Water Supply The Role of Government Chennai RWH a Case study Santha Sheela Nair IAS (R) Vice Chairman (Planning Commission), Govt. of Tamil Nadu
Water Supply Both Government and Civic body concerned play a role in water supply. 2
Role of State Government & Civic Body Role of State Government Provide Policy Enable Legislations Financial Resources Role of Local Government / Civic Body Implementation Supply of services Raising Resources Mobilization of Human / Financial 3
Chennai History Local Body Seven Wells - 1866 Redhills-1872 Poondi-1944 1866 100% usage started from local Ground water sources by local body 1867 To 1966 (100 yrs) Strategies got shifted to use Surface water from distant sources 1969-1987 Surface water not sufficient and again chose augment supply by the use of ground water 1988 to Till date Due to large demands and dwindling Ground water, again had to depend more on surface water which changed the mix. 90% Surface water + 5% Ground water & 15% Desalinated water 4
Chennai History 1987 State Govt., CHENNAI METROPOLITAN AREA GROUNDWATER (REGULATION) ACT 27 OF 1987 Amended during Oct 2002 Regulation on sinking of new wells Registration of existing wells Issue of licenses to extract water for non domestic use Issue of licenses for transportation through goods vehicle Scheduled Area: Chennai city & Adjacent 243 Revenue villages in Tiruvallur & Kancheepuram Districts. As per Amendment 59 additional villages added totaling to 302 villages Competent Authority : Chennai City - Metro water Scheduled Villages - Respective District Revenue Officials After 1997 no licenses were issued Ground water Regulations Act implemented by Civic Body (Metro water) 5
DEPTH IN 'METRES 1983 1986 1989 1992 1995 1998 2001 2004 2007 2010 Chennai History 1988 Local Body IMPLEMENTATION - IMPACT OF GROUNDWATER (REGULATION) ACT SOUTH OF CHENNAI SOUTHERN COASTAL AQUIFER YEARWISE MINIMUM & MAXIMUM WATER LEVEL FROM 1983-2012 Drought 1987 Drought 1994 Drought 2004 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Water level improvement after the implementation of Act Water level in m Challenge Depleting Ground water level in well fields Solution - Ground water (Regulation) Act Result - Rise of water level from 8.00 m to 2.10 m - Stabilization of ground water level - Only Law in India, implemented in Chennai by Civic Body (Metro Water) 6
TO CHENNAI BAY OF BENGAL E.C. VALUE IN MICRO MOHS / CM Chennai History 1990 Local Body SEA WATER INTRUSION STUDIES LEGEND SEA WATER INTERFACE LINETO PONNERI PULICAT NORTH SPECIFIC CONDUCTIVITY AT DEEPER AQUIFER IN OBSERVATION WELLS (AROUND 30 M) BURRIED CHANNEL ZONE OF FRESH WATER INJECTION LOCATION OF INJECTION SALT PAN 70000 60000 KATTUR 50000 LAKSHMIPURAM ANICUT 40000 VAYALUR 30000 20000 10000 MINJUR WELL FIELD VALLUR ANICUT MINJUR NANDIAMBAKKAM ATTIPATTU 0 1A 4A 5A 6A 10A 11A 12A 14A 15A OBSERVATION WELL NUMBER PRIOR TO INJECTION OF RAIN WATER AFTER INJECTION OF RAIN WATER 7
Phase-I - THE CHALLENGE OF RECURRING DROUGHTS DROUGHT 1993 Local Body Macro level initiatives of Rain water Harvesting Construction of Check dams Introduction of Rain water Harvesting as mandatory requirement in Multi-storied buildings 8
Chennai History 1992-95 Local Body Construction of Check Dams 1. MELSEMBEDU 2. VELLIYUR 3 JAGANATHAPURAM PANJETTY WELL FIELD KANNIGAIPER WELL FIELD FLOOD PLAINS WELL FIELDS CHOLAVARAM TANK POONDI RESERVOIR MINJUR WELL FEILD TAMARAPAKKAM WELL FEILD REDHILLS RESERVOIR POONDI WELL FEILD CHEMBARAMBAKKAM TANK PORUR LAKE 9
