GCE A level 1204/01 GEOGRAPHY G4 Sustainability S16-1204-01 A.M. THURSDAY, 16 June 2016 1 hour 45 minutes ADDITIONAL MATERIALS In addition to this question paper, you will need the Resource Folder and one pink WJEC 20 page answer book, which has been specifically designed for this examination. No other style of answer book should be used. Should you run out of space, use a standard 4 page continuation book. INSTRUCTIONS TO CANDIDATES Use black ink or black ball-point pen. Do not use gel pen or correction fluid. Answer all questions. Write your answers in the separate answer book provided, following the instructions on the front of the answer book. INFORMATION FOR CANDIDATES The number of marks is given in brackets at the end of each question or part-question. You are reminded that assessment will take into account the quality of written communication used in your answers. You are reminded that this paper is synoptic and so will assess your ability to draw on your understanding of the connections between the different aspects of the subject represented in the geography specification. Even where not specifically asked for, you should support your answer with examples and/or case studies. VP*(S16-1204-01)
2 Answer all questions. SECTION A In this section you may use information from the Resource Folder and your own research. 0 1 Describe variations in the growth rates of cities throughout the world. [10] (approximately 13 minutes) 0 2 Outline problems associated with the supply of energy. [10] (approximately 13 minutes) 0 3 Outline the advantages of two alternative sources of energy. [10] (approximately 13 minutes) 0 4 The growth of cities inevitably causes an increase in energy use. Assess how far this is true and its implications for sustainability. [25] (approximately 33 minutes) SECTION B In this section you may use information from any of your studies for AS and A2 Geography as well as from the Resource Folder and your own research. 0 5 Describe ways in which physical factors can limit food production. How far can technological developments overcome these limitations and ensure a sustainable supply of food? [25] (approximately 33 minutes) END OF PAPER (1204-01)
GCE A level 1204/01-A GEOGRAPHY G4 Sustainability S16-1204-01A A.M. THURSDAY, 16 June 2016 Examination copy To be given out at the start of the examination. The pre-release copy must not be used. 1204 01B001 RESOURCE FOLDER ADVICE TO CANDIDATES In this synoptic exercise you will be assessed on your ability to synthesise knowledge and understanding and skills derived from your A level course. You are reminded that assessment will take into account the quality of written communication used in your answers. The main focus of the material in this Resource Folder is related to cities, their growth, their use of energy and on supplies of energy that can be used in cities. VP*(S16-1204-01A)
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3 Contents CHANGING CITIES Page Figure 1 Average annual growth of urban population by country, 2000 2005 4 Figure 2 Figure 3 Actual and projected growth of urban population in more developed regions, less developed regions and the world 4 Selected fastest growing cities in the world with populations over 10 million in 2007 5 Figure 4 Selected cities with low or negative growth rates 5 Figure 5 Population change in Bamako, Mali 6 Figure 6 Population structure of Bamako, 2009 6 Figure 7 Population change in Budapest, Hungary 7 Figure 8 Population structure of Budapest, 2005 7 Figure 9 Relationship between temperature and energy consumption in supermarkets in three cities in the USA 8 Figure 10 Heating degree-days (HDDs) and cooling degree-days (CDDs) 8 Figure 11 Figure 12 Variations in heating and cooling requirements in mainland USA, 1960 2010 9 Predicted changes in heating and cooling degree-days for selected cities by 2080 9 1204 01B003 ENERGY ISSUES Figure 13 Global energy consumption per capita, 2012 10 Figure 14 Expected number of years of indigenous fossil fuels available after 2012 in selected regions 10 Figure 15 Global growth of energy consumption by source, 1987 2012 11 Figure 16 The energy consumption mix of world regions, 2012 11 Figure 17 Alternative sources of energy 12 Figure 18 Percentage of electrical energy produced from alternative sources, 2012 12 Figure 19 Process of producing biofuels 13 Figure 20 Areas where biofuel production increased the risk of deforestation in 2012 14 Figure 21 World solar energy potential 14 Figure 22 Production of solar photovoltaic (PV) energy 15 Figure 23 Costs of generating energy from different sources 16 Sources of information and copyright 17 (1204-01A) Turn over.
