Bell ringer 1/ 31/ 17 Write down the following questions and answer them as the video is playing. 1. Why is it called the farm of the future? 2. What percentage of fish do we consume from these farms? 3. Where are fish farms housed? Why? 4. What is the name of the fish being made within these farms?
Bellringer 1/2717 1. The special properties of water makes it the single most important molecule for living organisms. Which of the following properties of water allow solid water to be less dense than liquid? a. Water expands as it freezes b. Water is a versatile solvent c. Water has a high specific heat d. Water exhibits cohesive behavior
Humans and the Environment Forests, Agriculture & Technology clear-cutting deforestation Biological pest control Pollinator genetic engineering genetically modified (GM) organisms biotechnology
Agriculture and The Green Revolution
Agriculture 1. Keep in Mind all that we have learned about renewable and non-renewable resource 2. Agriculture is a big user of fossil fuels and petrochemicals (chemicals) Renewable Resourcecan be replenished Non-renewable Resourcecan not be replenished
Humans and the Environment Forests, Agriculture & Technology Development of Agriculture Agriculture began about 10,000 years ago, when a warmer climate enabled humans to plant seeds and raise livestock.
Agriculture Development of Agriculture Selective Breeding Our ancestors then began planting seeds only from those plants whose fruit they liked the most. Selective breeding has resulted in all the food crops and livestock that feed you every day.
Agriculture Development of Agriculture Traditional Agriculture or Biologically Powered Agriculture By hand and animals
Industrial Agriculture Agriculture The Industrial Revolution introduced largescale mechanization and fossil-fuel engines to agriculture just as it did to industry
Industrial Agriculture
Agriculture Industrial Agriculture The Green Revolution how the world farms today agricultural scientists from developed nations introduced new technology, crop varieties, and farming practices to the developing world
Agriculture Industrial Agriculture The Green Revolution produced new strains of crops (insect resistant) new methods of industrial agriculture (monoculture) large amounts of synthetic fertilizers (nitrogen and phosphates)
Industrial Agriculture Agriculture The Green Revolution produced Urbanization
Industrial Agriculture Agriculture The Green Revolution produced chemical pesticides liberally irrigating crops (groundwater and lake) using heavy equipment powered by fossil fuels
Agriculture The Green Revolution problems application of water, inorganic fertilizers, pesticides erosion Salinization of soils, desertification, pollution
Agriculture Industrial Agriculture Because it uses large machinery and chemicals that are customized for a specific crop, to be most efficient, industrial agriculture requires that large areas be planted with a single crop, in a monoculture.
Agriculture Monoculture for Potato Chips
Peanut
Food for Thought!!! What do you think would be some drawbacks for monoculture farming?
Agriculture Drawback to Monoculture Production Reduction in biodiversity All plants in a monoculture are the same plant they are vulnerable to the same pest or diseases (all your eggs in one basket) Citrus greening in Florida Lack of crop diversity (growing more than 1 crop)
Agriculture Big problem with monoculture is: Insect Pests and Weeds Insect and Weeds become resistant to chemicals Why would insect and weeds becoming resistant to chemicals a negative affect o n agriculture?
Introduced Weeds Amaranthus spinosus Spinney Pig Weed
Agriculture What process has allowed Spinney Pigweed to survive in cultivated fields when herbicides are used to kill weeds?
Agriculture Three types of Pest Control Chemical Pesticides Biological Pest Control Integrated Pest Management
Agriculture Chemical Pesticides Chemicals used to target insects (source petrochemicals) most cost effective, chemicals are cheap Tend to create problems down the road
Agriculture Chemical Pesticides Disadvantages but if used to often, insect population become resistant Pesticides accumulate in the food chain May harm other species that are not pest best method is to rotate crops or chemical application
Agriculture Biological Pest Control The use of an organism to remove or reduce a population of unwanted pest insects
Agriculture Big problem if you introduce a new pest May become impossible to eradicate May find a native species it likes more May eat useful species
Agriculture Biological Pest Control Air potato is a pest in Florida and is resistant to most herbicides. The air potato beetle is used to control the spread of the plant.