DEPTH IN 'METRES' Impact on water level fluctuation due to construction of Check Dams YEARS 0.00 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 Year of Construction of Checkdam 5.00 10.00 15.00 20.00 25.00 30.00 Average water level in 'm' Melsembedu Average water level in 'm' Velliyur 10 Average water level in 'm' Jagannathapuram
Phase-II - THE CHALLENGE OF RECURRING DROUGHTS Chennai May 2002 State Govt., Call for Roof top Rain Water Harvesting Provision of RWH structures is mandatory for availing new Water/Sewer Connections After this provision of RWH only 13% of the houses provided Rainwater Harvesting Amendments made in the Ground water Regulations Act / Building Rules for implementing rainwater harvesting 11
GOVERNMENT INITIATIVE 11 th Oct. 2002 AMENDMENTS & IMPROVEMENTS IN TAMILNADU DISTRICT MUNICIPALITES BUILDING RULES 1972. Provision of Rainwater harvesting Structure in existing buildings (Tiled, Sloped, Ordinary buildings and multi storied buildings) one year from the 11 th Oct.2002. Separation of bath and wash basin water and reuse multi storied and public buildings
GOVERNMENT INITIATIVE 24 th Oct. 2002 AMENDMENTS & IMPROVEMENTS IN GROUND WATER ACT OF 1987 Inclusion of additional villages to the list of scheduled villages in the Act. Revision of fine amount from Rs.1,000/- to Rs.5,000/- Mandatory requirement of Rainwater Harvesting in all buildings. No extraction of ground water for swimming pools, industrial uses and other non-potable purposes. Restrictions to the depth of bore wells. No water body, Public or Private, to be utilized for any other purpose, such as land fill, garbage dumps, building activities etc.,
Amendment to the Tamilnadu Panchayat Buildings Rules. 2002 For effective conservation of rain water, no approval to the construction or reconstruction or addition or alteration to a building ( other than a hut) including houses constructed by Government for below poverty line families under the poverty alleviation programme or building constructed by any agency under the control of the Government, shall be given, if the applicant for construction, alteration or addition to such a building does not contain provision for water conservation and rain water harvesting
Phase-III - Chennai 19 th July 2002 - State Govt., Ordinance issued by the Govt. of Tamil Nadu on 19.07.2003 making it mandatory for all buildings in the state to have Rain Water Harvesting structures by 31.08.2003. 15
INTENSIVE IEC CAMPAIGN ON RWH Local Body Dissemination of information on RWH Establishment of Rain Centre Organization of Seminars/ Workshop Massive rallies and Human Chains Advertisement through Papers / Dailies Booklets / Pamphlets Posters and Wall Paintings Door to Door campaign 16
INTENSIVE IEC CAMPAIGN ON RWH Local Body Creation of Rain Centre by CMWSS Board - Chennai Creation of Rain Centre by TWAD Board - Chennai Rain Centre created by Akash Ganga Trust an NGO Organization, Chennai 17
INTENSIVE IEC CAMPAIGN ON RWH Local Body Reaching out to the people Chief Minister s appeal letter to the elected representative Empanelment of Service Providers Involvement of SHG s, NGO s Technical guidance offered by TWAD and CMWSSB on the lithology and soil types in different areas and the types of RWH needed. Celebrity endorsement & Films on RWH Count down in dailies 18
19 INVOLVEMENT OF MEDIA Regular coverage in newspapers, articles, press releases. Appeals to the citizens for rain water harvesting. Print & Visual media as forum for regular interactions between government, civic body and citizens. Success stories and achievements of rain water harvesting.
