Environmental radiation protection in Sweden Synnöve Sundell-Bergman Vattenfall Research & Development AB, Stockholm, Sweden (Department of Soil and Environment, SLU, Uppsala) 1
Stakeholders involved.. Authorities (Environmental Protection,Chemical Inspect., Radiation Safety) SLU (has been commissioned by the Swedish Government to pursue environmental monitoring and assessment) 2 NGO:s (e.g. Hunter s assoc., Carnivore s Assoc)
Environmental radiation protection legislation The Radiation Protection Act from 1988 man and environment shall be protected against harmful radiation effects The Swedish Environmental Code from 1999 Environmental quality objectives.what actions are needed to obtain sustainable development for 15 environmental areas by the year 2020 (Safe Radiation Environment) Principles - best possible technology, cannot be deemed unreasonable (BAT) Two regulations addressing protection of the environment specifically. The final management of spent nuclear fuel or nuclear waste shall be implemented so that biodiversity and the sustainable use of biological resources are protected against the harmful effects of ionising radiation.. 3
Trends in regulation Review of the radiation safety legislation; Merging of the Acts on Nuclear Activities and Radiation Protection; Merge with the Environmental Code?? Link with hazardous chemicals but regulation still different and no active process to harmonize the regulations; Review of the EIA for SFL.. Development of new atmospheric dispersion, marine dispersion and radioecological models for assessing doses to the public from routine releases the PREDO project 4
Possible trends. Studies on the stress response to low dose exposures.. Clarify purpose and goal Develop risk assessment approaches for non-human biota, in line with the chemical side.. Review the current environmental monitoring programmes in view of above Implementation of new Council Directive 96/29/Euratom 5
Environmental radiation monitoring national program Surveys Nuclides Frequency Air filters Particulates ( 137 Cs, 7 Be) Weekly Surface water /waterworks 137 Cs,total-a, total-b, 234, 238 U, 226 Ra Spring/autumn Drinking water /waterworks 137 Cs,total-a, total-b, 234, 238 U, 226 Ra, 90 Sr, 3 H Spring/autumn Milk 137 Cs, 90 Sr Quarterly Mixed food 137 Cs, 90 Sr Spring/autumn Game meat 137 Cs Yearly Reindeer meat 137 Cs Variable Sediment (marine) 137 Cs Every 5 th year Marine fish 137 Cs Yearly Sea water 137 Cs Yearly Man, whole body 137 Cs, 40 K Yearly 6
Cs-137 whole-body count 1000 100 Reindeer herders in Härjedalen Reindeer herders in Västerbotten Farmers in Gävle Hunters in Gävle Others in Gävle Reference group FOI Reference group SSM Reference group Lund Average Sweden 10 1 7 0,1 1955 1965 1975 1985 1995 2005 2015
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Studies Cs-137, natural radionuclides 9
Environmental monitoring around Swedish Nuclear Facilities 10
Nuclear installations in Sweden 11
Purpose of the program Time series of activity in selected samples in areas close to the release To detect uncontrolled release To provide information on the environmental radiological conditions To facilitate validation of dose modelling. 12
The programmes.. Two main programmes -Basic program every year with sampling spring and autumn, but also more frequent; -Intensive program every 4th year for the marine environment; SSM responsible (Environmental Protection Board) Most common radionuclides (Co-60, -58, Cs-137, Ag -110m, Mn-54) excl. tritium and C-14; Sampling by independent organisation; Measurement by NPPs and authority 13
Typical samples in the permanent environmental program Sample terrestrial Sample marine Mosses and lichens Milk Sediment Mussels Ferns Game meat Sea water Periwinkle Grass Sludge Periphyton Fish Salad Grazing pasture Fucus Crab/lobster Cereals Cattle Green algae 14
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Total annual discharges of Co-60 from Ringhals to the sea and the activity concentration in selected organisms from 1980-2010 16
Total annual discharges from Ringhals to the sea and activity concentrations in sediment measured from 1980 to 2010 17
Total annual discharges of Cs-137 from Ringhals to the sea and activity concentration in fish measured from 1980 to 2010 18
Total annual discharges of Co-60 from Ringhals to the sea and activity concentration in fish measured from 1980 to 2010 19
Co-60 in sediment outside Studsvik 20
Environmental management in view of future activities 21
