Biowaste Management trends and perspectives

ISWA Main Sponsors: Biowaste Management trends and perspectives Marco Ricci - Jürgensen Italian Composting and Biogas Association Chair of the ISWA WG on Biological Treatment of Waste ricci@compost.it

1. Introduction ISWA the world s leading network promoting professional and sustainable waste management ISWA s Mission and Goals ISWA is the world s leading network promoting professional and sustainable waste management. ISWA represents all aspects and stakeholders within the waste industry; the public, the private and the academic sector. ISWA collaborates with National and International Organizations in events and projects to fulfil its declared mission: To Promote Sustainable Waste Management Worldwide With more than 1,300 Members in some 100 countries around the world ISWA has a unique worldwide network in waste management matters. 2

ISWA promotes Sustainable Waste Management 1. Introduction globally through various measures Organisation of all kind of events Capacity building measures Projects to enhance waste management standards, particularly in emerging and developing economies Promote research and development Influence policies by providing advice Cooperation with ISWA members on their specific needs 3

2. Services and Products ISWA Knowledge Base 4

3. Events and Projects Cooperation with International Organisations (examples) Climate and Clean Air Coalition (CCAC) UNEP City assessments for Dar es Salaam (Tanzania) und Sao Paulo (Brazil) Webinars Report Global Waste Management Outlook (GWMO) Cooperation at various events Global Partnership on Waste Management UNIDO A Practical Sourcebook on Mercury Storage and Disposal TRP+ (Training Resources Pack for Hazardous Waste Management EU funded Projects - Healthcare-Management Training - EWIT Projejt: WEEE Management in 4 African Cities (Twin Cities) 5

Working Group on Biological Treatment of Waste Activities and discussions EU legislative initiatives on biological treatment End of Waste Criteria Organise regional bio-waste workshops Publication of papers and fact sheets Prepare ISWA World Congress special session on biological treatment Organise ISWA Beacon conferences on Biological Treatment

CIC Consorzio Italiano Compostatori (Italian Composting and Biogas Consortium) unites public and private companies, local authorities and others involved in the production of compost, Involves producers of machinery and equipment, includes producers of fertilisers, research bodies etc 240 composting plant and 43AD plants Surveys and monitors Biowaste collection in Italy Supports amendment and development of National legislation on biowaste management and composting www.compost.it

Overview What is biowaste? Biological treatment options Example of drivers from European Legislation Collection options Composting, AD & MBT Economical drivers

What is biowaste? In Europe, biowaste is strictly defined Garden & park waste Food & kitchen waste Other wastes can also be treated through biological treatment = Biodegradable waste Animal manures Agricultural residues Sewage sludge Some paper, card and biodegradable plastics

What is biowaste? Garden waste Food waste

Other biodegradable wastes Animal manures Paper, card & some plastics

Sources of biodegradable waste Hotels Street sweepings Factories Sources Restaurants & cafes Markets Farms Homes

What is biological treatment? Natural processes Treating biodegradable wastes 3 main techniques Using micro-organisms Natural processes To create products To pre-treat wastes before disposal Three main techniques Overlap between them Composting Mechanical Biological treatment (MBT) Anaerobic digestion (AD)

How can we manage biowaste? 2 Options Comingeled (i.e. mixed MSW) Separate collection Environmental correct disposal Material&Energy Recycling 14

Treatment approaches Biodegradable Wastes Product manufacturing process Waste pretreatment Quality products for sale Stabilised biowaste for landfill or incineration 15

SOME ELEMENTS ABOUT EU LEGISLATION AND TRENDS 16

About the European Union (EU) 28 member states 508 x 10 6 people 1.4 x 10 9 in China 4.3 x 10 6 km 2 9.6 x 10 6 km 2 China Huge differences in Climate Geography Economy Culture Population density The EU is based on a series of treaties. Common laws in the form of Directives and Regulations. 17

EU Waste Legislation Waste Framework Directive (2008/98/EC) Directs how waste should be managed Sets targets for recycling Landfill Directive (1999/31/EC) Targets to divert BMW from landfill Industrial Emissions Directive (2010/75/EC) Revision and development of Best Available Technique Reference Documents (BREFs for MBT/AD/Composting) Used per permitting / licensing Directive on the Promotion of the Use of Renewable Energy (2009/28/EC) Sets national targets for renewable energy Promoting anaerobic digestion Emerging policy on the Circular Economy

Implementing Directive 99/31 (and art. 11 of WFD - material recovery targets!) Bans on biodegradables to landfills Most stringent provisions May lack flexibility Requires codified thresholds for acceptance at landfills Obligation on separate collection On Municipalities (e.g. NL, D) may be deceived with poor performing / low participation systems On households (e.g. AT) very effective, if stringent control possible May require phased implementation Targets for sep collection / composting / recycling Specific biowaste processing targets (e.g. Sweden) General recycling + composting targets (IT & UK) Result-oriented + flexible 19

