchers 128 24 29 0 0 181 ranchers with rangeland 91 24 29 N/A N/A 144 ranchers affected 72 20 29 N/A N/A 121 production realized (% of normal) 51.8 53.3 47.5 N/A N/A 49.0 AUM's lost 15,483 3,913 45,189 N/A N/A 64,585 North Central number of ranchers 349 122 96 15 13 595 ranchers with rangeland 322 122 91 15 10 560 ranchers affected 282 114 85 15 10 506 production realized (% of normal) 48.3 49.4 58.3 63.4 63.3 56.9 AUM's lost 27,198 45,549 83,837 15,498 32,152 204,234 Northeast number of ranchers 193 184 265 52 8 702 ranchers with rangeland 143 147 252 52 8 602 ranchers affected 110 130 225 50 8 523 production realized (% of normal) 68.1 60.2 67.2 61.2 54.1 62.6 AUM's lost 8,054 51,093 83,324 73,195 38,857 254,523 Study Area Total number of ranchers 821 441 601 201 84 2,148 ranchers with rangeland 645 389 577 198 81 1,890 ranchers affected 552 353 527 180 81 1,693 production realized (% of normal) 51.2 55.4 59.1 56.6 55.6 56.7 AUM's lost 66,996 131,911 410,768 401,021 444,472 1,455,168

-16- Table A-3. Estimated Drought Impact on Irrigated Pasture by Region and Cow Herd Size Region Cow Herd Size 1,000 & 20-99 100-199 200-499 500-999 above Total or Average Central number of ranchers 69 53 65 30 8 225 ranchers with irrigated pasture 47 33 34 23 7 144 ranchers affected 41 28 29 18 6 122 production realized (% of normal) 66.8 67.7 63.3 78.4 68.2 69.5 AUM's lost 3,231 4,052 11,285 7,490 16,337 42,395 High Desert number of ranchers 82 58 146 104 55 445 ranchers with irrigated pasture 78 36 106 85 46 351 ranchers affected 41 23 85 57 35 241 production realized (% of normal) 84.9 78.8 66.6 71.8 60.2 65.0 AUM's lost 3,233 3,626 54,863 61,111 201,422 324,255 Jackson County number of ranchers 128 24 29 0 0 181 ranchers with irrigated pasture 124 19 29 N/A N/A 172 ranchers affected 67 15 19 N/A N/A 101 production realized (% of normal) 86.4 53.4 79.4 N/A N/A 82.8 AUM's lost 9,189 435 13,378 N/A N/A 23,002 North Central number of ranchers 349 122 96 15 13 595 ranchers with irrigated pasture 138 46 29 1 5 219 ranchers affected 90 28 11 0 5 134 production realized (% of normal) 69.3 75.3 85.0 100.0 69.6 74.4 AUM's lost 3,788 1,388 1,394 0 5,935 12,505 Northeast number of ranchers 193 184 265 52 8 702 ranchers with irrigated pasture 113 136 208 39 8 504 ranchers affected 76 75 149 22 8 330 production realized (% of normal) 69. 7 77.0 77.2 86.9 79.0 78.3 AUM's lost 9,770 12,342 38,248 7,861 8,571 76,792 Study Area Total number of ranchers 821 441 601 201 84 2,148 ranchers with irrigated pasture 500 270 406 148 66 1,390 ranchers affected 315 169 293 97 54 928 production realized (% of normal) 79.6 75.7 72.8 75.6 62.4 70.1 AUM's lost 29,211 21,843 119,168 76,462 232,265 478,949

