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Safety Management questions will account for 23% or 46 questions of the ASP exam. This lesson will help in preparing you for those questions, to include several review and sample questions for practice. 2
Research indicates that new employees are significantly more prone to work related accidents (Burt, 2015). Generally, injuries and illnesses that result from an event or exposure on the employer s premises are considered work related. If the injury or illness results solely from voluntary participation in a wellness program or in a medical, fitness, or recreational activity, such as blood donation, physical examination, flu shot, exercise class, racquetball, or baseball, it is not recordable. Using any non rigid means of support, such as elastic bandages, wraps, and non rigid back belts, is considered first aid. Devices with rigid stays or other systems designed to immobilize parts of the body are considered medical treatment for record keeping purposes. 3
Most experts agree that there are two primary actions that influence behavior change the most: positive reinforcement and reinforcing the behavior as close to the time of the action as possible. The first step in improving behavior in an organization is to establish an ethics program to address the organization culture issues. Safety incentive programs should be designed to influence and change behaviors. The role of a staff safety professional is one of a consultant and influence. Since safety should be built into line performance, a key role of a safety professional is to influence line management to accept accountability for safety performance. The safety, health, and environmental professional duties are generally considered to include safety, loss control, industrial hygiene, and environment. Their inputs should always be limited to their areas of expertise. As a part of the staff, the safety professional should work to keep safety at the management level and can best perform his or her function if he or she works in an advisory capacity to assist the staff and management personnel. 4
The organizational behavior management (OBM) approach to employee motivation or change includes specifying objectives and goals, giving reinforcement and feedback and gaining commitment from employees and management. Goals are frequently incorrectly developed, which makes them likely to fail. They must be attainable, and the employees must believe in them as being relevant and worthwhile. 5
According to the NSC, the three basic steps of the behavior based safety process are to: Identify critical behaviors: This means to write, in observable terms, what employees should do to properly perform their jobs. The safety and health professional can list a few critical behaviors or a complete inventory, depending on the scope and results desired. Conduct measurement through observations: Trained observers watch the workplace to determine if the listed behaviors are performed safely or unsafely. The total number of observed behaviors is divided into the number of safe behaviors to obtain a percentage figure for safe behaviors. Give performance feedback: The percentage figure for safe behaviors is shown on a graph displayed in the workplace. At regular intervals, behaviors are again observed, and the new behavior figures are added to the graph. Studies show this critical feedback will improve safety behaviors. Praise and recognition from managers or peer pressure can be effective ways to encourage and reinforce safe behaviors. 6
Once the data is collected, the data analysis includes: closing the improvement loop, identifying and correcting equipment and design barriers, and establishing procedures and solutions instead of temporary corrections. 6
The behavior based safety process is often displayed as a closed loop system that includes identifying critical behaviors, problem solving to develop an action plan, measuring performance, and evaluating for acceptable progress. If you have improvement at an acceptable rate, then the process is working. If your rate is unacceptable, then you need to modify your action plan. 7
The management (or managerial) grid illustrates management styles by drawing a grid, which has Concern for People on the Y axis and Concern for Production on the X axis. So, a 9,1 supervisor would be one who is interested more in production than in the interests of his or her employees and, thus, would be labeled a dictator or authorityobedience manager. The 9,9 supervisor would be a team manager; the 1,9 manager would be a country club manager; and a 5,5 manager would be a middle of road manager. The Theory X manager (according to McGregor s Theory) holds that people must be motivated to work by external reward and punished because they are unmotivated toward work. Theory Y assumes all workers are basically interested and motivated to work and, therefore, have a reduced need for an external reward system. 8
Matrix management has the potential to include power struggles, which may result from the two boss system. Team members may become too focused on themselves, losing sight of important program goals. The matrix often creates increased cost as overhead rises. Many management experts will use such terms as planning, organizing, leading and controlling the use of resources or planning, organizing, activating and controlling. 9
Although industry generally separates the compliance; safety, health & environmental (SH&E); and quality programs, these functions have many similarities, including: They serve common underlying objectives such as performance 10
assurance or risk management. They use a common approach to achieve objectives such as activityspecific evaluation or planning and oversight. They share common success and failure measures such as cost, schedule, violations or liabilities. The first step in establishing a good corporate quality plan is to determine customer requirements. 10
According to Willie Hammer (1980) in Product Safety Management and Engineering, this is the definition of fail safe. There are three fail safe designs. Fail passive arrangements reduce the system to its lowest energy level. Fail active design maintains an 11