Agriculture Integrated Pest Management The use of both biological and chemicals to remove unwanted pest
Agriculture Integrated Pest Management Leafy-Spurge-Euphorbia esula
Agriculture Agriculture Relies on Pollinators Pollination is the process by which male sex cells of a plant (pollen) fertilize female sex cells of a plant. Pollinators are those organism that transfer pollen grains from one plant to the other
Agriculture Importance of Pollinators: There are 4000 bee species in the U.S. Pollinators support biodiversity: There is a correlation between plant diversity and pollinator diversity. The pollinator population of an area is a great indicator of the overall health of an ecosystem.
Agriculture Importance of Pollinators: Some crops, including blueberries and cherries, are 90 percent dependent on honey bee pollination. Honey bees visit five million flowers to make one pint of honey.
Agriculture Importance of Pollinators: 90 percent of the nation's apple crop is pollinated by bees. Increased yields and higher quality crops are benefits that growers and consumers realize from a healthy pollinator population, native or managed.
Questions 1) How have industrial agriculture and the green revolution affected the world s population? 2) Compare and Contrast How do (a) chemical pesticides, (b) biological control, and (c) integrated pest management protect crops from pests? Which one would you use? 3) How are pollinators important to crop agriculture?
Food Production Food Security
Food Production Food Security: The guarantee of an adequate and reliable food supply for all people at all times
Food Production We have increased food production by: 1. devoting more fossil fuel energy to agriculture 2. planting and harvesting more frequently; 3. by increasing the use of irrigation, fertilizers, and pesticides;
Food Production We have increased food production by: 4. by increasing the amount of cultivated land; 5. and by developing more productive crop and livestock varieties
Food Production But the world s soils are in decline, and nearly all the planet s arable land is already being farmed
Food Production Making the food supply secure depends on 1. maintaining healthy soil and water, 2. protecting the biodiversity of food sources, 3. and ensuring the safe distribution of food.
Food Production Industrial Food Production Feedlots, aquaculture, and other methods of industrial food production are efficient, but they have disadvantages.
Food Production Sustainable Agriculture: Sustainable alternatives to industrial agriculture include organic agriculture and locally supported agriculture.
Food Production Sustainable Agriculture It also does not reduce the amount or quality of soil, water, and genetic diversity essential to longterm crop and livestock production.
Food Production Sustainable Agriculture Organic Agriculture: growing practices that use no synthetic fertilizers, insecticides, fungicides, or herbicides but instead rely on biological approaches such as composting and biological pest control
Food Production Sustainable Agriculture Low-input agriculture: Sustainable agriculture that uses smaller amounts of pesticides, fertilizers, growth hormones, water, and fossil fuel energy than are currently used in industrial, high-input agriculture
Answer Please 5. What has allowed or been developed for an increase food production? 6. Name 2 types of Sustainable Agriculture.
Agriculture Which process that we ve learned allows for plants and insects to become resistant to pesticides or chemical applications?
Use Your Brain Suppose that you were the resource manager for a national wildlife refuge with a pest problem. You have been told that you can import predators of the pest from Asia to begin a biological pest control program. What three questions would you ask before you began that program?
Humans and the Environment Forests, Agriculture & Technology 1. Evaluate the impact of biotechnology on the individual, society and the environment, including medical and ethical issues.
Humans and the Environment Forests, Agriculture & Technology The main purpose for biotechnology are: 1. To improve human health 2. Food production
Humans and the Environment Forests, Agriculture & Technology Biotechnology is the manipulation of living organisms or their parts to produce useful products.
Biotechnology Agriculture benefits increase productivity or reduce cost increasing yield improving protection from insects and disease increasing their crops tolerance to heat, drought, and other environmental stress
Biotechnology Environmental benefits help reduce agriculture s impact on the land Conserve soil and energy Reduce greenhouse gases Minimize use of toxic herbicides Conserve soil fertility and natural resources.