-17- Table A-4. Estimated Drought Impacts on Irrigated Hay by Region and Cow Herd Size Cow Herd Size Region 1,000 & 20-99 100-199 200-499 500-999 above Total Central number of ranchers 69 53 65 30 8 225 ranchers with irrigated hay 56 33 39 22 6 156 ranchers affected 41 26 27 15 5 114 p roduction realized (% of normal) 71.2 65.1 67.7 78.9 55.3 70.1 tons lost 2,844 2,645 4,198 5,319 5,000 20,006 High Desert number of ranchers 82 58 146 104 55 445 ranchers with irrigated hay 65 49 131 90 43 378 ranchers affected 38 30 110 62 38 278 production realized (% of normal) 81.1 69.1 61.8 67.1 50.5 59.5 tons lost 1,744 6,910 36,758 39,476 85,054 169,942 Jackson County number of ranchers 128 24 29 0 0 181 ranchers with irrigated hay 81 10 14 N/A N/A 105 ranchers affected 50 8 11 N/A N/A 69 production realized (% of normal) 78.3 65.0 71.0 N/A N/A 74.4 tons lost 2,288 800 1,760 N/A N/A 4,848 North Central number of ranchers 349 122 96 15 13 595 ranchers with irrigated hay 146 46 53 0 8 253 ranchers affected 57 33 32 N/A 8 130 p roduction realized (% of normal) 88.2 73.5 78.1 N/A 49.5 81.3 tons lost 6,572 2,561 7,328 N/A 3,254 19,715 Northeast number of ranchers 193 184 265 52 8 702 ranchers with irrigated hay 104 151 197 48 8 508 ranchers affected 74 98 131 27 7 337 production realized (% of normal) 71.0 78.8 80.0 72.8 85.2 ' 78.3 tons lost 4,125 9,762 27,246 12,815 2,529 56,477 Study Area Total number of ranchers 821 441 601 201 84 2,148 ranchers with irrigated hay 452 289 434 160 65 1,400 ranchers affected 260 195 311 104 58 928 production realized (% of normal) 82.4 74.2 72.8 70.0 53.6 68.9 tons lost 17,573 22,678 77,290 57,610 95,837 270,988

-18- Table A-5. Estimated Drought Impacts on Dryland Hay by Region and Cow Herd Size Cow Herd Size Region 1,000 & 20-99 100-199 200-499 500-999 above Total Central number of ranchers 69 53 65 30 8 225 ranchers with dryland hay 13 8 22 8 2 53 ranchers affected 13 8 16 5 2 44 production realized (% of normal) 40.6 47.1 48.8 71.1 90.0 60.2 tons lost 893 387 2,199 756 200 4,435 High Desert number of ranchers 82 53 146 104 ' 55 445 ranchers with dryland hay 6 7 15 11 12 51 ranchers affected 6 7 15 11 12 51 production realized (% of normal) 17.3 12.0 28.9 44.9 23.8 29.6 tons lost 695 519 1,613 1,947 4,162 8,936 Jackson County number of ranchers 128 24 29 0 0 181 ranchers with dryland hay 10 10 5 N/A N/A 25 ranchers affected 10 10 5 N/A N/A 25 production realized (% of normal) 39.2 52.2 39.5 N/A N/A 48.5 tons lost 169 1,431 583 N/A N/A 2,183 North Central number of ranchers 349 122 96 15 13 595 ranchers with dryland hay 86 15 28 3 5 137 ranchers affected 79 14 28 3 5 129 production realized (% of normal) 42.0 60.0 41.9 55.2 14.9 40.4 tons lost 6,376 780 3,043 243 2,421 12,863 Northeast number of ranchers 193 184 265 52 8 702 ranchers with dryland hay 89 33 52 3 0 177 ranchers affected 89 24 49 3 N/A 165 production realized (% of normal) 55.5 67.1 48.8 14.5 N/A 53.1 tons lost 3,349 1,385 5,773 655 N/A 11,162 Study Area Total number of ranchers 821 441 601 201 84 2,148 ranchers with dryland hay 204 73 122 25 19 443 ranchers affected 197 63 113 22 19 414 production realized (% of normal) 45.7 57.0 45.1 51.7 34.2 46.1 tons lost 11,482 4,502 13,211 3,601 6,783 39,579

-19- Table A-6. Estimated Drought Impacts on Grain Aftermath by Region and Cow Herd Size Cow Herd Size Region 1,000 & 20-99 100-199 200-499 500-999 above Total Central number of ranchers 69 53 65 30 8 225 ranchers with grain aftermath 34 27 41 1 1 104 ranchers affected 28 18 33 1 0 80 production realized (% of normal) 60.8 69.7 70.5 34.0 100.0 70.1 AUM's lost 1,332 1,038 5,470 600 N/A 8,440 Hiah Desert number of ranchers 82 58 146 104 55 445 ranchers with grain aftermath 27 15 37 36 17 132 ranchers affected 19 11 28 17 17 92 production realized (% of normal) 67.4 47.0 65.0 57.6 43.5 51.1 AUM's lost 1,319 2,787 6,542 7,781 31,456 49,885 Jackson County number of ranchers 128 24 29 0 0 181 ranchers with grain aftermath 0 4 5 N/A N/A 9 ranchers affected N/A 4 5 N/A N/A 9 production realized (% of normal) N/A 70.0 20.0 N/A N/A 30.5 AUM's lost N/A 100 1,000 N/A N/A 1,100 North Central number of ranchers 349 122 96 15 13 595 ranchers with grain aftermath 292 106 70 7 10 485 ranchers affected 237 61 53 1 6 358 production realized (% of normal) 67.3 75.0 62.4 92.9 55.4 67.1 AUM's lost 15,531 8,926 38,408 1,362 12,000 76,227 Northeast number of ranchers 193 184 265 52 8 702 ranchers with grain aftermath 93 34 79 20 0 226 ranchers affected 78 18 61 20 N/A 177 production realized (% of normal) 80.0 75.4 45.9 18.3 N/A - 51.2 AUM's lost 1,078 593 8,582 3,191 N/A 13,444 Study Area Total number of ranchers 821 441 601 201 84 2,148 ranchers with grain aftermath 446 186 232 64 28 956 ranchers affected 362 112 180 39 23 716 production realized (% of normal) 68.1 71.4 61.7 69.4 48.6 61.8 AUM's lost 19,260 13,444 60,002 12,934 43,456 149,096