energized condition that keeps the system in a safe mode until a corrective or overriding action occurs or an alternate system is activated. Fail operational arrangements allow functions to continue safely until corrective action is possible. An example of a fail active device would be a battery operated smoke detector that chirps when it is time to replace the battery. 11
Take a moment to review this sample question. The correct answer is indicated in red and underlined. Advance the slide in order to see the explanation regarding theanswer. 12
Safety through design is defined as the integration of hazard analysis and risk assessment methods early in the design and redesign processes and taking the actions necessary so that the risks of injury or damage are at an acceptable level. This concept encompasses facilities, hardware, equipment, tools, materials, layout and configuration, energy controls, environmental concerns, and products. Severity is the extent of harm or damage that could occur. Prevention through design is addressing occupational safety and health needs in the design and redesign processes to prevent or minimize the work related hazards and risks associated with the construction, manufacture, use, maintenance, and disposal of facilities, materials, equipment, and processes. Hierarchy of controls is a systematic way of thinking and acting, considering steps in a ranked and sequential order, to choose the most effective means of eliminating or reducing hazards and the risks that derive from them. An example is the requirement of suppliers of services to attest that processes have been applied to identify and analyze hazards and to reduce the risks deriving from those hazards to an acceptable level. During a Preliminary Hazard Analysis (PHA) of a new process, a potential toxic hazard release might be identified. The best procedure to determine how to protect against the hazard in case of a release, or to see if the hazard is present in the work area, is to use a computerized process flow sheet for initial evaluation of hazard releases. According to the 13
NSC, a process flow sheet should be drawn to show how and where each toxic material is introduced and how it can be introduced into the work area. This could include evaluating the meteorological conditions and reviewing the process with your engineering staff. After the process is online, then you would need to sample the area to identify any actual releases. 13
Fault Tree Analysis is a system safety technique that selects an undesired event whose possibility or probability is to be determined and then reviews system requirements, functions, and designs to determine how the top or initial event could occur. The purpose of adopting a Occupational Health and Safety Advisory Services (OHSAS) health and safety management system is to maintain continuous improvement. If the management system finds a significant reduction in the company s safety performance, it should indicate that a comprehensive management review of the items is causing the reduction. 14
Safety and the responsibility for achieving it rests with management primarily with the organization s chief executive officer but in a shared manner with all other managers. When safety is effective, the entire management team deserves the credit; likewise, when it fails, the entire team deserves the blame. The general feeling of safety and health professionals is the safety and health effort should report to a function with power and the ability to control and correct problems. The best place for the safety expertise is in a staff function reporting to the senior executive. 15
Per Occupational and Safety Health Administration (OSHA): Light duty scaffolds should not exceed 25 psf. Medium duty should not 16
exceed 50 psf. Heavy duty should not exceed 75 psf. Chain inspections should be done visually in an attempt to detect any elongation or other defect. This is best accomplished by a link by link inspection. Overall measurements, or caliper readings of a section, are often misleading because not all links will be affected or damaged. Inspection of hoisting and rigging equipment before each job provides the greatest protection from use of defective equipment. 16
Take a moment to review this sample question. The correct answer is indicated in red and underlined. Advance the slide in order to see the explanation regarding the answer. 17
The purpose of electrical circuit breakers is to prevent the overheating of circuit conductors or insulation. The reference is the National Electrical Code (NEC), which 18
discusses just how equipment should be provided to open a circuit if the current reaches a value that will cause a dangerous temperature in conductors or conductor insulation (National Fire Protection Association [NFPA], 2013). The safest way to discharge a capacitor is through the use of a properly rated resistor or capacitor discharge tool. It should be attached onto the capacitor's terminals to safely dissipate the stored electrical currents. To verify the capacitor is completely discharged, use a volt meter or a test light. 18
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According to the NSC s (2016) Injury Facts booklet, assaults and violent acts by persons are the leading cause of work related fatal injuries in the wholesale and retail trade industry. An example would be an armed robbery. Highway traffic incidents are the leading cause of all work related fatal injuries. Workplace violence has jumped to the front of workplace injuries and deaths in recent years. However, there must be legal basis for providing workplace security. 20
Companies can control potential driver error through methods of selection, training, and supervision. And, vehicle failure might be reduced with the implementation of a preventive maintenance program. The National Transportation Safety Board (NTSB) must be provided all information requested in the event of an accident in a company vehicle. The Safety Board may issue a subpoena, enforceable in federal district court, to obtain testimony or other evidence. Authorized representatives of the Board may question any person having knowledge relevant to an accident/incident, study, or special investigation. Authorized representatives of the Board also have exclusive authority, on behalf of the Board, to decide the way in which any testing will be conducted, including decisions on the person that will conduct the test, the type of test that will be conducted, and any individual who will witness the test. DOT regulations require annual testing of at least 50% of the company's entire fleet for random controlled substances. Additionally, drivers should be randomly tested prior to the start of safety sensitivity tasks. The minimum annual percentage rate for random alcohol testing is 10%. 21