European bio-waste recycling Little national infrastructure e.g. Baltic states & South Eastern Europe Some infrastructure Some separate collection schemes e.g. Spain Established national composting & AD sectors Widespread separate collection schemes Germany, Austria, Italy, UK Average 71 kg / capita across EU28 36 x 10 6 tonnes / annum (in 2013) 20

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BIOWASTE COLLECTION 27

Bio-waste collections Municipal waste Primarily from homes Domestic properties Two main types of waste Food waste Garden waste (Food & garden) (Mixed waste) Type of waste dictates collection Frequency Types of containers Type of waste dictates How it is treated technology used Biosecurity measures needed Garden waste Food & garden Food waste Mixed waste 28

Collecting from homes Suburban Urban (high-rise) Urban (low-rise) Urban (terraced) Housing type affects: Types of bio-waste generated (% of food: garden waste) Access by collection vehicles & types of bins/ containers used 29

Collecting from homes High-rise apartments, Milan, Italy Suburban houses, Garden waste, UK 240 litre wheeled bin Suburban houses, Food waste, UK 34 litre caddy bin 30

Collecting from homes Suburban houses, Food waste, xxxx Suburban houses, Food waste, BRL 31

Collecting at recycling centres / roadside Recycling centre, UK Roadside container, Spain 32

Green waste collections Quantity (kg) Affected by the season Summer months More grass clippings Lower C:N ratio More water Denser waste Winter months More dried leaves & wood Higher C:N ratio Drier material Less dense (more branchy) Affects collection containers & frequency Wheeled bins or large containers used Example variation in mass of green and food waste collected throughout a year in IT 2.000.000 1.800.000 1.600.000 1.400.000 1.200.000 1.000.000 800.000 600.000 400.000 200.000 0 Monthly Collection Trends - Green and Kitchen Biowaste 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 Month Monthly quanties collected (aggregate PD1 Green and wood waste Kitchen biowaste 33

ISWA Key Issue Paper Food Waste As A Global Issue ISWA Biological Treatment Working Group Focus on municipal solid waste management Published July 2013 Sets out: Food waste issues Global waste implications Food waste prevention Collection & treatment options A discussion document Policy makers

TREATMENT OPTIONS 37

Processing options & conditions Residence, time & temperature profiles usually set by National / Regional laws Windrow composting (Garden (& Food) waste) In-vessel composting (Food & garden waste) Often also set criteria for odour & compost / digestate stability Minimum timetemperature profiles for animal by-products Anaerobic digestion (Food waste) EU is developing a series of operating reference documents 38

Composting at different scales Home composting Home composting - commercial Community based composting Decentralized plants Modular industrial plants Centralized industrial plants

Contaminants Major challenge for the industry Dependent upon Type of waste Frequency of collection Communications Whether biobags are provided Biodegradable & compostable bags European standard EN 13432 Criteria for - Disintegration - Compostability Certification schemes & labels 40

Use of compostable bags for food waste collection Case (Nation, City) Case (Nation, City Italy (EU) Milan City Germany (EU) Landkreis Bad Dürkheim Spain (EU) (mainly Catalunja and Basque Country) Norway (EU) Stavanger Municipality UK (EU) Cardiff (and many other Municipalities) USA San Francisco BRASIL Mogi M. Canada Greater Toronto Area 41

Comparison of Composting and AD Factor Composting AD Plant capacity Scalable (small, medium, large) Only Medium to Large Tecnology and process Simple More complex Need of working surface Higher Lower Specific investment cost (i.e. /t capacity) Lower Higher (need of incentives) Output (recycling) Solid product Liquid product 42

AD: current trends biogas Heat Electricity Commercial users Own use Grid biogas Upgrade to Bio-methan Natural gas grid Transport 43

End products Compost Result of composting process Humified plant matter Organic matter, plant nutrients & microbes Digestate Result of anaerobic digestion Less stable carbon More readily available nutrients biofertilizer

Adds organic matter to soils

Economical sustainability Composting plant in Italy, EU Gate fee ~ 80USD/t Compost sold ~ 7USD/t Composting Plant in Uruguay Gate fee ~ 15USD/t Compost sold ~ 60USD/t Pictures are just as example 47

Market sectors Land restoration and landfill cover; 4,90% Export; 1% Others; 0,50% Wholesalers; 0,90% Soil mixing companies; 1,60% Hobby gardening; 12,90% Blends; 6,30% Agriculture; 50,90% Landscaping; 10,40% Horticulture & greenhouse production; 10,60% 48

From Waste to Product Waste Product + = Separate collection of organic waste Clean source Quality Assurance Control and Certification Quality Product Fit for the market 12.11.2015 49

Mechanical biological treatment (MBT) Mixed residual waste Mechanical separation Remove recyclates (metal, wood, cardboard) Biodegradable fines Incoming waste Biological step Composting AD Results in Compost-Like Output RDF / SRF / SOM Recyclates 50