-20- Table A-7. Estimated Number of Ranchers Harvesting Drought Affected Grain Crons as Grain, Grain Hay and Grazing Region Cow Herd Size 1,000 & 20-99 100-199 200-499 500-999 above Total Central number of ranchers 69 53 65 30 3 225 ranchers with grain cro p s 43 32 50 7 3 135 ranchers not affected 6 2 15 2 0 25 ranchers affected and: did not harvest 0 0 0 0 0 0 harvested as grain11 12 10 0 1 3 a/ harvested as g rain hay 8 11 19 4 2 tons hay 347 1,182 1,847 800 2 4,178 i harvested as grazing 2/ 18 11 8 1 0 38 AUM's grazed 1,337 174 937 300 N/A 2,748 High Desert number of ranchers 82 58 146 104 55 445 ranchers with grain cro ps 31 29 69 38 25 192 ranchers not affected 9 12 13 13 0 47 ranchers affected and: did not harvest 0 5 0 2 3 10 harvested as grain 6 4 11 9 0 30 harvested as grain hay 2/ 8 4 25 10 tons hay 543 661 2,094 1,614 4,22020 9, 1 12 a/ harvested as grazing - 13 4 20 4 15 56 4,000 AUM's grazed 436 199 2,098 19,206 25,939 Jackson County number of ranchers 128 24 29 0 0 181 ranchers with grain crops 17 4 9 N/A N/A 30 ranchers not affected 0 0 0 N/A N/A 0 ranchers affected and: did not harvest 5 0 0 N/A N/A 5 harvested as g rain 12 4 9 N/A N/A 25 a/ harvested as g rain hay - 0 0 0 N/A N/A 0 tons, hay N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A harvested as grazing 2/ 0 0 0 N/A N/A 0 AUM's grazed N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A North Central number of ranchers 349 122 96 15 13 595 ranchers with grain croos 322 106 91 7 13 539 ranchers not affected 14 8 14 0 4 40 ranchers affected and: did not harvest 0 0 2 0 6 8 harvested as grain 231 84 44 7 3 369 a/ harvested as grain hay 40 10 17 0 0 67 tons hay 1,200 404 1,227 N/A N/A 2, 831 a/ harvested as grazing 59 6 14 0 0 79 AUM's grazed 1,357 1,120 2,294 N/A N/A 4,771 Northeast number of ranchers 193 184 265 52 8 702 ranchers with grain crops 123 47 104 32 2 308 ranchers not affected 14 20 11 12 1 58 ranchers affected and: did not harvest 0 0 14 12 0 26 harvested as grain 109 18 58 7 1 193 harvested as grain hay 2/ 0 9 9 0 0 18 tons hay N/A 1,060 999 N/A N/A 2,059 harvested as grazing Ai 0 9 12 1 0 22 AUM's grazed N/A 54 418 10 N/A 482 Study Area Total number of ranchers 821 441 601 201 84 2,148 ranchers with grain crops 536 218 323 84 43 1,204 ranchers not affected 43 42 53 27 5 170 ranchers affected and: did not harvest 5 5 16 14 9 49 harvested as grain 369 122 132 23 5 651 harvested as grain hay 2/ 56 34 71 14 9 184 tons hay 2,090 3,307 6,167 2,414 4,222 18,200 harvested as grazing.1./ 90 30 54 6 15 195 AUM's grazed 3,130 1,547 5,747 4,310 19,206 33,940 Al Includes some ranchers who harvested affected grain crops as both grain hav and grazing.