The enlargement of the Failure Mode Effects and Analysis (FMEA) to include the criticality" or critical ranking of components results in the Failure Mode and Effects Criticality Analysis (FMECA). It searches for parts or components that will contribute to the failure of a system and ranks them by their probability to cause a hazard or the ability to affect the safety of the system. OSHA citations are categorized according to their potential impact on safety and health in the workplace. The five categories of violations are willful, serious, repeat, other than serious, and de minimis. De minimis includes areas where there is no immediate threat to safety and health. 22
Due to product liability claims, a manufacturer should keep product records as long as possible. According to Willie Hammer (1980), when a new product is being developed, there are six phases of the process. During the production go ahead evaluation, distributors, dealers, and field representatives should be asked to review the prototype for familiarization and comment. Personnel who may have to maintain or repair the product must be instructed in any potential hazards, safeguards, and precautionary measures. Service manuals and test equipment must be made available. 23
Residual risk is defined as the risk remaining after preventive measures have been taken. No matter how effective the preventive actions, residual risk will always be present if a facility or operation continues to exist. The Pareto Principle is employed to identify the vital few, whether customers, customer needs, product features, or inputs, to help assure that resources and attention is concentrated where they will do the most good. The Pareto Principle, sometimes referred to as the 80 20 rule, indicates that 80% of the problems come from 20% of the operations. It is also true that 20% of the corrective actions and risk reduction actions can mitigate 80% of the risk, when the risks are understood. 24
Most experts agree that by depicting the cost on the bottom line will have the greatest impact on upper level management. You may do this by comparing losses to budgets or future estimated cost impacts and how they will impact unit costs. In an accident, the direct costs are medical and compensation. The indirect or hidden costs are as follows: time lost from work by the injured, loss in earning power, economic loss to the injured s family, lost time by fellow workers, loss of efficiency due to break up of crew, lost time by supervision, cost of breaking in a new worker, damage to tools and equipment, time damaged equipment is out of service, spoiled work, loss of production, spoilage, failure to fill orders, overhead costs, and miscellaneous. 25
Review the example question provided, and click the box to listen to an expert s explanation and response to this type of test question now and on the next few slides. From the description in this question, you should have gathered that this is a probability question. So, let us talk about the rules of probability. 26
For the rules of probability, there are two sets of rules. One, if you can make a fraction, you make a fraction. And the fraction is the number of times the event occurs divided by total outcomes. If you are unable to make a fraction, then you have to follow the second rule. That is, you work in the probability of failure. You draw a fault tree, and then you apply the Boolean Logic. 27
We begin by determining which Boolean expression we are going to use. Is this an and or is this an or? If the master cylinder fails, do we have brakes? No. If the brake cylinder fails, do we have brakes? No. If the brake line fails, do we have brakes? No. So, any failure leads to failure. The master cylinder or the brake cylinder or the brake line causes failure. In or gate reflects a series circuit, and in series, we add. Since this is a probability question, and since we cannot make a fraction, we use the other rule of probability, which states we will work in the probability of failure. We will draw a fault tree, and we will apply the Boolean logic. In this case, the Boolean is or or reflects a series circuit. 28
There appears to be a twist in this question because they have given us a formula that says reliability is one minus the probability of failure. So, after we do the math, and we get the failure probability of the brake system, we are actually going to subtract it from one to get the reliability of the brake system, and select an answer. We begin by drawing our fault tree with our four components. The master cylinder, the brake cylinder, and the brake line. We then apply the probability to failure. The 1 10 3 for the master cylinder, the 1 10 2 for the brake cylinder, and the 1 10 4 for the brake line. Because we determined earlier that this was a series circuit, or and or gate, we are going to add. When we add them up, we actually get the decimal number.0111. Now, that is good because it keeps us from converting. If you had actually done it as a scientific number, you would have gotten 1.11 10 2, and would have had to convert it to a decimal number. Now, because of the twist to reliability formula, one minus failure, or 1 0.0111, and we end up with.9889, or 98.89% reliability. In other words, this brake system would function 98.89% of the time. 29
In the description of the question, you noted there were three different injury type accidents: the As, the Bs, and the Cs. The D mishap was a property damage only. So, when you build your fraction, do not include the D type mishaps. 30
The fraction becomes the number of mishaps involving injuries, divided by the total number of departments. In this case, we had 32 mishaps that involved an injury, and we had a total of three departments. 32 divided by 3 gives us a mishap probability of 10.67. 31
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