4 CHANGING CITIES Figure 1: Average annual growth of urban population by country, 2000 2005 Growth rate of urban population (percentage) < 0.0 0.0 1.4 1.5 2.9 3.0 4.4 4.5 + Source: iph-partnership.org Figure 2: Actual and projected growth of urban population in more developed regions, less developed regions and the world 7 actual growth projected growth 6 Population (billions) 5 4 3 2 1 0 1950 1955 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 Year (1204-01A) 2005 2010 2015 2020 2025 2030 2035 2040 2045 2050 World Less developed regions More developed regions Source: iph-partnership.org
5 Figure 3: Selected fastest growing cities in the world with populations over 10 million in 2007 City Population 1975 (millions) Population 2007 (millions) Annual percentage change 1975 2007 Mexico City 10.7 19.0 1.8 Mumbai 7.1 19.0 3.1 Sao Paulo 9.6 18.8 2.1 Delhi 4.4 15.9 4.0 Shanghai 7.3 15.0 2.2 Dhaka 2.2 13.5 5.6 Karachi 4.0 12.1 3.5 Beijing 6.0 11.1 1.9 Manila 5.0 11.1 2.5 Istanbul 3.6 10.1 3.2 Source: adapted from iph-partnership.org 1204 01B005 Figure 4: Selected cities with low or negative growth rates City Population 1975 (millions) Population 2010 (millions) Annual percentage change 1975 2010 Tokyo 19.8 26.4 0.9 New York 15.9 17.2 0.2 Osaka 9.8 11.0 0.4 Paris 8.9 9.7 0.3 London 8.6 7.6 0.3 Moscow 7.6 9.3 0.6 Rome 2.9 2.7 0.2 Budapest 2.0 1.8 0.3 Pittsburgh 1.8 1.8 0.0 Riga 0.9 0.8 0.3 Sources: adapted from www.demographia.com (1204-01A) Turn over.
6 Figure 5: Population change in Bamako, Mali 2.5 actual projected 2.0 Population (millions) 1.5 1.0 0.5 0 1950 1955 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 Year Source: books.mongabay.com Figure 6: Population structure of Bamako, 2009 Age (years) 75+ 70-74 65-69 60-64 55-59 50-54 45-49 40-44 35-39 30-34 25-29 20-24 15-19 10-14 5-9 0-4 Males Females 200 150 100 50 0 0 50 100 150 200 Population (thousands) Source: mci.ei.columbia.edu (1204-01A)
7 Figure 7: Population change in Budapest, Hungary 2.5 actual projected 2.0 Population (millions) 1.5 1.0 0.5 0 1950 1955 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 Year Source: adapted from books.mongabay.com 1204 01B007 Figure 8: Population structure of Budapest, 2005 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 Age (years) 85+ 80-84 75-79 70-74 65-69 60-64 55-59 50-54 45-49 40-44 35-39 30-34 25-29 20-24 15-19 10-14 5-9 0-4 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 Males Females Population (thousands) Source: fr.academic.ru (1204-01A) Turn over.
8 Figure 9: Relationship between temperature and energy consumption in supermarkets in three cities in the USA 400 350 Portland Energy consumption (kwh) 300 250 200 Phoenix Boulder 150 100 30 20 10 0 10 20 30 40 50 Temperature maximum of the day ( C) Source: adapted from earthgauge.net Figure 10: Heating degree-days (HDDs) and cooling degree-days (CDDs) Residential energy demand can be gauged by degree-days. A degree-day is the difference between a day s average temperature and 65 F (65 F = 18 C). Heating degree-days (HDDs) are measured when the temperature is below 65 F. For example, if the day s average temperature was 55 F, the HDD would equal 10 (65 55 = 10 ). A 30-day month of similar conditions would mean HDD equals 300. Cooling degree-days (CDDs) work the same way, but are for temperatures over 65 F. An average temperature of 75 F would mean CDD equals 10. Source: adapted from earthgauge.net (1204-01A)
9 Figure 11: Variations in heating and cooling requirements in mainland USA, 1960 2010 Climate Zones Zone 1 is less than 2,000 CDD and greater than 7,000 HDD Zone 2 is less than 2,000 CDD and between 5,500 and 7,000 HDD Zone 3 is less than 2,000 CDD and between 4,000 and 5,499 HDD Zone 4 is less than 2,000 CDD and less than 4,000 HDD 1204 01B009 Zone 5 is 2,000 CDD or more and less than 4,000 HDD Source: earthgauge.net 7 000 Figure 12: Predicted changes in heating and cooling degree-days for selected cities by 2080 6 000 Degree-days 5 000 4 000 3 000 2 000 1 000 0 Cooling degree-days Historical Lower emissions Higher emissions Heating degree-days Historical Lower emissions Higher emissions New York Chicago Dallas Los Angeles Source: adapted from epa.gov The estimates above are based on an expectation of a rise in temperature from climate change. It shows two predictions, one where increases in emissions are lower than in the past, and one where emissions increase at higher rates. (1204-01A) Turn over.