-21- Table A-8. Estimated Additional Feeds Purchased by Region and Cow Herd Size Cow Herd Size Region 1,000 & 20-99 100-199 200-499 500-999 above Total Central number of ranchers 69 53 65 30 8 225 ranchers purchasing additional feeds 31 34 38 17 5 125 tons purchased: hay 999 2,396 8,325 7,337 4,333 23,390 grain 147 101 540 0 0 788 protein supplements 10 175 163 764 211 1,323 High Desert number of ranchers 82 58 146 104 55 445 ranchers purchasing additional feeds 36 21 111 62 43 273 tons purchased: hay 1,852 2,721 25,319 13,802 38,067 81,761 grain 146 43 1,507 2,258 4,692 8,646 protein supplements 77 18 1,923 902 4,248 7,168 Jackson County number of ranchers 128 24 29 0 0 181 ranchers purchasin g additional feeds 57 15 20 N/A N/A 92 tons purchased: hay 3,297 2,172 4,950 N/A N/A 10,419 grain 78 0 0 N/A N/A 78 p rotein supplements 227 28 75 N/A N/A 330 North Central number of ranchers 349 122 96 15 13 595 ranchers purchasing additional feeds 161 87 60 15 9 332 tons purchased: hay 4,498 4,330 8,768 3,165 4,158 24,919 grain 88 198 1,046 78 0 1,410 protein supplements 435 343 228 156 275 1,437 Northeast number of ranchers 193 184 265 52 8 702 ranchers purchasing additional feeds 122 68 120 36 1 347 tons purchased: hay 5,846 9,621 19,734 8,156 300 43,657 grain 261 887 1,187 342 0 2,677 protein supplements 787 36 809 51 0 1,683 Study Area Total number of ranchers 821 441 601 201 84 2,148 ranchers purchasing additional feeds 407 225 349 130 58 1,169 tons purchased: hay 16,492 21,240 67,096 32,460 46,858 184,146 grain 720 1,229 4,280 2,678 4,692 13,599 protein supplements 1,536 600 3,198 1,873 4,734 11,941

-22- Table A-9. Estimated Additional Forage Leased by Region and Cow Herd Size Cow Herd Size Region 1,000 & 20-99 100-199 200-499 500-999 above Total Central number of ranchers 69 53 65 30 8 225 ranchers leasing additional forage 12 24 10 15 4 65 AUM's leased: rangeland 58 762 0 4,128 5,120 10,068 pasture 2,592 7,195 10,486 9,057 8,400 37,730 grain aftermath 0 0 0 0 500 500 High Desert number of ranchers 82 58 146 104 55 445 ranchers leasing additional forage 7 16 61 27 17 128 AUM's leased: rangeland 1,688 2,112 11,121 3,080 37,423 55,424 pasture 126 381 83,471 36,408 32,997 450,383 grain aftermath 1,213 839 754 144 0 2,950 Jackson County number of ranchers 128 24 29 0 0 181 ranchers leasin g additional forage 15 5 15 N/A N/A 35 AUM's leased: rangeland 315 1,700 3,500 N/A N/A 5,515 pasture 659 0 0 N/A N/A 659 grain aftermath 0 0 0 N/A N/A 0 North Central number of ranchers 349 122 96 15 13 595 ranchers leasing additional forage 64 37 20 4 5 130 AUM's leased: ran geland 1,607 9,802 6,110 207 4,206 21,932 pasture 1,674 5,063 3,163 10,170 0 20,070 grain aftermath 2,404 1,311 9,471 646 12,320 26,152 Northeast number of ranchers 193 184 265 52 8 702 ranchers leasing additional forage 27 36 69 20 7 159 AUM's leased: rangeland 671 4,731 5,889 5,520 0 16,811 pasture 5,574 583 193,767 620 8,063 208,607 grain aftermath 0 3,216 2,164 0 0 5,380 Study Area Total number of ranchers 821 441 601 201 84 2,148 ranchers leasing additional forage 125 118 175 66 33 517 AUM's leased: rangeland 4,339 19,107 26,620 12,935 46,749 109,750 pasture 10,625 13,222 290,887 56,255 346,460 717,449 grain aftermath 3,617 5,366 12,389 790 12,820 34,982