Government Campaign Continues. Information on RWH on various Government agencies websites TWAD Board - www.aboutrainwaterharvesting.com Chennai Metrowater- www.chennaimetrowater.com Installation of RWH structures in the buildings constructed by: TNSCB, TNHB, TN Police Housing Corp, PWD etc. From Chennai to rest of the State District Collectors to implement Rainwater Harvesting All Municipalities & Town Panchayats to implement RWH 20
Implementation of Rain Water Harvesting Ordinance issued on 19.07.2003 making it mandatory for all buildings in the State to have Rain Water Harvesting structures by 31.08.2003.and 100% compliance with in two months Second phase of Rain Water Harvesting to capture run off water in open spaces First State in the country to have 100% coverage in Rain Water Harvesting. 21
Rain Water Harvesting - 1 Thatched Roofs 22
Rain Water Harvesting - 2 In Slums 23
Rain Water Harvesting - 3 24
Rain Water Harvesting - 4 In school Buildings 25
Rain Water Harvesting 4A IN SCHOOL BUILDINGS 26
Rain Water Harvesting - 5 Roads Multi storied buildings 27
Rain Water Harvesting - 6 28
Rain Water Harvesting - 7 Residence of Prime Importance The Governor s Residence 29
Rainwater Harvesting Methods 30
Developing Landscapes through roof top rain water harvesting - A Classic Example 31
PEOPLES PARTICIPATION NSS students of all college students Centre for science and Environment National Rainwater Harvesters Network Exnora International Resident s Welfare Associations Rotary International 32
RAINWATER HARVESTING HELPED IN CHENNAI FLOOD MITIGATION 33
ROAD SIDE RAINWATER COLLECTION THROUGH RECHARGE WELL 34
RAINWATER COLLECTION THROUGH STORM WATER DRAIN 35
Water levels in 'mts' New Washermanpet Tondiarpet Vallalar Nagar George Town Chinthadripet Chepauk Mylapore Besant Nagar Thiruvanmiyur Kolathur MKB Nagar Pulianthope Villivakkam Anna Nagar Purasaiwakkam Chetpet Nungambakkam Royapettah T.Nagar Virugambakkam K.K.Nagar Saidapet Guindy Taramani Velachery IMPACT ON RAIN WATER HARVESTING WATER LEVEL Location of Observation wells 0.00 2.00 4.00 6.00 8.00 10.00 12.00 Water level in 'mts' July '03 Water level in 'mts' Sep'12 36
New Washermanpet Tondiarpet Vallalar Nagar George Town Chinthadripet Chepauk Mylapore Besant Nagar Thiruvanmiyur Kolathur MKB Nagar Pulianthope Villivakkam Anna Nagar Purasaiwakkam Chetpet Nungambakkam Royapettah T.Nagar Virugambakkam K.K.Nagar Saidapet Guindy Taramani Velachery Total Dissolved Solids in 'ppm' IMPACT ON RAIN WATER HARVESTING WATER QUALITY 4000 3500 3000 2500 2000 1500 1000 500 0 Total Dissolved Solids in 'ppm' (July '03) Total Dissolved Solids in 'ppm' (Sep '12) 37
410 380 360 320 580 540 400 360 350 325 989 900 1835 1785 1650 1500 1300 1600 Values in 'ppm' 2250 2100 2700 2550 3325 4890 Quality changes Before and After implementation of Rainwater Harvesting Parameters Values in ppm during 1994 1999 2002 2004 2007 2010 Total Solids 3325 1835 1785 1650 1500 1300 Chlorides as 'Cl' 989 580 410 380 360 320 Total Hardness 900 540 400 360 350 325 Conductivity 4890 2700 2550 2250 2100 1600 6000 5000 4000 3000 2000 1000 0 1994 1999 2002 2004 2007 2010 year Total Solids Chlorides as 'Cl' Total Hardness Conductivity 38
Form for Declaration of installation and maintenance of Rainwater Harvesting structures - CMWSSB 39
Way Forward Move from State civic body, private suppliers to neighborhoods, citizens, households as the base for securitizing drinking water availability. A movement towards involvement of Engineers, builders, architects, planners, environment activists, scientists, hydrogeologists & householders as Stakeholders in a Metropolitan city water supply system. Role of Government / Local / State in providing Legislative framework: Reward & punitive action, Dissemination of information, Promotion of State s intent in achieving sustainability both in monetary as well as environmental terms in the provision of drinking water. 40
Underneath the verandah in front of the room in which the Mahatma was born, in the space enclosed by the three wings of the house, is an underground reservoir, 20 feet long, 20 feet wide and 15 feet deep, with a capacity of 20 thousand gallons, for storing rainwater for domestic use. The well water in Porbandar, owing to its vicinity to the sea, is brackish, hard and unfit for cooking. Rainwater was, therefore, collected and stored in the underground reservoir for use the year round. The terrace on the top floor, carefully washed before the first monsoon showers, served as catchments for the water, running down a pipe straight into the tank. A heap of lime at the mouth of the pipe served to filter and purity the water. In this house five generations of Gandhis lived and prospered. - Mahatma Gandhi Vol 1(The Early Phase) by Shri Pyarelal 41
FROM SUSTAINABLE SOLUTIONS SCARCITY TO SECURITY WIN Drought Proofing WIN WIN Recharging of Aquifers Meeting the Gap & Demand WIN WIN Saving of Power DEMOCRATIZING AND DECENTRALISING CITY WATER MANAGEMENT FOR METROPOLITAN CITIES A WIN - WIN Increased Water availability WIN Improved Water Quality Roof Top Harvesting Sustainable supply - Household Decrease in Saline water ingression WIN 42
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