UNIT 3 NOTES FOUNDATIONS OF THE MODERN STATE Constitutionalism vs. Absolutism Family Trees from: http://www.edstephan.org/rulers/ Also useful is: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/category:family_trees
Constitutional Monarchy Defined Monarch Limited by Documents Constitution Laws Judicial decisions Legislative body Prime Minister
Absolutism Defined Power flows from absolutist His power surpasses law Parliament s power suppressed He needs financial support of landed nobility Court culture becomes form of state power (court nobility) Orderly, efficient bureaucracy Lack of technology limits his ability to directly regulate people s lives Has large standing army to enforce his (or her) will
Absolutism Defined (cont d.) Monarch has strong personality traits as symbol of state/nation Traits of hero Art and spectacle produces exalted image of him Absolute government is costly Usually requires heavy taxation Mercantilism as economic system Sometimes justified by theory of "divine right" monarchy Absolutist is God's anointed on earth
England
Tudors Expanded central government authority (almost absolute monarchs) Economic prosperity Made England leading power Aroused nationalism Immensely popular rulers
Tudors Ruled 1485-1509 Henry VII New Monarch Henry VIII Unit 2 Ruled 1509-1547
Divorced Beheaded Died Divorced Beheaded Survived
Tudors Ruled 1547-1553 Edward VI Followed father briefly to throne Mary I Unit 2 Ruled 1553-1558
Tudors Elizabeth I Ruled 1558-1603 Refused marriage 1588-Defeated Spanish Armada
Tudors Elizabeth I (cont d.) Worked with Parliament Went on progresses Greatly mourned at death
Stuarts Claimed divine right Kings are justly called gods for they exercise a manner of divine power upon earth. James I, 1603 Unpopular friendship with Spain Treated Puritans badly Heavily taxed middle class Neglected foreign trade Imprisoned opponents without a fair trial
Stuarts James I King of Scotland as James VI Ruled 1603-1625 As king of England commissioned English version of Bible Based on Tyndale s version
Stuarts Charles I Ruled 1625-1649 Parliament passed Petition of Right controlling king s power Charles didn t call Parliament until 1640 Needed money for war with Scots 1642 Civil War began
Stuarts Charles I (cont d.) 1649--Tried by Parliament Sentenced to death
1649-1660 Puritan Revolution Parliament won Civil War Commonwealth republic Cromwell military dictator Lord Protector Admired by some Disliked by others Dissolved Parliament in 1654
Stuarts Ruled 1660-1685 Ruled 1685-1688 Charles II Exiled during Commonwealth Yielded to Parliament s authority James II Outraged people with pro- Catholic actions Birth of son aroused fear
Glorious Revolution 1688-1689 Parliament offered throne to closest Protestant relatives William of Orange and Mary (James II s daughter) James II fled to France Ruled 1689-1694 & 1702 Bill of Rights included: Monarch must be Anglican Basic civil rights
France
Religious Civil Wars 16 th century Ended in 1589 when Henry of Navarre became Henry IV Married Marguerite, daughter of Catherine de Medici and Henry II St. Bartholomew s Day Massacre
Henry IV Ruled 1589 (1594) -1610 Became king Paris is worth a mass. Edict of Nantes ended religious conflict Worked to restore central authority Founded Bourbon dynasty which ruled for 200 years
Cardinal Richelieu Minister 1624-1642 Ruled 1610-1643 Catholic Cardinal Minister to Louis XIII Attained supremacy of king and France Destroyed nobles power Taxed without Estates- General Led France in 30 Years War
Louis XIV Fronde Ruled 1643-1715 Absolute monarch Divine right Built Palace of Versailles Never called Estates-General Sun king I am the state
Louis XIV Colbert was financial minister Improved trade/industry Improved transportation Revoked Edict of Nantes Hurt economy Ambitious foreign policy At his death France was leading continental nation
Spain
Philip II Son of Charles V Wife Mary I of England Ruled 1556-1598 Built El Escorial Built Spanish Empire Helped defeat Turks with Venice and the pope Failed to: Suppress Dutch revolt Defeat England
Philip II (cont d.)
Philip II (cont d.) Produced: Inefficient government Crushing tax burden Stagnant economy
Russia
Early History 10th century converted to Orthodoxy 13 th -15th centuries Mongols controlled it 15 th -16 th centuries Moscow led Russia
Ivan III (the Great) Ended Mongol domination Extended his territories Ruled 1462-1505 Subdued nobles, attaining absolute power
Ivan IV (the Terrible) Ruled 1533-1584 Grandson of Ivan the Great Used great cruelty First to assume the title of czar
Michael Romanov Ruled 1613-1654 Grandnephew of Ivan the Terrible Chosen by an assembly of nobles in 1613 Began the 300 year Romanov dynasty
Peter I (the Great) Ruled 1682-1725 Strengthened absolutism Crushed revolt of nobles Extended gov t. control over Church Tried to westernize Russia Toured western Europe Brought western customs to Russia Gained a new seaport St. Petersburg
Catherine II (the Great) German wife of Peter III Ruled 1762-1796 Removed him Extended Russia South to Black Sea West in partitioning Poland (along with Austria and Prussia)
Partitions of Poland, 1772, 1793, and 1795
Prussia
Early Hohenzollern Rule 15th century Nobles from Berlin area Ruled Prussia through: Autocratic government Well-trained army Ruled for 500 years Unified Germany (1871)
30 Years War 1618-1648 4 Phases First war for balance of power HRE Before HRE After
Frederick William (Great Elector) Pursued mercantilism Ruled 1640-1688 Promoted industry and agriculture Emphasized duty and honesty Organized strong army Waged successful wars against: Swedes Poles Austrians
Austria
Early Habsburgs 13th century Originally lesser feudal lords in: Alsace (France/Germany) Switzerland Southern Germany
Rudolf I HR Emperor 1273-1291 Rudolf from Habsburg German Descendants governed Austria for 600+ years With one exception headed HRE until its end (1806) Expanded domains through: Marriage Alliances
Habsburg Reverses 13 th -18 th centuries Failed to halt Protestant movement Didn t defeat France in 30 Years War
Habsburg Achievements Defeated Turks at Vienna By 18th century controlled many nationalities
Nation-States Achievements Weakened forces tending to disunite a country Provided strong central government Generally furthered growth of national state
Nation-States Weaknesses Made nation depend on ability of one person Often sacrificed national well-being for autocrat s personal wishes Costly wars Disregarded needs and rights of common people
Absolutism attacked by intellectuals in the Enlightenment
UNIT 3 NOTES FOUNDATIONS OF THE MODERN STATE Constitutionalism vs. Absolutism