Executive Summary... 1 1. Introduction... 5 1.1 Introduction... 5 1.1.1 The Green Revolution... 5 1.1.2 What next?... 6 1.1.3 Background to GM technology... 6 1.1.4 GM crops: history to present day... 8 1.1.5 Gains and benefits the positives associated with GM crops... 11 1.1.6 Issues and concerns the negatives associated with GM crops... 14 2. Cultivation traits... 19 2.1 Summary... 19 2.2 Herbicide tolerance... 19 2.2.1 Introduction... 19 2.2.2 Major traits... 20 2.2.2.1 Glyphosate tolerance... 20 2.2.2.2 Glufosinate-ammonium tolerance... 22 2.2.2.3 Sulfonylurea tolerance... 24 2.2.2.4 Dicamba tolerance... 24 2.2.2.5 2,4-D tolerance... 25 2.2.2.6 Other herbicide-tolerant traits... 25 2.3 Disease resistance... 27 2.3.1 Introduction... 27 2.3.2 Fungal resistance... 28 2.3.3 Viral resistance... 29 2.3.3.1 Coat protein-mediated resistance... 29 2.4 Pest resistance... 31 2.4.1 Introduction... 31 2.4.2 Major traits... 31 2.4.2.1 Bt toxin-producing plants... 31 2.4.2.2 Alternatives to Bt... 34 2.5 Stacked trait crops for different traits... 37 2.5.1 Stacked trait GM crop products include:... 37 2.6 Products which are close to market... 44 Commodity Analysis 2013 Informa UK www.agra-net.com i
AGROW Global Guide to GM Crops 2013 3. Improved growth and production traits... 47 3.1 Summary... 47 3.2 Improved yield... 47 3.2.1 Introduction... 47 3.2.2 Products 48 3.3 Improved abiotic stress tolerance... 48 3.3.1 Introduction... 48 3.3.2 Salt stress... 49 3.3.2.1 Salt-tolerant plants... 49 3.3.3 Drought stress... 50 3.3.3.1 Drought tolerant plants... 50 3.3.4 3.3.4 Cold tolerance... 52 3.4 Sterility traits... 53 3.4.1 Introduction... 53 3.4.2 Products 53 3.5 Delayed ripening... 54 3.5.1 Introduction... 54 3.5.2 Plants with delayed ripening... 54 3.6 Phytoremediation... 55 3.6.1 Introduction... 55 3.6.2 Plants capable of phytoremediation... 56 4. Product quality traits... 63 4.1 Summary... 63 4.2 Improved nutrition... 63 4.2.1 Introduction... 63 4.2.2 Crops providing improved nutrition... 64 4.3 Animal feed... 67 4.3.1 Introduction... 67 4.3.2 Products 67 4.4 Convenience or cosmetic factors... 68 4.4.1 Introduction... 68 4.4.2 Products in development... 68 4.5 Biofuels... 70 4.5.1 Introduction... 70 4.5.2 Products 71 4.6 Health factors... 72 4.6.1 Introduction... 72 4.6.2 Plants modified for health factors... 72 ii www.agra-net.com Commodity Analysis 2013 Informa UK
5. Plant-made pharmaceutical and industrial products... 77 5.1 Summary... 77 5.2 Introduction... 77 5.3 Plant-made pharmaceuticals (human)... 80 5.3.1 Introduction... 80 5.3.2 Companies producing plant-made pharmaceuticals... 80 5.3.2.1 Greenovation... 80 5.3.2.2 Icon Genetics... 81 5.3.2.3 Medicago... 81 5.3.2.4 Mapp Biopharmaceutical... 82 5.3.2.5 PlantForm Corporation... 82 5.3.2.6 Planet Biotechnology... 82 5.3.2.7 Protalix Biotherapeutics... 83 5.3.2.8 Ventria Bioscience... 85 5.3.3 Former companies producing plant-made pharmaceuticals... 85 5.3.3.1 Biolex Therapeutics... 85 5.3.3.2 Large Scale Biology Corporation (LSBC)... 85 5.3.3.3 Meristem therapeutics... 