10 ENERGY ISSUES Figure 13: Global energy consumption per capita, 2012 Tonnes of oil equivalent, per capita 0 1.5 1.6 3.0 3.1 4.5 4.6 6.0 > 6.0 Source: bp.com Figure 14: Expected number of years of indigenous fossil fuels available after 2012 in selected regions 400 300 Oil Natural Gas Coal 400 300 Years 200 200 Years 100 100 0 OECD Non-OECD European Union Former Soviet Union 0 Source: bp.com (1204-01A)
11 Figure 15: Global growth of energy consumption by source, 1987 2012 Percentage 100 Coal Other renewables Hydroelectricity Nuclear energy Natural gas Oil 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 Year 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 Figure 16: The energy consumption mix of world regions, 2012 13 000 12 000 11 000 10 000 9 000 8 000 7 000 6 000 5 000 4 000 3 000 2 000 1 000 0 Million tonnes of oil equivalent (MTOE) Source: bp.com 100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 Percentage 0 North America South and Central America Europe and Eurasia Middle East Africa Asia Pacific 0 Coal Other renewables Hydroelectricity Nuclear energy Natural gas Oil Source: bp.com (1204-01A) Turn over.
12 Figure 17: Alternative sources of energy Radiation reflected at outer atmosphere Solar Radiation Hydrological cycle: Evaporation - Precipitation Hydroelectricity Radiation Solar thermal Photovoltaics Ocean thermal Heat from within the earth Geothermal energy Gravitational forces from moon and sun Photosynthesis Biomass Convection Wind energy Wave energy Ocean tides Tidal energy Source: adapted from greenrhinoenergy.com Figure 18: Percentage of electrical energy produced from alternative sources, 2012 Percentage 90 100 80 89.9 70 79.9 60 69.9 50 59.9 40 49.9 30 39.9 20 29.9 10 19.9 0 9.9 No data Source: www.geocurrents.info (1204-01A)
13 Figure 19: Process of producing biofuels Solar Energy and Carbon Dioxide Biomass Harvesting Carbon Dioxide Pre-processing Carbon Dioxide Enzymes break cellulose down into sugars Cellulose Sugars Biofuels Carbon Dioxide Carbon Dioxide Microbes ferment sugars into ethanol Carbon Dioxide Source: whyfiles.org (1204-01A) Turn over.
14 Figure 20: Areas where biofuel production increased the risk of deforestation in 2012 Nicaragua Bolivia Brazil Nigeria North Korea Cambodia Papua New Guinea Extreme risk High risk Medium risk Low risk No data DR Congo Indonesia Source: maplecroft.com Figure 21: World solar energy potential Annual average solar radiation in kwh/m 2 2 201 2 500 1 901 2 200 1 601 1 900 1 301 1 600 1 001 1 300 701 1 000 400 700 Tropic of Cancer Equator Tropic of Capricorn Source: micro-hydro-power.com (1204-01A)
15 Figure 22: Production of solar photovoltaic (PV) energy Energy source: Sunlight sends as much as 1,000 watts per square metre of energy to the Earth s surface Energy use: Electricity can be used for lighting and other purposes Photovoltaic modules Sold to power utilities Photovoltaic cells Energy conversion: PV cells capture sunlight Energy inversion and conditioning: The energy is converted to electricity Energy storage: Electricity is sent to batteries to power a building Energy distribution: Excess electricity can be stored for future use or sold to utilities Sold to power utilities Source: adapted from solarenergyprosandcons.com (1204-01A) Turn over.