Humans and the Environment Forests, Agriculture & Technology Impact on Society, Individual, and Environment No Natural Selection A. Cloning B. Genetic Engineering C. Artificial Selection (No Natural Selection)
Cloning What is cloning? Clones are organisms that are exact genetic copies. Every single bit of their DNA is identical. Clones can happen naturally identical twins are just one of many examples. Or they can be made in the lab.
Cloning Disadvantages Risk of Mutations Development Of New Diseases No Genetic Variation Ethical Issues
Humans and the Environment Forests, Agriculture & Technology Any process in which scientists directly manipulate an organism s DNA is called genetic engineering.
Humans and the Environment Forests, Agriculture & Technology Organisms that have undergone genetic engineering are often called genetically modified organisms (GMO s).
Humans and the Environment Forests, Agriculture & Technology
Humans and the Environment Forests, Agriculture & Technology Medical and Ethical Issues: A. Genetically Modified Crops & Animals B. Genetic Testing C. Disease Prevention & Treatment D. Personal Identification
Humans and the Environment Forests, Agriculture & Technology The creation of genetically modified organisms is one aspect of biotechnology, the use of genetic engineering to introduce new genes into organisms to produce more valuable products
Risk and Fear of GMO s Some feared the new foods might be dangerous for people to eat. Others worried that pests would evolve resistance to the pest-resistant crops and become superpests (Natural Selection). Still others were concerned that GM genes might escape, pollinating non-gm plants and harming those organisms or others.
Potential Benefits of GMO s (1) if crops need fewer pesticide applications, then the equipment used to apply pesticides uses less fuel; and
Potential Benefits of GMO s (2) if herbicide-resistant crops encourage the adoption of no-till farming, then more carbon (in remnants of plants) remains in the soil and is not released to the atmosphere.
Potential Benefits of GMO s (3) growing insect-resistant Bt crops reduces the use of chemical insecticides, because farmers use fewer chemicals if their crops do not need them.
Humans and the Environment Forests, Agriculture & Technology 2. Discuss the effects of technology on environmental quality
Humans and the Environment Forests, Agriculture & Technology 1. compromising human health and safety dangerous chemicals in air pollution contamination of water and food sources, risk of infections and diseases through exposure to toxic wastes
Humans and the Environment Forests, Agriculture & Technology 2. endangering natural ecosystems and biodiversity, Flora and fauna risk habitat loss or disruption and extinction of species through exposure to dangerous byproducts of technology
Humans and the Environment Forests, Agriculture & Technology 3. having a cumulative impact on global systems, greenhouse affect global warming depletion of the ozone layer
Humans and the Environment Forests, Agriculture & Technology 4. and depleting natural resources Forest Petroleum Food minerials
Forest Resources Why are forest so important for living organisms and humans?
Forest Resources Forest resources have great ecological and economic value.
Forest Resources Why are forest so important for living organisms and humans? 1. Conservation of Biodiversity 2. Protection of Soil 3. Water Quality
Forest Resources Why are forest so important for living organisms and humans? 4. Biogeochemical Cycles 5. Food 6. Medicine 7. Social Activities (i.e. recreation, education, and food)
Forest Resources Ecological Value Biodiversity Clean Water and Air
Forest Resources Economic and Medicinal Value Timber Wood for fuel Paper Food medicines
Humans and the Environment Forests, Agriculture & Technology Timber Harvest in the United States, most logging takes place in the conifer forests of the West and on the pine plantations of the South, on both private and public lands.
Humans and the Environment Forests, Agriculture & Technology
Humans and the Environment Forests, Agriculture & Technology Deforestation - is the clearing of a forest or of the native tree and replacement of it by another land use. (i.e., row crops, pasture, or urbanization)
Humans and the Environment Forests, Agriculture & Technology Clear-Cutting Is the process of removing all native vegetation
Humans and the Environment Forests, Agriculture & Technology
Humans and the Environment Forests, Agriculture & Technology Side effect of Deforestation Loss of biodiversity Soil loss through erosion CO2 uptake by tree (carbon sink) Clean air Water Quality Lack of space for recreation
Humans and the Environment Forests, Agriculture & Technology 3. Evaluate the cost and benefits of renewable and nonrenewable resources, such as water, energy fossil fuels, wildlife and forests.
