Decommissioning in France Policy & Strategies Lessons learned Focus on CEA. J.G. Nokhamzon CEA/DADN

Decommissioning in France Policy & Strategies Lessons learned Focus on CEA J.G. Nokhamzon CEA/DADN 1

Summary DD & R and waste management within CEA DEN Programs perimeter in CEA s DD & R activities CEA objectives and strategy DD & R programs Costs & financing Waste CEA R&D in DD & R 2

Operators / Producers ANDRA Main French Nuclear Actors Contractors NP, NC Control AREVA Group CEA Defense EDF Hospitals Nuclear safety authority ASN Technical support Nuclear safety and radioprotection IRSN Industries Universities 3

The french legal framework Regulatory framework permanent evolution since 1963 TSN Law (Transparency & Nuclear Safety) Waste Law Technical Obligations : PNGMDR*, decrees, regulator authority prescriptions Waste management Dismantling Decrees Public Inquiries Exhaustive clean up criteria, end state Financial Obligations : Art. 20 waste law June 2006 Radioactive waste and materials management National Plan Accountancy provisions for complete future clean up burden expenses : settling (2002) dedicated fund based on Areva assets External cost control Committee (forecast/implementation) Follow up Committees reporting to Board of Directors Dedicated financial and reporting computing tools (forecast & follow up) Annual reports submit to external assessments (auditors) 4

France s main nuclear sites CEA, EDF, ANDRA, AREVA Gravelines Reactors In Operation Fuel Cycle Facilities (enrichment, fabrication, reprocessing) Waste Storages Nuclear Research Centres Laboratories 300 MWe 900 MWe P W R 1300 MWe 1450 MWe Gas Graphite Brennillis (Monts d Arrée) H W G C R F B R La Hague Flamanville Chinon C S M Paluel Caen Civaux Penly St-Laurent Fontenay-aux-Roses Orsay DIF Dampierre Belleville Chooz Soulaines-Dhuys CSA CSTFA Nogent Valduc Cattenom Strasbourg Fessenheim Shutdown Decommissioning in progress Under construction EPR 1650 MWe Cesta Blayais Gramat Golfech St Alban Cruas Bugey Creys-Malville Veurey-Voroize Grenoble Romans Tricastin Marcoule Cadarache 5

DD & R : Strategy Immediate and total dismantling of shutdown facility is recommended by French Safety authority, will be performed by CEA if possible/reasonable: safety control, operating, maintenance cost optimization, fall off operating staff,. Specific cases will follow deferred dismantling: short lived radio nuclides, technico economical optimum, End state : all nuclear material, wastes and dangerous substances evacuated If impossible: decommissioning with industrial or state constraints associated to localized hot spots, ICPE nucléaire. Solid and liquid waste : minimization, optimization of categorization (VLLW, LLW, LLW-LL, ILW-LL, HLW), on line evacuation Research of technico economical optimization (clean up stage, recycling, reuse, ) Pluri annual cost planning (accounting provisions, dedicated funds) 6

EDF s DD&R Program 9 first generation units under deconstruction 1 pressurised water reactor (PWR) Chooz Chooz A (300MW) : 1967-1991 1 heavy water reactor (HWR) Paris Brennilis (70 MW) : 1967-1985 (EDF/CEA) Brennilis 6 gas-graphite reactors (GGR) Chinon A1 (70MW) : 1963-1973 Loire Chinon St-Laurent Chinon A2 (200MW) : 1965-1985 Chinon A3 (480MW) : 1966-1990 Saint-Laurent A1 (480MW) : 1969-1990 Vienne Bugey Rhône Creys- Malville Saint-Laurent A2 (515MW) : 1971-1992 Bugey 1 (540MW) : 1972-1994 1 fast breeder reactor (FBR) Creys-Malville (1240MW) : 1986-1997 7

EDF DD & R program under deconstruction 9 NPP s first generation GGR Chinon A St Laurent A Bugey 1 Chooz A PWR Creys Malville FBR Brennilis HWGCR 8

Industrial organisation 9

Cogema s Decommissioning Programme UP2 400 Reprocessing Facility (LH) Gas graphite ponds, Extraction, Dissolution, Extraction, Purification, HAO, retrieval of historical wastes AT 1 10