16 Figure 23: Costs of generating energy from different sources Source Cost per MWh (US$) CO2 per MWh (kg) Coal 85.6 888 Oil 90.8 735 Natural gas 66.3 500 Nuclear 96.1 28 Biomass 102.6 45 Wind 80.3 26 Solar photovoltaic 130.0 85 Hydroelectric 84.5 26 1 tonne = 1 000 kilograms (kg) Source: adapted from www.eon-uk.com www.eia.gov www.world-nuclear.org (1204-01A)
17 Sources of information and copyright Figures 1-3 Figure 4 Figure 5 Figure 6 Figure 7 Figure 8 Figures 9-11 Figure 12 http://iph-partnership.org/index.php?title=urbanisation_and_the_future_of_phc http://www.demographia.com/db-intlcityloss.htm http://books.mongabay.com/population_estimates/full/bamako-mali.html http://mci.ei.columbia.edu/millennium-cities/bamako-mali/bamako-population-data/ http://mci.ei.columbia.edu/research-publications/population-data/bamako-population http://books.mongabay.com/population_estimates/full/budapest-hungary.html http://fr.academic.ru/pictures/frwiki/80/population_pyramid_of_budapest.png http://www.earthgauge.net/wp-content/cf_weather_and_energy.pdf http://www3.epa.gov/climatechange/impacts/energy.html Figures 13-16 http://www.bp.com/content/dam/bp/pdf/statistical-review/statistical_review_of_world_ energy_2013.pdf Figure 17 Figure 18 Figure 19 Figure 20 Figure 21 Figure 22 Figure 23 http://greenrhinoenergy.com/renewable/ http://www.geocurrents.info/geonotes/mapping-renewable-electricity-generation http://whyfiles.org/2010/biofuel-advance/ http://maplecroft.com/portfolio/new-analysis/2012/01/02/maplecrofts-deforestationindex/ http://www.micro-hydro-power.com/solar-powered-water-pumping.htm http://solarenergyprosandcons.com/solar-energy/solar-panels-and-how-they-work http://www.eon-uk.com/energyexperience/853.htm http://www.eia.gov/forecasts/aeo/pdf/electricity_generation.pdf http://www.world-nuclear.org/uploadedfiles/org/wna/publications/working_group_ Reports/comparison_of_lifecycle.pdf (1204-01A)
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GCE A level 1204/01-B GEOGRAPHY G4 Sustainability S16-1204-01B Pre-Release Material for examination on 16 June 2016. To be opened on receipt. A new copy of this Folder will be given out in the examination. 1204 01B001 RESOURCE FOLDER INSTRUCTIONS TO CANDIDATES A new copy of this Folder will be given out in the examination. This copy must not be taken into the examination. Work through this Folder to make sure you understand all the resources. You may seek help from your teachers or any other sources in this context. You have to apply your critical understanding to an unfamiliar situation. ADVICE TO CANDIDATES The materials in this Folder provide information on cities, their growth, their use of energy, and on supplies of energy that can be used in cities. VP*(S16-1204-01B-001)
2 Guidelines for using the pre-release materials The contents of the booklet should be studied carefully. The examples given will help in answering some of the questions on the question paper. To give a fuller answer, it is advisable to look at other material before the examination. This could be similar topics, related to information in other countries, or may be the same countries but in greater depth or on closely related topics. It would be particularly useful to note if other case studies seem similar in nature, or if they show contrasting perspectives to those from the material in this Resource Folder. Some of the resource materials come from Geography textbooks, but others come from companies, pressure groups, research organisations, governments and private individuals. In some cases they are using information to promote their own interests rather than to represent an impartial view. It is worth considering if they are trying to support a particular interest group and persuade readers to agree with them. In finding other materials, it is worth bearing in mind that they might not be presented in an impartial and objective way. Material in the Resource Folder may often be related to other themes found in G4, and to other units in Geography AS and A2. These links should be noted, as there will be opportunities to refer to such connections with other work in some of your answers. Being able to link together different parts of your Geography studies is important and will be credited. Such linkages are sometimes referred to as synopticity. Textbooks, journals, good quality newspapers