-23- Table A-10. Estimated Drought Impact on Ranchers Producing and Selling Hay by Region and Cow Herd Size Cow Herd Size Region 1,000 & 20-99 100-199 200-499 500-999 above Total Central number of ranchers 69 53 65 30 8 225 ranchers: p roducing hay 69 41 61 30 8 209 producing and selling hay 32 11 6 5 0 54 with decreased hay sales 22 11 6 5 N/A 44 decreased sales (tons) 2,992 967 792 1,250 N/A 6,001 High Desert number of ranchers 82 58 146 104 55 445 ranchers: producing hay 71 56 146 101 55 429 producing and selling hay 41 8 34 32 5 120 with decreased hay sales 27 8 19 29 5 88 decreased sales (tons) 1,921 1,746 5,222 9,935 7,500 26,324 Jackson County number of ranchers 128 24 29 0 0 181 ranchers: producing hay 91 20 19 N/A N/A 130 producing and selling hay 55 4 14 N/A N/A 73 with decreased hay sales 28 4 14 N/A N/A 46 decreased sales (tons) 700 168 2,362 N/A N/A 3,230 North Central number of ranchers 349 122 96 15 13 595 ranchers: producing hay 232 61 81 3 13 390 producing and selling hay 78 22 25 1 7 133 with decreased hay sales 52 17 19 1 7 96 decreased sales (tons) 11,108 1,402 3,376 25 1,252 17,163 Northeast number of ranchers 193 184 265 52 8 702 ranchers: producing hay 193 184 249 51 8 685 producing and selling hay 42 59 38 8 6 153 with decreased hay sales 39 49 31 0 6 125 decreased sales (tons) 2,271 6,012 5,399 N/A 3,000 16,682 Study Area Total: number of ranchers 821 441 601 201 84 2,148 ranchers: producing hay 656 362 556 185 84 1,843 producing and selling hay 248 104 117 46 18 533 with decreased hay sales 168 89 89 35 18 399 decreased sales (tons) 18,992 10,295 17,151 11,210 11,752 69,400

-24- Table A-11. Estimated Additional Animals Sold by Region and Cow Herd Size Cow Herd Size Region 1,000 & 20-99 100-199 200-499 500-999 above Total Central number of ranchers 69 53 65 30 8 225 ranchers selling additional animals 24 27 43 5 1 100 numbers sold: cows 600 1,461 3,759 764 300 6,884 replacement heifers 220 310 586 444 100 1,660 weaners or stockers 423 354 919 778 0 2,474 High Desert number of ranchers 82 58 146 104 55 445 ranchers selling additional animals 37 32 92 52 21 234 numbers sold: cows 709 920 5,739 4,707 10,565 22,640 replacement heifers 194 109 1,471 3,376 5,376 10,526 weaners or stockers 116 634 3,632 5,474 15,587 25,443 Jackson County number of ranchers 128 24 29 0 0 181 ranchers selling additional animals 31 9 24 N/A N/A 64 numbers sold: cows 456 248 978 N/A N/A 1,682 replacement heifers 300 171 245 N/A N/A 716 weaners or stockers 366 736 2,719 N/A N/A 3,821 North Central number of ranchers 349 122 96 15 13 595 ranchers selling additional animals 205 70 28 10 5 318 numbers sold: cows 3,761 2,047 1,184 773 512 8,277 replacement heifers 1,242 226 356 132 493 2,449 weaners or stockers 1,153 860 1,628 0 0 3,641 Northeast number of ranchers 193 184 265 52 8 702 ranchers selling additional animals 114 33 101 33 6 287 numbers sold: cows 1,118 1,946 5,513 5,456 900 14,933 replacement heifers 761 0 1,609 1,359 0 3,729 weaners or stockers 539 423 3,627 1,609 0 6,198 Study Area Total number of ranchers 821 441 601 201 84 2,148 ranchers selling additional animals 411 171 288 100 33 1,003 numbers sold: cows 6,644 6,622 17,173 11,700 12,277 54,416 replacement heifers 2,717 816 4,267 5,311 5,969 19,080 weaners or stockers 2,597 3,007 12,525 7,861 15,587 41,577