Cogema s Decommissioning Programme UP2 400 Reprocessing Facility (LH) 11

CEA Nuclear Energy Division : What is at stakes Nuclear Energy Participating to future nuclear developments Supporting present nuclear activities (industry) Clean up Dismantling Waste management D&D obsoletes nuclear facilities (end of live) Waste Management Valorisation Nuclear propulsion, nuclear industrial applications fusion equipments, facilities operation (reactors, labs),.. Nuclear education & training 12

CEA DEN s DD & R perimeter Past On work STE FAR Future RM2, Bât. 18 OSIRIS INB 21 SILOETTE SILOETTE LHA, ULYSSE APM, APM Saclay Fontenay-aux- Roses Marcoule Grenoble MELUSINE, SILOE LAMA, STED Cadarache PHENIX HARMONIE UP1 RAPSODIE, PHEBUS CFCa Cryotraitement, ATUE, STED Laboratories or workshops Others Reactors 13

Civilian s spent fuel & historical waste Spent fuel from CEA R & D Test reactors cores & Experimental fuels Strategy : 1. Processing in La Hague : Orphée, Osiris,. 2. If no possible : Storage before disposal : CASCAD or CARES 3. Old storages : removal & processing through ISAI Marcoule or STAR at Cadarache to respect storages specifications or La Hague : SAFE Storage in CASCAD Historical wastes Priorities : Safety Main programs : Organic liquids : treatment CIGEO Solid wastes : CAD INB 56 + Pégase : Safe storage 14

CEA s DD & R uniqueness Huge diversity of facilities : Reactors: pond, fast breeders, gas graphite CO 2 cooled, Accelerators and irradiators Laboratories, workshops, fuel cycle processing units Effluent treatment stations STEDs & storages No scale and series effects : as for NPP s or Gaseous diffusion plant Diverse sizes : Reactor : Ulysse INSTN Phénix Labs : LAMA, bat 18 FAR, APM, UP1 History and traceability of R & D facilities, as built drawings? Chemical processing of SF : high potentially contaminated areas Waste diversity Historical nuclear research centers : FAR, SAC, MAR, 15

DD & R At stakes, Objectives Back end and front end fuel cycle for sustainable nuclear management : Dismantling of shutdown nuclear facilities INB Retrieval, repackaging, conditioning & storage of historical spent fuel and waste Waste removal to disposal / storage Safety, cost and delay are the main objectives driven DD&R programs Main priorities: End of Grenoble Centre denuclearization, FAR Centre cleaning and dismantling, Marcoule : UP1 & Phénix dismantling Other DD & R programs are carefully driven taking care of : Respecting : projects end dates given by decrees, main safety objectives proposed by CEA to safety authorities, Control of facilities operating costs Project management (costs & delays) 16

CEA s Strategy Regulatory framework : TSN (Transparency and Nuclear Safety) & «Wastes» Law PNGMDR, decrees, ASN prescriptions Waste management, Final cleaning end state Dismantling decrees & Public inquiries June 2006 Immediate and total dismantling of shutdown facility is recommended by French Safety authority, will be performed by CEA if possible/reasonable: safety control, operating, maintenance cost optimization, fall off operating staff,. Specific cases will follow deferred dismantling : short lived radionuclides, technico economical optimum, (Ex : RAPSODIE Na reactor) End state : all nuclear material, waste and dangerous substances evacuated (Radioactive, chemicals, ). If impossible: decommissioning with industrial or state constraints associated to localized hot spots Solid and liquid waste : minimization, categorization, on line evacuation Research of technico economical optimization (clean up stage, recycling, reuse, ) 17

DD & R FAR STED RM2 (Blg 52.2) : Old radio metallurgical fuel examination lab (1959-1982) INB 165 Process facility Decrees June, 30 th, 2006 imposed end of dismantling works : Blg 18 : Old radiochemical lab & transuranic production (1957-1995) INB 165 process : < mid 2017, INB166 support : < mid 2018 CEA Strategy : Site denuclearization and clean up ASAP, to reduce nuclear risk for this centre enclosed in urban area Redeployment of free surfaces to future activities (DSV Live Science Directorate) 18