and television and radio programmes are good sources of information. Probably the most accessible source of geographical information is the Internet, but it is also the one which may be most susceptible to bias and lack of impartiality. Many of the resources are extracted or adapted from sources on the Internet. These sources have the web addresses provided only for copyright reasons. Many are only extracts or shortened versions of fuller documents and some may be inaccessible by the date of the release of this Resource Folder. Following some of these links for greater depth of reading and for more recent updates of material can be helpful but is not essential. It is not the intention that by providing these web addresses every one listed is researched. Each candidate will be provided with a copy of the Resource Folder, for use in the examination, at the same time as the question paper is issued at the beginning of the examination on the day set for the paper. Copies of the Resource Folder with added notes, or notes from research carried out in the previous six weeks, may not be taken into the examination. (1204-01B-001)
3 Contents CHANGING CITIES Page Figure 1 Average annual growth of urban population by country, 2000 2005 4 Figure 2 Figure 3 Actual and projected growth of urban population in more developed regions, less developed regions and the world 4 Selected fastest growing cities in the world with populations over 10 million in 2007 5 Figure 4 Selected cities with low or negative growth rates 5 Figure 5 Population change in Bamako, Mali 6 Figure 6 Population structure of Bamako, 2009 6 Figure 7 Population change in Budapest, Hungary 7 Figure 8 Population structure of Budapest, 2005 7 Figure 9 Relationship between temperature and energy consumption in supermarkets in three cities in the USA 8 Figure 10 Heating degree-days (HDDs) and cooling degree-days (CDDs) 8 Figure 11 Figure 12 Variations in heating and cooling requirements in mainland USA, 1960 2010 9 Predicted changes in heating and cooling degree-days for selected cities by 2080 9 1204 01B003 ENERGY ISSUES Figure 13 Global energy consumption per capita, 2012 10 Figure 14 Expected number of years of indigenous fossil fuels available after 2012 in selected regions 10 Figure 15 Global growth of energy consumption by source, 1987 2012 11 Figure 16 The energy consumption mix of world regions, 2012 11 Figure 17 Alternative sources of energy 12 Figure 18 Percentage of electrical energy produced from alternative sources, 2012 12 Figure 19 Process of producing biofuels 13 Figure 20 Areas where biofuel production increased the risk of deforestation in 2012 14 Figure 21 World solar energy potential 14 Figure 22 Production of solar photovoltaic (PV) energy 15 Figure 23 Costs of generating energy from different sources 16 Sources of information and copyright 17 (1204-01B-001) Turn over.
4 CHANGING CITIES Figure 1: Average annual growth of urban population by country, 2000 2005 Growth rate of urban population (percentage) < 0.0 0.0 1.4 1.5 2.9 3.0 4.4 4.5 + Source: iph-partnership.org Figure 2: Actual and projected growth of urban population in more developed regions, less developed regions and the world 7 actual growth projected growth 6 Population (billions) 5 4 3 2 1 0 1950 1955 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 Year (1204-01B-001) 2005 2010 2015 2020 2025 2030 2035 2040 2045 2050 World Less developed regions More developed regions Source: iph-partnership.org
5 Figure 3: Selected fastest growing cities in the world with populations over 10 million in 2007 City Population 1975 (millions) Population 2007 (millions) Annual percentage change 1975 2007 Mexico City 10.7 19.0 1.8 Mumbai 7.1 19.0 3.1 Sao Paulo 9.6 18.8 2.1 Delhi 4.4 15.9 4.0 Shanghai 7.3 15.0 2.2 Dhaka 2.2 13.5 5.6 Karachi 4.0 12.1 3.5 Beijing 6.0 11.1 1.9 Manila 5.0 11.1 2.5 Istanbul 3.6 10.1 3.2 Source: adapted from iph-partnership.org 1204 01B005 Figure 4: Selected cities with low or negative growth rates City Population 1975 (millions) Population 2010 (millions) Annual percentage change 1975 2010 Tokyo 19.8 26.4 0.9 New York 15.9 17.2 0.2 Osaka 9.8 11.0 0.4 Paris 8.9 9.7 0.3 London 8.6 7.6 0.3 Moscow 7.6 9.3 0.6 Rome 2.9 2.7 0.2 Budapest 2.0 1.8 0.3 Pittsburgh 1.8 1.8 0.0 Riga 0.9 0.8 0.3 Sources: adapted from www.demographia.com (1204-01B-001) Turn over.