-25- Table A-12. Estimated Drought Im p acts on Water Hauling by Region and Cow Herd Size Cow Herd Size Region 20-99 100-199 200-499 500-999 Central 1,000 & above Total number of ranchers 69 53 65 30 ranchers: normally hauling water 4 7 6 5 hauling additional 4 3 5 5 not normally hauling but 4 13 25 9 having to 8 225 1 23 1 18 0 51 High Desert number of ranchers 82 58 146 104 ranchers: normally hauling water 2 0 4 7 hauling additional 0 N/A 2 7 not normally hauling but 4 6 30 28 having to 55 445 8 21 6 15 18 86 Jackson County number of ranchers 128 24 29 0 ranchers: normally hauling water 15 0 0 N/A hauling additional 0 N/A N/A N/A not normally hauling but 15 0 0 N/A having to 0 181 N/A 15 N/A 0 N/A 15 North Central number of ranchers 349 122 96 15 ranchers: normally hauling water 41 20 14 7 hauling additional 5 3 8 6 not normally hauling but 56 13 6 7 having to 13 595 0 82 N/A 22 5 87 Northeast number of ranchers 193 184 265 52 ranchers: normally hauling water 5 0 2 1 hauling additional 5 N/A 2 1 not normally hauling but 36 24 28 14 having to 8 702 0 8 N/A 8 1 103 Study Area Total number of ranchers 821 441 601 201 ranchers: normally hauling water 67 27 26 20 hauling additional 14 6 17 19 not normally hauling but 115 56 89 58 having to 84 2,148 9 149 7 63 24 342

Table A-13. estimated Water Hauling Statistics by Region and Cow Herd Size Region Cow Herd Size 100-199 200-499 500-999 1,000 & above Central number of ranchers 69 ranchers hauling water due to drought 8 average number of: trips per week 12.1 Hi gh Desert Jackson County weeks 9.7 miles per trip 20.5 hours per trip 2.7 gallons per trip 658 number of ranchers 82 ranchers hauling water due to drought 4 average number of: trips per week 7.0 weeks 12.0 miles per trip 4.0 hours per trio 1.8 gallons per trip 772 number of ranchers 128 ranchers hauling water due to drought 15 average number of: trips per week 11.1 weeks 6.3 miles per trio 27.2 hours per trio 2.1 g allons per trip 235 53 65 30.. 8 16 30 14 1 6.3 9.1 7.8 14.0 5.3 9.8 9.0 12.0 7.8 11.1 13.7 20.0 3.1 2.4 2.4 6.0 643 918 1,766 1,500 58 146 104 55 6 32 35 24 11.4 9.4 10.5 12.4 9.0 6.0 10.3 11.4 11.8 19.6 23.0 27.6 2.1 2.7 3.4 4.0 591 1,205 2,062 3,774 24 29 0 0 0 0 N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A 225 69 8.6 8.6 13.2 2.7 1,020 445 101 10.6 9.2 22.7 3.3 2,371 181 15 11.1 6.3 27.2 2.1 235 North Central number of ranchers 349 122 96 15 13 595 ranchers hauling water due to drought 61 16 14 13 5 109 average number of: trips per week 4.4 4.7 4.5 10.5 34.2 6.6 weeks 8.0 7.2 5.3 6.2 8.0 7.3 miles per trip 14.9 12.3 7.8 7.4 10.6 11.8 hours per trip 1.9 2.3 1.7 3.1 2.0 2.2 gallons per trip 1,085 943 4,383 891 1,488 1,355 Northeast number of ranchers 193 184 265 52 8 702 ranchers hauling water due to drought 41 24 30 15 1 111 average number of: trips p er week 12.4 8.2 5.8 19.2 14.0 10.6 weeks 5.9 3.3 6.6 5.9 10.0 5.6 miles Per trio 14.3 15.5 9.9 9.7 4.0 12.3 hours per trip 2.9 2.5 2.0 2.0 3.0 2.5 gallons per trip 589 655 961 691 1,500 705 Study Area Total number of ranchers 821 441 601 201 84 2,148 ranchers hauling water due to drought 129 62 106 77 31 405 average number of: trips per week 8.3 7.1 7.6 11.7 16.0 9.2 weeks 7.4 5.4 7.2 8.5 10.8 7.5 miles per trip 16.6 12.0 13.3 16.8 22.2 16.6 hours per trip 2.4 2.4 2.4 2.9 3.5 2.7 gallons per trip 699 702 1,207 1,568 3,035 1,459

OREGON STATE UNIVERSITY EXTENSION PI SERVICE Extension Service, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Henry A. Wadsworth, director. This publication was produced end distributed in furtherance of the Acts of Congress of May 8 and June 30, 1914. Extension work is a cooperative program of Oregon State University, the U. S. Department of Agriculture, and Oregon counties. Extension invites participation in its programs and offers them equally to all people, without discrimination.