DD & R Fontenay aux Roses center Numerous significant advances : Reduction source term: alpha remaining activity lees than 8% of the initial one 2009 : sucking out tank B PETRUS line liquids 115 GB / 134 & 7 Shielded Cells /18 Dismantled, Difficulties : complexity, waste removal, techniques, contracting, higher contamination 2010 : Scenario revision : Reinforcement CEA staff, New industrial scheme Hold deadlines decrees where it is feasible, if not decree extension D écre t 200 6 RM2 R Am é na g em ents DE M D DEM Tra nc he s 1, 2, 3 Bât. 18 Relevag e PE TR US Am én ag. DE M PE TRUS A D EM T 4 & T1 D Déc la ssem ent 2000-200 9 20 10-201 4 20 15-201 9 2 020-20 2 4 2 0 25-203 0 STED E xp lo itation S TED E va cuatio n dé ch ets (p rog. G F DM ) DE M Ca ract. Site. Ass ainissem ent? Dé classt Déclas sem ent 19

DD & R Grenoble center Siloette Evacuation combustible DEM Equipts. DEM Mélusine DEM Equipts. DEM / ASS Siloé DEM Equipts. DEM / ASS LAMA Exploitation R&D puis soutien DEM Equipts. DEM / ASS 2000-2004 2005-2009 2010-2014 STED Exploit.INB 36 Soutien DEM Equipts. DEM / ASS Evacuation déchets HA INB 79 Etat radiologique site Déclassement End of first main denuclearization of a whole site Cost at termination respected Decommissioning of INB within the TSN law framework => Some discussions with ASN about Mélusine & Siloé Detailed feedback experience of this project must be used in other projects 20

Grenoble : Siloe reactor Before Now 21

Grenoble : Activated Materials Analysis Lab Before Now 22

Grenoble : Waste treatment Facility D&D Before Now 23

Marcoule civilian INB dismantling APM (INBS) : Blg. 211 : Processing (1962-1994), Blg 214 : head end (1983-97) Blg. 211 : Pilot DIS works, Safety Report DIS: end Blg. 214 : Priority given to Phénix spent fuel removal, Pilot DIS works and preparatory fittings for DIS Marcoule PHENIX (1970-2009) : Refurbishment cell CEI in then fuel removal to La Hague Work done OPMAD using operating staff Big components removal to ANDRA VLLW disposal Isolating and permanent electricity installation IPE Preparation and exhaustive emptying of Na from secondary loops Milestone : Safety Report DIS in (-> decree in 2013) + Stress test CEA DEN DADN 24

Marcoule UP1 D&D Program UP1programme objectives Letter MINEFI (2004) : CEA s frame & objectives Joint venture protocol GIE CODEM (EDF-CEA-AREVA) : project perimeter and final end state (1996) 6 projects DEM Decladding & Plants DEM PF storages & Vitrification Facility RCD Bitumen + others DEM support workshops Strategy : DIS operations ASAP with exploitation staff Improve safety condition (diminishing source term) Drop down operating costs SENEX Removal A (L&MLW) & TFA (VLLW) waste immediately to disposal Removal B (M&LWLL) & C (HLW) waste as later as possible : Taking in account ANDRA future disposal sites availability In respect law commitments and safety authority requirements 25

UP1 Program, main planning scenario 2010 2005-2009 2010-2014 2015-2019 2020-2024 2025-2029 2030-2034 2035-2039 2040-2050 DEGAINAGE Decladding DEM phase 1 DEM phase 2 RCD DEM 2 Chemical plant USINE DEM 1 DEM 2 Vitrification AVM Operation Exploitation DEM 1 D2 SPF FP storages Rinsing Rincages DEM 1 D2 RCD BITUME Bitumen waste recovery RCD HORS BITUME Waste recovery ZN RCD Casemates 1 & 2 Vaults C3 à C8 Plant Usine Zone nord C9 à C14 North Zone Support facilities ATELIERS SUPPORTS Evacuation colis MAVL & FAVL Waste packages removal DEM 1 DEM 2 Huge Program, numerous significant advances Difficulties : complexity, waste removal, techniques : 2010 : Scenario revision : New industrial scheme 26