6 Figure 5: Population change in Bamako, Mali 2.5 actual projected 2.0 Population (millions) 1.5 1.0 0.5 0 1950 1955 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 Year Source: books.mongabay.com Figure 6: Population structure of Bamako, 2009 Age (years) 75+ 70-74 65-69 60-64 55-59 50-54 45-49 40-44 35-39 30-34 25-29 20-24 15-19 10-14 5-9 0-4 Males Females 200 150 100 50 0 0 50 100 150 200 Population (thousands) Source: mci.ei.columbia.edu (1204-01B-001)
7 Figure 7: Population change in Budapest, Hungary 2.5 actual projected 2.0 Population (millions) 1.5 1.0 0.5 0 1950 1955 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 Year Source: adapted from books.mongabay.com 1204 01B007 Figure 8: Population structure of Budapest, 2005 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 Age (years) 85+ 80-84 75-79 70-74 65-69 60-64 55-59 50-54 45-49 40-44 35-39 30-34 25-29 20-24 15-19 10-14 5-9 0-4 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 Males Females Population (thousands) Source: fr.academic.ru (1204-01B-001) Turn over.
8 Figure 9: Relationship between temperature and energy consumption in supermarkets in three cities in the USA 400 350 Portland Energy consumption (kwh) 300 250 200 Phoenix Boulder 150 100 30 20 10 0 10 20 30 40 50 Temperature maximum of the day ( C) Source: adapted from earthgauge.net Figure 10: Heating degree-days (HDDs) and cooling degree-days (CDDs) Residential energy demand can be gauged by degree-days. A degree-day is the difference between a day s average temperature and 65 F (65 F = 18 C). Heating degree-days (HDDs) are measured when the temperature is below 65 F. For example, if the day s average temperature was 55 F, the HDD would equal 10 (65 55 = 10 ). A 30-day month of similar conditions would mean HDD equals 300. Cooling degree-days (CDDs) work the same way, but are for temperatures over 65 F. An average temperature of 75 F would mean CDD equals 10. Source: adapted from earthgauge.net (1204-01B-001)
9 Figure 11: Variations in heating and cooling requirements in mainland USA, 1960 2010 Climate Zones Zone 1 is less than 2,000 CDD and greater than 7,000 HDD Zone 2 is less than 2,000 CDD and between 5,500 and 7,000 HDD Zone 3 is less than 2,000 CDD and between 4,000 and 5,499 HDD Zone 4 is less than 2,000 CDD and less than 4,000 HDD 1204 01B009 Zone 5 is 2,000 CDD or more and less than 4,000 HDD Source: earthgauge.net 7 000 Figure 12: Predicted changes in heating and cooling degree-days for selected cities by 2080 6 000 Degree-days 5 000 4 000 3 000 2 000 1 000 0 Cooling degree-days Historical Lower emissions Higher emissions Heating degree-days Historical Lower emissions Higher emissions New York Chicago Dallas Los Angeles Source: adapted from epa.gov The estimates above are based on an expectation of a rise in temperature from climate change. It shows two predictions, one where increases in emissions are lower than in the past, and one where emissions increase at higher rates. (1204-01B-001) Turn over.
10 ENERGY ISSUES Figure 13: Global energy consumption per capita, 2012 Tonnes of oil equivalent, per capita 0 1.5 1.6 3.0 3.1 4.5 4.6 6.0 > 6.0 Source: bp.com Figure 14: Expected number of years of indigenous fossil fuels available after 2012 in selected regions 400 300 Oil Natural Gas Coal 400 300 Years 200 200 Years 100 100 0 OECD Non-OECD European Union Former Soviet Union 0 Source: bp.com (1204-01B-001)
11 Figure 15: Global growth of energy consumption by source, 1987 2012 Percentage 100 Coal Other renewables Hydroelectricity Nuclear energy Natural gas Oil 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 Year 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 Figure 16: The energy consumption mix of world regions, 2012 13 000 12 000 11 000 10 000 9 000 8 000 7 000 6 000 5 000 4 000 3 000 2 000 1 000 0 Million tonnes of oil equivalent (MTOE) Source: bp.com 100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 Percentage 0 North America South and Central America Europe and Eurasia Middle East Africa Asia Pacific 0 Coal Other renewables Hydroelectricity Nuclear energy Natural gas Oil Source: bp.com (1204-01B-001) Turn over.