MBT: key role Europe: more than 330 plants, 33 million Mg treated Italy has the higher treatment capacity all over the world The specific treatment costs including residual waste disposal in most plants with MBT technology are approximately 80 to 120 EUR/Mg Case studies outside Europe: Thailand, Buenos Aires (1,000 t/day) Key role: Transition phase before implementing source separation of organics Quick solution for avoiding methane emissions (aerobic biostabilization): compliance with national regulations (e.g. European Landfill Directive) Possibility of recovering dry recyclables with new technologies 51 Source: MBT Outlook, link

MBT: key features PROS Quick and prompt solution after implementing nation-wide landfill bans CONS Centralized solution; may not be feasible in transitional megacities in developing countries, with high transportation cost Can be easily converted to treatment of selected OF-MSW in the future when its collection will be implemented The biostabilized product is not quality compost. Can be used mostly for land reclamation in oneoff application. Can include advanced automatic sorting lines for recovering dry recyclables (MRBT) Don t encourage citizens in doing separate collection

MBT as a transition MBT Composting for source separated organics Anaerobic digestion MRBT for the residual Landfilling Landfill bans / taxes Subsidies for renewable energy

Drivers for landfill diversion Increasing population Raising land price and less availability for new landfills Poor landfill acceptance by citizens Environmental policies and regulations Landfill bans / taxes

MONEY AND FINANCING 57

The economical aspect EPR schemes Modern MSW management is a pubblic service for health, environment management and recycling Market for recycled materials Landfill taxes or «gate» fees Municipal (local) Waste Taxes Relys on different sources of financing Modern disposal cost are higher than «just» landfilling Drivers in advanced countries rely on rising cost for disposal of MSW and residual waste Service Fees (on specific services or producers) 58

Economics & Policy Drivers Rise disposal cost Landfill taxes Pre-treatment of MSW compulsory Fund, incentives for building up separate collection Module disposal cost according to the «quality» of residual MSW Invest into composting/ad plants Supporto start-up cases Define boundary condition for compost market (it s an organic fertilizer!) Lower VAT Quality requirements 59

Landfill Tax: Veneto Region\Italy Keydata: 581 Municipalities 5 mil people Separate collection of MSW : Law requires min 35% Waste Management Plan (2003): municipalities below min recycling Landfill tax increase (+10-20%) Separate collection of biowaste compulsory Current Situation (2014): Separate collection 65,4% www.compost.it

Example Sardegna (Italia) Keydata: 377 Municipalities 1,7mil people 10 mil turists Year 2003: separate collection of MSW: 3% Separate collection target for year 2012: 65% 2004: Start of Incentive deposit/financing scheme www.compost.it

Example Sardegna (Italia) Regional MSW management plan: Increases (+30%) disposal costs for Municipalities without food waste collection Reduces (-30%) composting cost for Municipalities with food waste collection Quality of food waste: max 5% impurities www.compost.it

Incentive scheme (i.e. Penality & Premium) from Sardinia\Italy 63

2003 OLBIA-TEMPIO SASSARI NUORO ORISTANO OGLIASTRA MEDIO CAMPIDANO CARBONIA-IGLESIAS CAGLIARI RD 2003 < 10% 10,1% - 20% 20,1% - 30% 30,1% - 40% 40,1% - 50% 50,1% - 60% > 60% 64

2006 OLBIA-TEMPIO SASSARI NUORO ORISTANO OGLIASTRA MEDIO CAMPIDANO CARBONIA-IGLESIAS CAGLIARI RD 2006 < 10% 10,1% - 20% 20,1% - 30% 30,1% - 40% 40,1% - 50% 50,1% - 60% > 60% 65

2009 OLBIA-TEMPIO SASSARI NUORO ORISTANO OGLIASTRA MEDIO CAMPIDANO CARBONIA-IGLESIAS CAGLIARI RD 2009 < 10% 10,1% - 20% 20,1% - 30% 30,1% - 40% 40,1% - 50% 50,1% - 60% > 60% 66

2010 OLBIA-TEMPIO SASSARI NUORO ORISTANO OGLIASTRA MEDIO CAMPIDANO CARBONIA-IGLESIAS CAGLIARI RD 2010 < 10% 10,1% - 20% 20,1% - 30% 30,1% - 40% 40,1% - 50% 50,1% - 60% > 60% 67

Summary Legislation can promote better use of our resources Diversion from landfill Holistic environmental policy Improved implementation of existing laws Separate collection of Bio-waste is a key element for reaching high recycling rates reducing significantly the amounts to dispose reducing environmental impact in landfill disposal Bio-waste is a key component of the waste stream Separate collection schemes implemented in may countries Mixture of composting, anaerobic digestion and mechanical biological treatment Large differences in bio-waste recycling across the EU Economical instruments are an important driver for developing recycling and promoting sustainable management of MSW including food waste collection Initiatives on biowaste recycling can be started localy by means of home- and community composting initiatives 68

Thank you for your attention Marco Ricci-Jürgensen 69

Basic MBT chart Sorting Recycling Shredding (i.e. contaminating) Separ ation Biological treatment Disposal 73

Basic MBT chart 74

MBT plants Athens, Greece Crete, Greece 75

The evolution