Cost & Financing June 2006 Regulatory framework : TSN Law(Transparency and Nuclear Safety) «Wastes» Law Financial obligations: Art. 20 waste law Future financial DD & R burden must be must totally charged : settling of 2 dedicated funds Control committees (forecasting/execution) Dedicated tools for financial forecasting and reporting Annual reports, submitted to external reviews Three-yearly report 2010 Civilian fund : 2001, Defense Fund : 2005 National Nuclear Politic Committee Council February, 12 th, 2010 : => Guarantees about funding Agreement signed between State and CEA October, 19 th, 2010 Amounts : 500 to 600 M per year TOTAL : > 10 B 27

Nuclear waste Most part of waste is generated by DD & R programs Waste management costs represent ~ 30% of project cost MLAW FMA : Industrial route : CSM and CSA since beginning 90 Producers effort : no saturation, FA Pb recycling inside CEA FAVL : law : MSA 2013 - standby process Perpetuate on site storages No graphite disposal. No graphite storages => Postpone D&D programs MAHAVL : DIS program & storages dimensioned using hypothesis in CIGEO commissioning in 2025. If postponed : 1. Programs continuation DIS & RCD + storages setting up? or 2. DIS & RCD programs postponed? 28

CEA Strategy : VLLW «TFA» wastes Total Volumes VLLW TFA Total CEA : ~ 15 à 20 000 m 3 /y Civilian + Defence + Historical More than 50% of ANDRA acceptance CSTFA : Open : 2003, Industrial way 2010 : 27 % total capacity => 2026 : full Priority GRENOBLE & FONTENAY D&D + Historical VLLW Increase discharge + TFA interim storages Volume optimization, recycling (PNGMDR ): => what is technico economical optimum? Diminishing production : Waste zoning of importance, Final state for D&D program?, TFA stay on nuclear sites? Exemption criteria for VLLW wastes?? 20000 15000 10000 5000 0 VLLW to CSTFA (m3) 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 Trench CSTFA DIS GRE Siloé 29

Mg sleeves UP1 R&D for DD & R programs Objectives (safer, faster, cheaper, smarter) o Reduce cost, dose uptake, waste and improve work safety & security, o Promote DIS feedback experience, develop and help industrial sector Innovative technologies mainly : Tools for DD & R : Robotics, remote handling, cutting, decon, measures Processes : Waste conditioning Liquid effluents treatments + Basic R&D in support (radiolysis, ) Aspilaser Partnership and contracts with companies interested in using it, Funding CEA & Industrials (AREVA, EDF,.) Robot Maestro Virtual assistancy Narvéos CNE 23 mars 30 30

Overview of R&D activities in DD & R at CEA : CEA R&D CEA D&D CEA D&D CEA Formation CEA Expert Needs? R&D Technical feasibility Industrial feasibility Industrial qualification Industrial use (CEA) Out side CEA Industrial use Robotics Laser cutting ARO Virtual work Maestro, Cyberia Euriware AO Remote handling Measurement Deconta. R&D upstream LIBS CO2 SC Electrodec. α β γ measurements + Géostatistics Foams Aspilaser Waste treatment conditioning Effluents : plasma, OHT Concrete embedding Thermal treatments : Vitrification Na 31

Conclusion CEA DD & R Programs Very important mission of CEA Nuclear Energy Division Framework : 2006 laws Huge program : Nuclear facilities on 5 nuclear centers, > 10 G, 2010 : Scenarios revisions, Grenoble : end of first main denuclearization of a whole site. Fundings guaranteed by French state Wastes : Very large amount of different waste >> R&D, Importance of final ANDRA storages date of commissioning, VLLW TFA : optimization and decrease of amount needed. R&D : Reduce cost, dose, waste & improve safety & security, 4 axes today : D&D tools, measurement, deconta, waste treatment 4 Special roles for CEA : D&D, R&D, formation, Expert : promote feedback experience, help industrial sector 32

Thank you for your attention. Any questions? 33