12 Figure 17: Alternative sources of energy Radiation reflected at outer atmosphere Solar Radiation Hydrological cycle: Evaporation - Precipitation Hydroelectricity Radiation Solar thermal Photovoltaics Ocean thermal Heat from within the earth Geothermal energy Gravitational forces from moon and sun Photosynthesis Biomass Convection Wind energy Wave energy Ocean tides Tidal energy Source: adapted from greenrhinoenergy.com Figure 18: Percentage of electrical energy produced from alternative sources, 2012 Percentage 90 100 80 89.9 70 79.9 60 69.9 50 59.9 40 49.9 30 39.9 20 29.9 10 19.9 0 9.9 No data Source: www.geocurrents.info (1204-01B-001)
13 Figure 19: Process of producing biofuels Solar Energy and Carbon Dioxide Biomass Harvesting Carbon Dioxide Pre-processing Carbon Dioxide Enzymes break cellulose down into sugars Cellulose Sugars Biofuels Carbon Dioxide Carbon Dioxide Microbes ferment sugars into ethanol Carbon Dioxide Source: whyfiles.org (1204-01B-001) Turn over.
14 Figure 20: Areas where biofuel production increased the risk of deforestation in 2012 Nicaragua Bolivia Brazil Nigeria North Korea Cambodia Papua New Guinea Extreme risk High risk Medium risk Low risk No data DR Congo Indonesia Source: maplecroft.com Figure 21: World solar energy potential Annual average solar radiation in kwh/m 2 2 201 2 500 1 901 2 200 1 601 1 900 1 301 1 600 1 001 1 300 701 1 000 400 700 Tropic of Cancer Equator Tropic of Capricorn Source: micro-hydro-power.com (1204-01B-001)
15 Figure 22: Production of solar photovoltaic (PV) energy Energy source: Sunlight sends as much as 1,000 watts per square metre of energy to the Earth s surface Energy use: Electricity can be used for lighting and other purposes Photovoltaic modules Sold to power utilities Photovoltaic cells Energy conversion: PV cells capture sunlight Energy inversion and conditioning: The energy is converted to electricity Energy storage: Electricity is sent to batteries to power a building Energy distribution: Excess electricity can be stored for future use or sold to utilities Sold to power utilities Source: adapted from solarenergyprosandcons.com (1204-01B-001) Turn over.
16 Figure 23: Costs of generating energy from different sources Source Cost per MWh (US$) CO2 per MWh (kg) Coal 85.6 888 Oil 90.8 735 Natural gas 66.3 500 Nuclear 96.1 28 Biomass 102.6 45 Wind 80.3 26 Solar photovoltaic 130.0 85 Hydroelectric 84.5 26 1 tonne = 1 000 kilograms (kg) Source: adapted from www.eon-uk.com www.eia.gov www.world-nuclear.org (1204-01B-001)
17 Sources of information and copyright Figures 1-3 Figure 4 Figure 5 Figure 6 Figure 7 Figure 8 Figures 9-11 Figure 12 http://iph-partnership.org/index.php?title=urbanisation_and_the_future_of_phc http://www.demographia.com/db-intlcityloss.htm http://books.mongabay.com/population_estimates/full/bamako-mali.html http://mci.ei.columbia.edu/millennium-cities/bamako-mali/bamako-population-data/ http://mci.ei.columbia.edu/research-publications/population-data/bamako-population http://books.mongabay.com/population_estimates/full/budapest-hungary.html http://fr.academic.ru/pictures/frwiki/80/population_pyramid_of_budapest.png http://www.earthgauge.net/wp-content/cf_weather_and_energy.pdf http://www3.epa.gov/climatechange/impacts/energy.html Figures 13-16 http://www.bp.com/content/dam/bp/pdf/statistical-review/statistical_review_of_world_ energy_2013.pdf Figure 17 Figure 18 Figure 19 Figure 20 Figure 21 Figure 22 Figure 23 http://greenrhinoenergy.com/renewable/ http://www.geocurrents.info/geonotes/mapping-renewable-electricity-generation http://whyfiles.org/2010/biofuel-advance/ http://maplecroft.com/portfolio/new-analysis/2012/01/02/maplecrofts-deforestationindex/ http://www.micro-hydro-power.com/solar-powered-water-pumping.htm http://solarenergyprosandcons.com/solar-energy/solar-panels-and-how-they-work http://www.eon-uk.com/energyexperience/853.htm http://www.eia.gov/forecasts/aeo/pdf/electricity_generation.pdf http://www.world-nuclear.org/uploadedfiles/org/wna/publications/working_group_ Reports/comparison_of_lifecycle.pdf (1204-01B-001)
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