Stakeholders around the future licensee crucial to understand their role and power Suppliers Creates technical solutions The Government YES or NO The Radiation Safety Authority (SSM) Stipulate conditions Financial Institutes Demands safe investments The Municipality Grants building permit Neighbours Gives opinion, can appeal The Licensee The Environmental Court Stipulate conditions The General Public Opinion The County Administrative Board Advisor in EIA process NGO s Gives opinion, can appeal National Authorities Universities Gives opinion The Environmental Protection Agency Consultation with other countries 22 22
Swedish statutes and regulations in new nuclear power plant establishments Statutes Decision Decision-making body Plan and Building Act Plan and Building Act Environmental Code Environmental Code Environmental Code Environmental Code Nuclear Act on Activities Radiat. Protect. Act Overview (not formal) Detail plan Permissibility License for hazardous activity License for water operations License on site location License for nuclear activities License conditions Municipal Parliament. Appeal to administrative courts in terms of judicial review. Municipal Parliament. Formal issues related to planning are appealed to the administrative courts for review. (County board Government Supreme Administrative Court) Government Appeal to Supreme Administrative Court Environmental Court Appeal to Supreme Environmental Court Environmental Court Appeal to Supreme Environmental Court Environmental Court Appeal to Supreme Environmental Court SSM/Government; Appeal to Government - Supreme Administrative Court SSM/Government; Appeal to Government - Supreme Administrative Court Plan and 23 BuildingAct Construction license Municipal Construction Board.
The Environmental Code - Permitting Process The Applicant develop a pedagogic material to explain what the applicant prepares to do and when it will be done. This is the base for stakeholder consultations. A permit is required. The Government decide on permissibility the political go/no go for the project. The application must include an environmental impact assessment (EIA). Consultation with neighbouring countries must take place. Development of Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA). Consultation with stakeholders. Consultation with neighbouring countries (Espoo convention). The Environmental Court handles the preparatory proceedings in accordance with the Environmental Code. Main hearing. Written opinion. The Government grants a permit according to the Environmental Code. A second main hearing after which The Environmental Court delivers a permit according to the Environmental Code including appropriate conditions. The Municipality approve or disapprove (veto). Government will be able to disregard the Municipality s veto. The Environmental Code in English: http://www.regeringen.se/sb/d/108/a/1348 24 24
The Act on Nuclear Activities Permitting Process A permit is required. The Government grants the permit. The application must include an environmental impact assessment (EIA). The permitting process will not be prescribed by the Act on Nuclear Activities. Development of a LSAR. Impact Assessment (EIA). Consultation with Development of Environmental stakeholders. The Swedish Radiation Safety Authorities (SSM) handles the preparatory proceedings in accordance with the Act on Nuclear Activities. Written opinion. The Government grants a permit according to the Act on Nuclear Activities. Develop ment of PSAR. The SSM approves the PSAR = approval for construction. Development of SAR. The SSM approves the SAR = approval for temporary operation. Finalized SAR. The SSM approves the finalized SAR = approval for routine operation. Example of provisions;..... 25 25
The Planning and Building Act Permitting Process A permit is required according to the Planning and Building Act. The municipality approves the building permit. Before that a detailed development plan must be established. The Municipality has the sole right to decide on planning within its territory, but the Government can repeal the Municipality s decision. Initiative for a case on a detailed development plan. The Municipality establishes and approves a detailed development plan. Application for a building permit. The Municipality approves the building permit. Example of provisions; placement of buildings, heights, colours, Note that possible sites are already appointed The Planning and Building Act in English: http://www.boverket.se/global/webbokhandel/dokument/20 05/Legislation.pdf 26 26