Renewable and Nonrenewable Natural Resources
Energy Resources Petroleum, Natural Gas, and Coal Advantages to Coal Coal is more abundant and less expensive Does not need much processing Transports very easily Does not require a pipeline for transport
Coal Mining has been around for a long time.
Coal Fired Power Plant
Energy Resources Petroleum, Natural Gas, and Coal Disadvantages to Coal Human health CO2, nitrogen oxides, sulphuric acid Lung cancer-black Lung Contaminate lakes, river, and forest soils Acid Drainage
Energy Resources Petroleum, Natural Gas, and Coal Advantages to Natural Gas Fast growing source It produces less CO2 Produces a large amount of energy Can be used in the home separate from electricity
Energy Resources Petroleum, Natural Gas, and Coal Disadvantages to Natural Gas Limited, nonrenewable Pollution, produces hazardous substance Destroy habitat and geology when extracted through fracking
Energy Resources Petroleum, Natural Gas, and Coal Advantages to Petroleum Everything uses oil Cheap fuel source High energy source Easy to extract Transports easily Versatile use
Energy Resources Petroleum, Natural Gas, and Coal Disadvantages to Petroleum Pollution Air and Water Global conflicts Hydrocarbon in Atmosphere Global Warming
Benefits of Renewable Energy renewable energy will create jobs for people to design, build, and maintain the needed technology most of them are unlikely to run out renewable energy resources replace fossil fuels, they will help decrease air pollution and greenhouse gas emissions we will be less dependent on other nations to supply us with fuel
Energy Resources Nuclear Power Advantages to Nuclear Power Produce power with no air pollution Power source Uranium; less U235 needed than coal
Energy Resources Nuclear Power Disadvantages to Nuclear Power Cost to build and maintain Disposal of waste material Radioactive material
Energy Resources Biofuels- energy derived from biomass Advantages to Biofuels Ethanol and biodiesel Carbon neutral; that is the same amount of carbon produced equals what is taken out the air by plants biomass is distributed worldwide
Biofuels
Energy Resources Biofuels- energy derived from biomass Disadvantages to Biofuels Biofuel crops take up a lot of land Biomass is not renewable if it is used up faster than we can grow Biomass is not an efficient source of energy, could cause some types of pollution
Energy Resources Geothermal Advantages to Geothermal Energy Reduce or replace fossil fuels Far less air pollution Release a much smaller quantity of greenhouse gases
Geothermal Plant
Energy Resources Geothermal Disadvantages to Geothermal Energy Source may not allows be there Water source may contain chemicals May trigger earth quakes Limited in areas where heated groundwater is trapped
Energy Resources Hydropower Advantages to Hydropower Source water No air pollution Energy in inexpensive May control floods
Hydropower
Energy Resources Hydropower Disadvantages to Hydropower Change ecosystems Damage the landscape Prevent nutrients transport down stream
Energy Resources Solar and Wind Advantages to Solar and Wind Solar cells and turbines use no fuel Quiet and safe; No greenhouse gases Does not pollute Little or no maintenance
Wind Farms
Solar Farms
Energy Resources Solar and Wind Disadvantages to Solar and Wind Manufacturing of solar devices creates some pollution Some regions have little or no sun light or wind Very expensive, the most expensive, but cost effective when up and running Turbine may impact bird population
We DO In your opinion, who has more responsibility for limiting consumption of fossil fuels people in developed nations or people in developing nations? Justify your opinion.
Open Notes Quiz 1. What are two problems associated with solar power? 2. List four benefits of renewable energy resources. 3. Which group of energy resources have the largest Carbon Footprint?
Open Notes Quiz 4. List 2 advantages and disadvantages when using natural gas as a resource. 5. Why are forest so important for living organisms and humans? 6. List 4 problems that we face with The Green Revolution.