85 5.3.3.4 SembioSys... 86 5.3.4 Other research... 86 5.4 Plant-made industrial products (including animal pharmaceuticals)... 87 5.4.1 Introduction... 87 5.4.2 Companies producing plant-made industrial products... 87 5.4.2.1 Metabolix... 87 5.4.2.2 ProdiGene... 88 5.4.3 Other research... 88 5.4.3.1 Animal vaccines... 88 5.4.3.2 Industrial products... 89 6. Regulation and cultivation of GM crops... 93 6.1 Summary... 93 6.2 Introduction... 94 6.2.1 Developing countries... 96 6.2.2 The Cartagena Protocol on Biosafety... 96 6.2.3 Labelling 97 6.3 GM crop cultivation and regulation... 98 6.3.1 North America... 98 6.3.1.1 The United States... 98 6.3.1.2 Canada... 101 6.3.2 Europe 103 6.3.3 Latin America... 107 6.3.3.1 Brazil... 107 6.3.3.2 Argentina... 108 6.3.3.3 Mexico... 110 6.3.3.4 Colombia... 111 Commodity Analysis 2013 Informa UK www.agra-net.com iii
AGROW Global Guide to GM Crops 2013 6.3.3.5 Uruguay... 112 6.3.3.6 Paraguay... 113 6.3.3.7 Bolivia... 114 6.3.3.8 Chile... 115 6.3.3.9 Honduras... 115 6.3.3.10 Cuba... 115 6.3.4 Asia-Pacific... 116 6.3.4.1 India... 116 6.3.4.2 Pakistan... 119 6.3.4.3 Bangladesh... 119 6.3.4.4 Myanmar (Burma)... 120 6.3.4.5 China... 121 6.3.4.6 Australia... 122 6.3.4.7 New Zealand... 124 6.3.4.8 Philippines... 125 6.3.4.9 Japan... 125 6.3.4.10 Vietnam... 126 6.3.4.11 Thailand... 127 6.3.4.12 Malaysia... 127 6.3.4.13 Taiwan... 128 6.3.5 Africa 129 6.3.5.1 South Africa... 130 6.3.5.2 Burkina Faso... 132 6.3.5.3 Kenya... 132 6.3.5.4 Nigeria... 132 6.3.5.5 Uganda... 133 6.3.5.6 Malawi... 133 6.3.5.7 Egypt... 133 6.3.5.8 Sudan... 134 6.3.6 Middle East... 134 6.3.6.1 Israel... 134 6.3.6.2 Iran... 134 6.3.7 Russian Federation... 135 7. Potential factors affecting GM crop perception and uptake... 143 7.1 Summary... 143 7.2 Introduction... 144 7.3 Public perception of GM crops... 144 7.4 Non-governmental organisations (NGOs)... 147 7.4.1 NGOs with an interest in GM crops... 147 7.5 Issues and concerns affecting public perception of GM crops... 151 7.5.1 Introduction... 151 7.5.2 GM crops and human health... 151 7.5.3 Contamination... 152 7.5.4 Bt toxin safety... 153 iv www.agra-net.com Commodity Analysis 2013 Informa UK
7.5.5 Bt insect resistance... 153 7.5.6 Containment of GM crops in the environment... 154 7.5.7 Glyphosate resistance... 155 8. Company information... 163 8.1 Summary... 163 8.2 Introduction... 163 8.3 Companies involved in agricultural biotechnology research... 165 8.3.1 AgReliant Genetics... 165 8.3.2 ArborGen... 166 8.3.3 BASF 166 8.3.4 Bayer CropScience... 168 8.3.5 Ceres Biotechnology... 170 8.3.6 Dow AgroSciences... 170 8.3.7 DuPont 172 8.3.8 Evogene 174 8.3.9 Florigene Pty Ltd... 175 8.3.10 KWS SAAT... 176 8.3.11 Limagrain... 177 8.3.12 Mahyco 178 8.3.13 Mendel Biotechnology... 179 8.3.14 Monsanto... 180 8.3.15 Okanagan Specialty Fruits... 184 8.3.16 Origin Agritech... 185 8.3.17 Performance Plants Inc... 185 8.3.18 Rahan Meristem... 187 8.3.19 Senesco Technologies, Inc.... 187 8.3.20 Stine Seed Company... 188 Commodity Analysis 2013 Informa UK www.agra-net.com v